Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Fermentation Types on Enzymes Used for Biofuels Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Biofuels -- 1.3 Classification of Biofuels -- 1.4 History of Biofuels -- 1.5 Biofuel Production Process -- 1.5.1 Pre-Treatment -- 1.5.2 Hydrolysis -- 1.5.3 Fermentation -- 1.6 Enzymes in Biofuel Production -- 1.7 Kinetics of Biofuel Synthesis -- 1.8 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Expression Responsible for Biofuel Production -- 1.9 Types of Fermentation for Enzymatic Biofuel Production -- 1.10 Biobutanol Production -- 1.11 Factors Affecting the Fermentation Process -- 1.12 Impact of Fermentation on Enzymes During Biofuels Production -- 1.13 Downstream Processing of Biofuels -- 1.13.1 Gas Stripping and Vacuum Process -- 1.13.2 Biphasic Solvent Extraction -- 1.13.3 Adsorption Based Recovery -- 1.13.4 Recovery of Biofuels Based on Membrane Separation -- 1.13.5 Perstraction -- 1.14 Conclusion -- 1.15 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2: Downstream Processing -- Applications and Recent Updates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stages of Downstream Process -- 2.3 Downstream Process Unit Operations (Fig. 2.2) -- 2.3.1 Separation of Cells and Extracellular Fluid -- 2.3.1.1 Filtration -- 2.3.1.2 Centrifugation -- 2.3.1.3 Gravity Sedimentation -- 2.3.1.4 Flocculation -- 2.3.1.5 Flotation -- 2.3.2 Cell Rupture and Separation of Cell Extract -- 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Rupture -- 2.3.2.2 Non-Mechanical Cell Rupture -- Chemical Extraction -- Biological Rupture -- 2.3.3 Concentration and Purification of Soluble Products -- 2.3.3.1 Precipitation -- 2.3.3.2 Membrane Separation -- 2.3.3.3 Nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.3.4 Liquid Extraction -- 2.3.3.5 Chromatography -- Adsorption Chromatography -- Ion Exchange Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography. , Gel Chromatography -- Electrophoresis -- 2.3.4 Finishing Operations -- 2.3.4.1 Crystallization -- 2.3.4.2 Drying -- 2.4 Applications and Industrial Products -- 2.4.1 Bio-fuels -- 2.4.1.1 Biobutanol -- 2.4.2 Bt Biopesticides -- 2.4.3 Natural Colourant: Carminic Acid -- 2.4.4 Bioethanol -- 2.4.5 Acetic Acid -- 2.4.6 Lactic Acid -- 2.4.7 Citric Acid -- 2.4.7.1 Methods of Fermentation -- 2.4.8 Pencillin -- 2.4.9 Nisin -- 2.4.10 Vitamin B12 -- 2.4.11 Stevia: A Natural Sweetener -- References -- Chapter 3: Types of Bioreactors for Biofuel Generation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microbial Cultivation -- 3.3 Challenges in Biofuel Generation -- 3.4 Submerged Fermentation -- 3.4.1 Batch Type of Fermenter -- 3.4.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 3.4.3 Continuous Type of Bioreactor -- 3.4.3.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SmScF) -- 3.5 Direct Microbial Conversion -- 3.6 Concept of Solid State Fermentation-Based Biorefinery -- 3.7 Types of Solid State Fermentation Bioreactors -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactors (TTB) -- 3.7.2 Packed Bed Type Bioreactor (PBTB) -- 3.7.3 Air Pressure Pulsation Type Bioreactors (APPTB) -- 3.7.4 Intermittent or Continuously Mixed SSF Bioreactor -- 3.8 Solid-State Fermentation versus Submerged Fermentation -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bioprocess for Algal Biofuels Production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Generation of Biofuels -- 4.3 Different Types of Algal Biofuels -- 4.3.1 Biodiesel -- 4.3.2 Bioethanol -- 4.3.3 Biogas -- 4.4 Characteristics of Algae as Ideal Resource for Biofuel Production -- 4.5 Upstream Processing: Cultivation Techniques of Microalgae for Biofuels Production -- 4.6 Downstream Processing: Harvesting of Algal Biomass -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 5: Effect of Bioprocess Parameters on Biofuel Production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biofuels Producing Microorganisms -- 5.3 Measuring of Bioprocess Parameters -- 5.4 Bioprocess Parameters Affecting Biofuels Production -- 5.4.1 Physical Parameters -- 5.4.1.1 Role of Temperature in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.2 Role of pH in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.3 Agitation Rate -- 5.4.1.4 Fermentation Time -- 5.4.2 Nutritional Parameters Affecting Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.1 Role of Substrate and Effect of Initial Substrate Concentration -- 5.4.2.2 Effect of Different Inoculum Size on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.3 Effect of Various Sugars and Their Concentrations -- 5.4.2.4 Effect of Acid Concentration on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.5 The Effect of Solvent/Surfactants/Detergents on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.6 Effect of Metal Ions on Biofuel Production -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Role of Substrate to Improve Biomass to Biofuel Production Technologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Composition of Biomass and Its Role in Biofuels Production -- 6.3 Role of Different Substrates in Biofuels Technology -- 6.4 Approaches That Enhance Biomass to Biofuels Production -- 6.4.1 Physical Pretreatment -- 6.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment -- 6.4.3 SPROL Process -- 6.4.4 Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment -- 6.4.5 Biological Pretreatment -- 6.4.6 Combined Pretreatment Approaches -- 6.4.6.1 Steam Explosion Method -- 6.4.6.2 Supercritical Fluid Extrusion -- 6.4.6.3 Critical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method -- 6.4.6.4 Comparison Between Efficiencies of Combined Approaches -- 6.5 Biofuels Produced from Biomass -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Techno-Economic Analysis of Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Techno-Economic Assessment of Biofuels. , 7.3 Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies Based on the Products Formed -- 7.4 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.4.1 Gasification -- 7.4.2 Different Types of Gasification -- 7.4.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 7.4.2.2 Mixed Alcohol Synthesis -- 7.4.2.3 Methanol to Gasoline -- 7.4.2.4 Syngas to Distillates (S2D) -- 7.4.2.5 Syngas Fermentation -- 7.4.3 Pyrolysis -- 7.5 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Pre-treatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production -- 7.5.1 AFEX Pre-treatment Process -- 7.5.2 Dilute Acid Pre-treatment -- 7.5.3 Lime Pre-treatment -- 7.5.4 Hot Water Pre-treatment -- 7.5.5 Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (SAA) -- 7.5.6 SO2 Using Steam Explosion -- 7.6 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Technologies for Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 7.6.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) -- 7.6.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 7.7 Software Used -- 7.7.1 ASPEN -- 7.7.2 SuperPro Designer -- 7.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology for Microbial Production of Isoprenoid-Based Biofuel... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hemiterpenoids -- 8.3 Monoterpenoids -- 8.4 Sesquiterpenoids -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Applications of Biosensors for Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms and Its Impact on Biofuel Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 An Overview of Biosensor-Based Strategies -- 9.3 Association of Biosensors and Biofuel Metabolic Engineering -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Recent Progress in CRISPR-Based Technology Applications for Biofuels Production -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Overview of CRISPR Approaches -- 10.3 Association of CRISPR Approaches with Production of Biofuels -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References.