Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Algal Biofuels -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Algal Species Involved in Biofuel Production -- 1.3 Types of Biofuels Produced from Microalgae -- 1.3.1 Biodiesel -- 1.3.2 Biobutanol -- 1.3.3 Biogasoline -- 1.3.4 Methane -- 1.3.5 Ethanol -- 1.4 Nutrients and Growth Inputs for Algal Growth -- 1.4.1 Bold´s Basal Medium (BBM) -- 1.4.2 Acidified Bold´s Basal Medium -- 1.4.3 BG11 (Blue-Green Medium) -- 1.4.4 Chu10 Medium -- 1.4.5 Wastewater as a Source of Nitrogen and Phosphate -- 1.4.6 Impact of Growth Conditions on Microalgal Biomass -- 1.5 Different Microalgae Cultivation Methods -- 1.5.1 Open System -- 1.5.2 Closed Systems or Indoor Photobioreactors (PBRs) -- 1.6 Concept of Biorefineries -- 1.6.1 Evaluation of the Biorefinery Processes -- 1.7 Advantage and Disadvantage of Biofuels -- 1.8 Policies Regarding Algal Biofuels Worldwide -- 1.8.1 Indian National Policy of Biofuel 2008 -- 1.8.2 Biofuel Policies in the United States -- 1.8.3 Biofuel Policies in Canada -- 1.9 Companies Involved in Algal Biofuel Production -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Paper Mill Sludge as a Potential Feedstock for Microbial Ethanol Production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Bioethanol: A Sustainable Renewable Biofuel -- 2.3 Common Feedstocks Used for Bioethanol Production -- 2.3.1 Rice Straw -- 2.3.2 Sugarcane Bagasse -- 2.3.3 Sugarcane Tops -- 2.3.4 Waste Paper -- 2.3.5 Paper Mill Sludge -- 2.4 Pulp and Paper Mill Industry -- 2.5 Paper-Making Process -- 2.6 Preparation of Raw Materials and Processing -- 2.6.1 Pulping -- 2.6.2 Pulp Washing and Chemical Recovery -- 2.6.3 Bleaching -- 2.6.4 Paper Pressing and Paper Making -- 2.6.5 Paper Mill Sludge as a By-Product -- 2.7 Indian Scenario of Paper Mills -- 2.8 Paper Mill Sludge -- 2.8.1 Paper Mill Sludge Composition. , 2.8.2 Environmental Impacts of Paper Mill Sludge -- 2.8.3 Industrial Uses of Paper Mill Sludge -- 2.8.3.1 Brick Manufacture -- 2.8.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.8.3.3 Cement Base -- 2.8.3.4 Soil Conditioner -- 2.8.3.5 Bioethanol -- 2.9 Paper Mill Sludge Resource for Bioethanol Production -- 2.10 Steps Involved in Bioethanol Production -- 2.11 Pre-treatment Techniques Employed in Paper Mill Sludge -- 2.11.1 Acid Pre-treatment -- 2.11.2 Alkaline Pre-treatment -- 2.11.3 Pulping-Based Pre-treatment -- 2.11.4 Ultrasound Pre-treatment -- 2.11.5 Solvent-Based Pre-treatment -- 2.12 Challenges Faced in Available Pre-treatment Techniques -- 2.12.1 Acid-Based Pre-treatment -- 2.12.2 Alkali-Based Pre-treatment -- 2.12.3 Solvent-Based Pre-treatment -- 2.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3: Application of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Biorefinery and Its Future Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biomass Structure -- 3.3 Application of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Generation of Bioethanol from Biomass -- 3.3.1 Cellulase -- 3.3.1.1 Cellulases: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.3.2 Hemicellulases -- 3.3.2.1 Hemicellulases: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.3.3 Ligninolytic Enzymes -- 3.3.3.1 Ligninolytic Enzymes: Application in the Biorefinery -- Biological Delignification -- 3.3.4 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) -- 3.3.4.1 LPMOs: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.3.5 Amylases -- 3.3.5.1 Amylases: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.3.6 Pectinases -- 3.3.7 Lipases -- 3.3.7.1 Lipases: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.3.8 Proteases -- 3.3.8.1 Proteases: Application in Biorefinery -- 3.4 Strategies Employed for Improving the Hydrolytic Enzyme Yield and Efficiency -- 3.4.1 Immobilization of Enzyme -- 3.4.2 Screening of New and Robust Isolates from Extreme Habitats -- 3.4.3 Genetic Engineering. , 3.4.4 Metagenomics Approach for the Identification of the Potential Hydrolytic Enzyme -- 3.5 Integrated Biorefineries: Future of Biomass-Based Biorefinery -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Cultivation of Microalgae: Effects of Nutrient Focus on Biofuels -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Microalgae -- 4.3 Components Present in Algae -- 4.4 Cultivation of Microalgae -- 4.5 Nutritional Requirements of Algae Growth -- 4.5.1 Carbon -- 4.5.2 Nitrogen -- 4.5.3 Phosphorus -- 4.5.4 Macro- and Micronutrients -- 4.5.5 Other Considerations -- 4.6 Bioreactors for Microalgae Cultivation -- 4.6.1 Closed Reactor Designing for Microalgae Cultivation -- 4.6.2 Classification of Photobioreactors (PBRs) -- 4.6.2.1 Light -- 4.6.2.2 Mixing -- 4.6.2.3 Water Consumption -- 4.6.2.4 CO2 Consumption -- 4.6.2.5 O2 Removal -- 4.6.2.6 Nutrient Supply -- 4.6.2.7 Temperature -- 4.6.2.8 pH -- 4.6.3 Other Considerations -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Microalgae as an Efficient Feedstock Biomass for Biofuel Production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biofuels from Microalgae Biomass -- 5.3 Harvesting -- 5.3.1 Sedimentation -- 5.3.2 Centrifugation -- 5.3.3 Flocculation -- 5.3.4 Coagulation -- 5.3.5 Floatation -- 5.3.6 Filtration -- 5.3.7 Electrophoresis -- 5.3.8 Ultrasonication -- 5.4 Lipid Extraction -- 5.4.1 Lipid Extraction by a Mechanical Process -- 5.4.2 Lipid Extraction by Chemicals and Solvents -- 5.4.2.1 Acid-Mediated Solvent System -- 5.4.2.2 Supercritical CO2 Fluid Technology -- 5.4.2.3 Ionic Liquids -- 5.4.3 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction -- 5.4.4 Surfactant-Assisted Extraction -- 5.4.5 Osmotic Pressure -- 5.5 Transesterification -- 5.5.1 Supercritical Conditions -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Microalgae Potential Feedstock for the Production of Biohydrogen and Bioactive Compounds -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hydrogen Production. , 6.2.1 Photofermentation -- 6.2.2 Dark Fermentation -- 6.2.3 Hybrid System Using Photosynthetic and Dark Fermentative Bacteria -- 6.3 The Key Enzymes Associated with Hydrogen Production by Photosynthetic Bacteria -- 6.4 Medium Constituents and Cultivation Environments for Photosynthetic Bacteria -- 6.5 Various Parameters Influencing the Biohydrogen Production -- 6.6 Photobioreactor Design for Hydrogen Production -- 6.6.1 Solar Energy Excited Optical Fiber Photobioreactors -- 6.6.2 Photobioreactors with Immobilized Cells -- 6.6.3 The Plate-Type Photobioreactors -- 6.6.4 The LED Photobioreactors -- 6.7 Biomass Pretreatments Influence the H2 Production -- 6.8 Other Environmental Factor Influence on H2 Production -- 6.8.1 Effect of Thermophilic Conditions -- 6.8.2 Effect of Batch, Sequencing Batch, and Semicontinuous Reactions -- 6.8.3 Presence of Methanogenic Microorganisms -- 6.9 Bioactive Compounds -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Various Bioactive Compounds -- 6.9.3 Peptides and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids -- 6.9.4 Anti-inflammatory Agents from Microalgae -- 6.9.5 Antibacterials -- 6.9.6 Antiviral and Anticancer Activities -- 6.10 Microalgae Preservation -- 6.10.1 Preservation by Lower Temperature -- 6.10.2 Preservation by Spray Drying -- 6.10.3 Preservation by Freeze Drying -- 6.10.4 Microencapsulation of Algae -- 6.11 Economic Concerns to Circular Economy -- 6.11.1 Future Prospective in Microalgal Research for Biofuels -- 6.11.2 Future Prospects on Bioactive Compounds -- 6.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Algal Biofuels: An Economic and Effective Alternative of Fossil Fuels -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Algal Biomass -- 7.3 Micro- and Macroalgae -- 7.3.1 Microalgae -- 7.3.1.1 Chlorella -- 7.3.1.2 Botryococcus braunii -- 7.3.1.3 Pleurochrysis carterae -- 7.3.1.4 Dunaliella salina -- 7.3.2 Macroalgae -- 7.3.2.1 Gracilaria chilensis. , 7.3.2.2 Sargassum angustifolium -- 7.3.2.3 Sea Lettuce: Ulva lactuca -- 7.4 Nutritional Requirements for the Algal Biomass Production -- 7.5 Energy Requirements for Life Cycle of Algal Biofuels -- 7.5.1 Carbon -- 7.5.2 Nitrogen -- 7.5.3 Phosphorus -- 7.5.4 Other Nutrients -- 7.6 Algal Cultivation Strategies -- 7.6.1 Open Pond Photobioreactor -- 7.6.2 Raceway Pond System -- 7.6.3 Closed-Photobioreactor -- 7.6.4 Hybrid Cultivation System -- 7.7 Harvesting and Drying of Algal Biomass -- 7.8 Biofuel Conversion -- 7.9 Improvement of Algal Biofuels Using Biotechnological Strategies -- 7.10 Economic Aspects of Algal Biofuels -- 7.11 Challenges and Future Perspective -- 7.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Nanocatalysts to Improve the Production of Microbial Fuel Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nanomaterial Classification -- 8.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Techniques -- 8.3.1 Classification of Biofuels -- 8.3.2 Another Classification of Biofuel -- 8.3.2.1 Solid Biofuel -- 8.3.2.2 Liquid Biofuels -- 8.3.2.3 Gas Biofuels -- 8.4 Biofuel Production Methods -- 8.4.1 Gasification -- 8.4.2 Pyrolysis -- 8.4.3 Liquefaction -- 8.4.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 8.4.5 Transesterification -- 8.4.6 Anaerobic Digestion -- 8.5 Nanocatalysts in Biofuel Production -- 8.6 Nanoparticles in Biomass Pre-treatment -- 8.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Production and Stability of Cellulase -- 8.8 Nanocatalyst for Biomass Gasification -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Microbial System: An Emerging Application in the Bioenergy Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification of Biofuels -- 9.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels -- 9.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels -- 9.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels -- 9.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels -- 9.3 Sources of Biofuel Production -- 9.3.1 Agricultural Waste -- 9.3.2 Microalgae Biomass. , 9.4 Approaches for Microbial Strain Improvement.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Biofuel: Types and Process Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Biofuels -- 1.3 First-Generation Biorefinery -- 1.3.1 Transesterification -- 1.3.2 Ethanol Production -- 1.3.3 Fermentation -- 1.3.4 Anaerobic Fermentation -- 1.3.5 Whole-Crop Utilization -- 1.4 Second-Generation Biofuels -- 1.4.1 Physical Process -- 1.4.1.1 Mechanical Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Briquetting -- 1.4.1.3 Distillation -- 1.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 1.4.2.1 Combustion -- 1.4.2.2 Gasification -- 1.4.2.2.1 Biomethanol -- 1.4.2.2.2 Methane -- 1.4.2.2.3 Bioethanol Production -- 1.4.3 Liquefaction -- 1.4.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass -- 1.4.4.1 Fast Pyrolysis -- 1.4.4.2 Flash Pyrolysis -- 1.5 Third-Generation Biofuels -- 1.5.1 Open Pond -- 1.5.2 Photobioreactor (PBRs) -- 1.6 Fourth-Generation Biofuel -- 1.6.1 Direct Process for Solar Fuel -- 1.7 Microbial Conversion -- 1.8 Enzymatic Conversion to Biofuel -- 1.8.1 Cellulases -- 1.8.2 Xylanases -- 1.8.3 Lignolytic Enzymes -- 1.8.4 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase (CBDH) -- 1.9 Effect of Surfactant on Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.10 Biofuel from Nanotechnology -- 1.11 Lignin Strategy to Biofuel -- 1.11.1 Lignin Structure -- 1.11.2 Lignin Valorization -- 1.12 Sustainability Criteria -- 1.12.1 Food and Feedstock -- 1.12.2 Water Requirement -- 1.12.3 Emissions -- 1.12.4 Biodiversity -- 1.12.5 Policies -- 1.13 Conclusions -- 1.14 Summary -- References -- 2: Applications of Plant-Based Natural Products to Synthesize Nanomaterial -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles Derived from Natural Sources -- 2.3 Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Processing Natural Materials -- 2.5 Plant-Based Synthesis of Metallic NPs and Their Applications -- 2.5.1 Traditional Strategies of Metals. , 2.5.2 Distinctive Strategies for Union Metallic Nanoparticle -- 2.5.3 Bio-based Reduction Strategies -- 2.6 Parts of Plants Used to Synthesize Nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Flowers -- 2.6.2 Stem -- 2.6.3 Seeds -- 2.6.4 Fruits -- 2.6.5 Leaves -- 2.7 Plant-Derived Formation of Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.8 Plant-Based Gold Nanoparticle -- 2.9 Plant-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.10 Biofuel Applications of Nanoparticles -- 2.10.1 Role in Pretreatment -- 2.10.2 Role in Cellulase Production and Stability -- 2.10.3 Role in Saccharification -- 2.11 Optional Metabolite Impact on Bio-decrease Response -- 2.12 Business Uses of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles -- 2.12.1  NPs in Waste Treatment NPs -- 2.12.2 Beautifiers -- 2.12.3 NPs in Food Industry -- 2.13 Component Blend of Metallic NPs -- 2.14 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Application of Plant-Based Natural Product to Synthesize Nanomaterial -- 3.1 Definition of Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Physicochemical Properties and Application of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) -- 3.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) -- 3.2.3 Titanium Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) -- 3.2.4 Copper Nanoparticles (Cu NPs) -- 3.2.5 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) -- 3.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants -- 3.4.1 The Role of Plant Metabolites in the Reduction of Metal Ions -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting the Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants -- 3.4.2.1 Influence of Reaction Temperature -- 3.5 Major Nanoparticles Synthesized by Plant Extracts -- 3.5.1 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.5.2 Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.5.3 Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles -- 3.5.4 Biosynthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5.5 Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5.6 Biosynthesis of Iron Nanoparticles -- References. , 4: Green Synthesis Approach to Fabricate Nanomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthesis and Characteristics of Nanomaterials -- 4.2.1 Top-Down Approach -- 4.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- 4.2.3 Chemical Approach -- 4.3 Green Synthesis Approaches -- 4.4 Plant-Based Synthesis -- 4.5 Bacterial Synthesis -- 4.6 Fungus- and Alga-Based Synthesis -- 4.7 Actinomycete-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.8 Viral Particles for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.9 Biological Derivatives for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.10 Green Nanocatalysts -- 4.11 Bioenergy Applications of Nanoparticles -- 4.12 Prospective Applications of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles -- 4.13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Synthesis -- 4.14 Future Directions and Conclusions -- References -- 5: Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis and Characterization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification -- 5.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.1.1 Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2.1 Metal Oxide and Metallic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2.1.1 Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.2.3 Carbon-Based -- 5.2.3.1 Graphene -- 5.2.3.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene -- 5.2.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 5.2.3.3 Synthesis of CNTs -- 5.3 Characterization -- 5.3.1 Size Determination -- 5.3.2 Quantification -- 5.4 Applications of the Nanoparticles in Biofuels -- 5.5 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Nanotechnology: An Application in Biofuel Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification of Biofuel -- 6.3 Production of Biofuel -- 6.3.1 Production Techniques for Biofuel -- 6.3.2 Algal Biodiesel -- 6.3.3 Biohydrogen -- 6.4 Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production -- 6.5.1 Biohydrogen Production -- 6.5.1.1 Dark Fermentation for Production of Biohydrogen. , 6.5.1.2 Biohydrogen Production by the Photofermentation Process -- 6.5.2 Biogas Production -- 6.5.3 Biodiesel Production -- 6.5.4 Bioethanol Production -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Nanomaterial Synthesis and Mechanism for Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Different Methods of Nanomaterial Synthesis -- 7.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis -- 7.2.2 Arc-Discharge Method -- 7.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis -- 7.2.4 Solvothermal Synthesis -- 7.2.5 Combustion Synthesis (CS) -- 7.2.6 Microwave Synthesis -- 7.2.7 Experimental Tools and Characterization of Nanomaterials -- 7.2.8 Structural Characterization -- 7.2.9 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 7.2.10 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 7.2.11 Electron Microscopy (EM) -- 7.2.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.13 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 7.2.14 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) -- 7.2.15 Chemical Characterization -- 7.2.16 Optical Spectroscopy -- 7.2.16.1 Photoluminescence and UV/Vis Spectroscopy -- 7.2.16.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.2.17 Electron Spectroscopy -- 7.2.17.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) -- 7.2.17.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) -- 7.2.17.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 7.2.18 Ionic Spectrometry -- 7.2.18.1 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) -- 7.2.18.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) -- 7.3 Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.4 Techniques for Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.5 Application of Nanomaterial-Immobilized Enzyme in Biofuel Production -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Nanomaterial Synthesis and Mechanism for Enzyme Immobilization: Part II -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1 Different Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1.1 Top-Down Approach -- 8.2.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- 8.2.2 Methods Involved in Nanomaterial Synthesis. , 8.2.2.1 Physical Methods -- 8.2.2.1.1 High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) -- 8.2.2.1.2 Melt Mixing -- 8.2.2.1.3 Laser Ablation -- 8.2.2.1.4 Physical Vapour Deposition -- 8.2.2.2 Chemical Method -- 8.2.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 8.2.2.2.2 Microemulsion Method -- 8.2.2.2.3 Hydrothermal Method -- 8.2.2.3 Biological Method -- 8.2.2.3.1 Biosynthesis Using Microorganisms -- 8.2.2.3.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Biomolecules as Templates -- 8.2.2.3.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Plant Extracts -- 8.2.2.4 Hybrid Method -- 8.2.2.4.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition and Chemical Vapour Synthesis -- 8.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 8.2.4 Synthesis of Nanowires, Nanorods and Nanotubes -- 8.3 Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.3.1 Active Nanomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.3.2 Immobilized Enzymes in Biotechnology -- 8.3.3 Immobilized Enzymes in Biomedicine -- 8.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles as Enzyme Immobilization Templates -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Nanomaterial-Immobilized Biocatalysts for Biofuel Production from Lignocellulose Biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.3 Basic of Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.4 Methods of Immobilization -- 9.5 Adsorption of Enzymes -- 9.6 Covalent Binding of Enzymes -- 9.7 Entrapping of Enzymes -- 9.8 Cross-Linking of Enzymes -- 9.9 Nature of Supporting Material for Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10 Nanomaterial-Based Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10.1 Enzyme Immobilization Using Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.10.2 Novel Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10.3 Enzyme Immobilization Using Nonmagnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.11 Methods of Nanomaterial-Based Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.12 Analytical Tools for Investigating Enzyme-Nanomaterial Interaction. , 9.13 Applications of Nanoparticles in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose in Biofuel/Bioenergy.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Fermentation Types on Enzymes Used for Biofuels Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Biofuels -- 1.3 Classification of Biofuels -- 1.4 History of Biofuels -- 1.5 Biofuel Production Process -- 1.5.1 Pre-Treatment -- 1.5.2 Hydrolysis -- 1.5.3 Fermentation -- 1.6 Enzymes in Biofuel Production -- 1.7 Kinetics of Biofuel Synthesis -- 1.8 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Expression Responsible for Biofuel Production -- 1.9 Types of Fermentation for Enzymatic Biofuel Production -- 1.10 Biobutanol Production -- 1.11 Factors Affecting the Fermentation Process -- 1.12 Impact of Fermentation on Enzymes During Biofuels Production -- 1.13 Downstream Processing of Biofuels -- 1.13.1 Gas Stripping and Vacuum Process -- 1.13.2 Biphasic Solvent Extraction -- 1.13.3 Adsorption Based Recovery -- 1.13.4 Recovery of Biofuels Based on Membrane Separation -- 1.13.5 Perstraction -- 1.14 Conclusion -- 1.15 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2: Downstream Processing -- Applications and Recent Updates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stages of Downstream Process -- 2.3 Downstream Process Unit Operations (Fig. 2.2) -- 2.3.1 Separation of Cells and Extracellular Fluid -- 2.3.1.1 Filtration -- 2.3.1.2 Centrifugation -- 2.3.1.3 Gravity Sedimentation -- 2.3.1.4 Flocculation -- 2.3.1.5 Flotation -- 2.3.2 Cell Rupture and Separation of Cell Extract -- 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Rupture -- 2.3.2.2 Non-Mechanical Cell Rupture -- Chemical Extraction -- Biological Rupture -- 2.3.3 Concentration and Purification of Soluble Products -- 2.3.3.1 Precipitation -- 2.3.3.2 Membrane Separation -- 2.3.3.3 Nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.3.4 Liquid Extraction -- 2.3.3.5 Chromatography -- Adsorption Chromatography -- Ion Exchange Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography. , Gel Chromatography -- Electrophoresis -- 2.3.4 Finishing Operations -- 2.3.4.1 Crystallization -- 2.3.4.2 Drying -- 2.4 Applications and Industrial Products -- 2.4.1 Bio-fuels -- 2.4.1.1 Biobutanol -- 2.4.2 Bt Biopesticides -- 2.4.3 Natural Colourant: Carminic Acid -- 2.4.4 Bioethanol -- 2.4.5 Acetic Acid -- 2.4.6 Lactic Acid -- 2.4.7 Citric Acid -- 2.4.7.1 Methods of Fermentation -- 2.4.8 Pencillin -- 2.4.9 Nisin -- 2.4.10 Vitamin B12 -- 2.4.11 Stevia: A Natural Sweetener -- References -- Chapter 3: Types of Bioreactors for Biofuel Generation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microbial Cultivation -- 3.3 Challenges in Biofuel Generation -- 3.4 Submerged Fermentation -- 3.4.1 Batch Type of Fermenter -- 3.4.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 3.4.3 Continuous Type of Bioreactor -- 3.4.3.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SmScF) -- 3.5 Direct Microbial Conversion -- 3.6 Concept of Solid State Fermentation-Based Biorefinery -- 3.7 Types of Solid State Fermentation Bioreactors -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactors (TTB) -- 3.7.2 Packed Bed Type Bioreactor (PBTB) -- 3.7.3 Air Pressure Pulsation Type Bioreactors (APPTB) -- 3.7.4 Intermittent or Continuously Mixed SSF Bioreactor -- 3.8 Solid-State Fermentation versus Submerged Fermentation -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bioprocess for Algal Biofuels Production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Generation of Biofuels -- 4.3 Different Types of Algal Biofuels -- 4.3.1 Biodiesel -- 4.3.2 Bioethanol -- 4.3.3 Biogas -- 4.4 Characteristics of Algae as Ideal Resource for Biofuel Production -- 4.5 Upstream Processing: Cultivation Techniques of Microalgae for Biofuels Production -- 4.6 Downstream Processing: Harvesting of Algal Biomass -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 5: Effect of Bioprocess Parameters on Biofuel Production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biofuels Producing Microorganisms -- 5.3 Measuring of Bioprocess Parameters -- 5.4 Bioprocess Parameters Affecting Biofuels Production -- 5.4.1 Physical Parameters -- 5.4.1.1 Role of Temperature in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.2 Role of pH in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.3 Agitation Rate -- 5.4.1.4 Fermentation Time -- 5.4.2 Nutritional Parameters Affecting Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.1 Role of Substrate and Effect of Initial Substrate Concentration -- 5.4.2.2 Effect of Different Inoculum Size on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.3 Effect of Various Sugars and Their Concentrations -- 5.4.2.4 Effect of Acid Concentration on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.5 The Effect of Solvent/Surfactants/Detergents on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.6 Effect of Metal Ions on Biofuel Production -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Role of Substrate to Improve Biomass to Biofuel Production Technologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Composition of Biomass and Its Role in Biofuels Production -- 6.3 Role of Different Substrates in Biofuels Technology -- 6.4 Approaches That Enhance Biomass to Biofuels Production -- 6.4.1 Physical Pretreatment -- 6.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment -- 6.4.3 SPROL Process -- 6.4.4 Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment -- 6.4.5 Biological Pretreatment -- 6.4.6 Combined Pretreatment Approaches -- 6.4.6.1 Steam Explosion Method -- 6.4.6.2 Supercritical Fluid Extrusion -- 6.4.6.3 Critical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method -- 6.4.6.4 Comparison Between Efficiencies of Combined Approaches -- 6.5 Biofuels Produced from Biomass -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Techno-Economic Analysis of Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Techno-Economic Assessment of Biofuels. , 7.3 Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies Based on the Products Formed -- 7.4 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.4.1 Gasification -- 7.4.2 Different Types of Gasification -- 7.4.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 7.4.2.2 Mixed Alcohol Synthesis -- 7.4.2.3 Methanol to Gasoline -- 7.4.2.4 Syngas to Distillates (S2D) -- 7.4.2.5 Syngas Fermentation -- 7.4.3 Pyrolysis -- 7.5 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Pre-treatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production -- 7.5.1 AFEX Pre-treatment Process -- 7.5.2 Dilute Acid Pre-treatment -- 7.5.3 Lime Pre-treatment -- 7.5.4 Hot Water Pre-treatment -- 7.5.5 Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (SAA) -- 7.5.6 SO2 Using Steam Explosion -- 7.6 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Technologies for Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 7.6.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) -- 7.6.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 7.7 Software Used -- 7.7.1 ASPEN -- 7.7.2 SuperPro Designer -- 7.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology for Microbial Production of Isoprenoid-Based Biofuel... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hemiterpenoids -- 8.3 Monoterpenoids -- 8.4 Sesquiterpenoids -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Applications of Biosensors for Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms and Its Impact on Biofuel Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 An Overview of Biosensor-Based Strategies -- 9.3 Association of Biosensors and Biofuel Metabolic Engineering -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Recent Progress in CRISPR-Based Technology Applications for Biofuels Production -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Overview of CRISPR Approaches -- 10.3 Association of CRISPR Approaches with Production of Biofuels -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References.