Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- Introduction to "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Egypt" -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- 3.1 An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- 3.2 Land and Water Resources -- 3.3 Smart Farming -- 3.4 Livestock, Fishery, and Aquaculture -- 3.5 Socioeconomic Impacts -- References -- An Overview of Paleo-Climate Evidence in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Palaeoclimate Through Geological Time -- 3 Causes of and Consequences of Global Paleoenvironmental and Climatic Changes -- 4 Major Mass Extinction Events -- 4.1 The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction Event (Fig. 3) -- 4.2 Late Devonian (Frasnian-Fammenian) -- 4.3 Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction -- 4.4 Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction -- 4.5 Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction -- 5 Hyperthermal Events -- 6 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Egypt -- 7 Anthropocene Warming -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Governance and Institutional Structure of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Governance in Egypt -- 3 Environmental Policies and Legislation in Egypt -- 4 Role of Civil Society Organizations and Private Sector -- 5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies in Egypt -- 6 Engagement in Regional and Global Climate Change Governance -- 7 Challenges Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Science in the Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios -- 2.1 At the Global Level -- 2.2 At the Regional Level -- 3 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 3.1 Management of Water Resources. , 3.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance -- 3.3 Breeding for Heat Tolerance -- 3.4 Crop Simulation Models -- 4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under Expected Harsh Environment -- 5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate Changes in Egypt -- 6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate Change Related Impact on Egypt -- 7 Climate Change Modeling in Egypt -- 8 Improved Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds -- 9 Challenges of Innovation, Knowledge, and Scientific Research (SDS Egypt Vision 2030) -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations -- References -- Land and Water Resources -- Impact of Climate Change on Plant-Associated Fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relation Between Climate Change and Diversity of Soil Fungi -- 3 Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Effect of Climate Change on This Relationship -- 4 Effects of Climate Change on Saprophytic Fungi -- 5 Effects of Climate Change on the Pathogenic Fungi -- 6 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Mycobiomes -- 7 Direct Impact of Changing Temperatures on Fungi -- 8 The Need for Modern Tools for Monitoring Climate Changes and Some Closing Remarks -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change on Microbial Activity in Agricultural Egyptian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities -- 3 Response of Microbial Activity to Climate Change -- 3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2 Impact of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3 Impact of Soil Moisture Content -- 3.4 Impact of Soil Salinity -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural GHG Invention of Egypt -- 3 Drivers of Soil GHG Emissions -- 3.1 Soil Type and Composition -- 3.2 Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 3.3 Fertilization as a Source of NO2 Emission -- 3.4 Soil Miss-Management (Heavy Tillage). , 3.5 Rice Cultivation -- 3.6 Burning of Crop Residues -- 4 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Functions -- 4.1 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on Soils of Egypt -- 4.3 Impact of Rainfall Scenarios on Soils -- 4.4 Geographical Nature of Climate Changes Impacts in Egypt -- 4.5 History of Flooding Rainstorms in Egypt -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 1 Introduction: Climate Change and Carbon Cycle -- 2 Emissions of CO2: Reasons and Mitigation -- 3 Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Greenhouse Gases Reduction -- 4 Soil C Stock -- 4.1 Soil Organic C Stock -- 4.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon (SIC) Stock -- 5 Soil Nitrogen (N) Stock and Its Relation to Soil Organic C -- 6 Required Variables for Calculating Soil C and N Stocks -- 7 Factors Controlling of Carbon Stocks in the Soil -- 7.1 Soil Properties -- 7.2 Climate Conditions -- 7.3 Land Use -- 7.4 Topography -- 8 The Impact of Soil Carbon Sequestration on the Sustainability of Agroecosystem and Crop Productivity -- 9 Management Practices and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 10 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Arid and Mediterranean Sea Region -- 11 Implication of Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration on Egypt -- 11.1 Soil C and N in Nile Delta, Egypt in Current State and the Context of Climate Change -- 11.2 Influence of Changing Climate on Soil C and N Stocks and Sequestration -- 12 Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration in Egypt and Nile Delta -- 13 Sequestration Rate of Soil C and N Stocks in North Nile Delta Egypt -- 14 Summary -- References -- Mapping Egypt Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area: Nile Delta -- 3 Climate Change Observations and Potential Impacts. , 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 3.2 SLR and Agriculture in the Nile Delta -- 4 The Methodology of the Development of Interactive Web Enabled SLR Scenarios (SLRS) -- 5 SLRS Architecture -- 6 SLRS Main Components -- 7 Results -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Smart Farming -- Agricultural Production in Egypt: Assessing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of the Near East and North Africa Region to Climate Change -- 3 The Farming System in Egypt -- 4 Vulnerability of Egypt to Climate Change -- 4.1 Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change -- 4.2 Vulnerability of the Crop Production System -- 4.3 Vulnerability of the Livestock Production System -- 4.4 The Vulnerability of the Fishery Production System -- 4.5 Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Egypt -- 5 Climate Change Adaptation Efforts -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Vulnerability of Crop Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollination as an Essential Ecosystem Service -- 3 Role of Pollinators in Sustaining Agricultural Productivity -- 4 Climate Change and Crop Pollination -- 4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Diversity -- 4.2 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Flowering Time -- 5 Vulnerability of Pollinating Insects to Climate Change -- 5.1 Decline of Insect Pollinators in Egypt -- 5.2 Solitary Bees and Nest Fragmentation -- 5.3 Bees and Shortage of Foraging Resources -- 5.4 Honeybee Pests and Diseases -- 5.5 Honeybee and Pesticides -- 6 Newly Approaches for Bee and Other Pollinators Conservation -- 7 Potential Mitigation Measures of Climate Change Impacts on Pollinators -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendations -- References. , Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response to Climate Variability in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture -- 3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability of Egypt, Is There Any Change? -- 4 Crop Weather Calendar and Crop Activity Calendar -- 5 Data, Geographical Domain, and Satellite-Derived Phenology -- 6 Management and Adjusting of the Agricultural Calendar as a Coping Mechanism to Climate Variability -- 7 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 8 Challenges Still Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 9 Satellite Images, GIS, Mathematical Models in Studying Climate Change in 2030 -- 10 Impact of Climate Change on Field Crops' Production and Net Value -- 11 Overall Discussion -- 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Projected Crop Coefficients Under Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Climate Change Scenario -- 2.2 The Projected Value of ETo Using Hargreaves-Samani Equation -- 2.3 The Predicted Values of ETo Using Penman-Monteith Equation in 2030 -- 3 Kc Values for Field Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 3.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for Field Crops in 2016 and 2030 -- 3.4 The Projected Values of ETc for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 4 The Projected Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 4.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2016 and 2030. , 4.4 The Projected Value of ETc for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030.