Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Biofuel: Types and Process Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Biofuels -- 1.3 First-Generation Biorefinery -- 1.3.1 Transesterification -- 1.3.2 Ethanol Production -- 1.3.3 Fermentation -- 1.3.4 Anaerobic Fermentation -- 1.3.5 Whole-Crop Utilization -- 1.4 Second-Generation Biofuels -- 1.4.1 Physical Process -- 1.4.1.1 Mechanical Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Briquetting -- 1.4.1.3 Distillation -- 1.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 1.4.2.1 Combustion -- 1.4.2.2 Gasification -- 1.4.2.2.1 Biomethanol -- 1.4.2.2.2 Methane -- 1.4.2.2.3 Bioethanol Production -- 1.4.3 Liquefaction -- 1.4.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass -- 1.4.4.1 Fast Pyrolysis -- 1.4.4.2 Flash Pyrolysis -- 1.5 Third-Generation Biofuels -- 1.5.1 Open Pond -- 1.5.2 Photobioreactor (PBRs) -- 1.6 Fourth-Generation Biofuel -- 1.6.1 Direct Process for Solar Fuel -- 1.7 Microbial Conversion -- 1.8 Enzymatic Conversion to Biofuel -- 1.8.1 Cellulases -- 1.8.2 Xylanases -- 1.8.3 Lignolytic Enzymes -- 1.8.4 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase (CBDH) -- 1.9 Effect of Surfactant on Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.10 Biofuel from Nanotechnology -- 1.11 Lignin Strategy to Biofuel -- 1.11.1 Lignin Structure -- 1.11.2 Lignin Valorization -- 1.12 Sustainability Criteria -- 1.12.1 Food and Feedstock -- 1.12.2 Water Requirement -- 1.12.3 Emissions -- 1.12.4 Biodiversity -- 1.12.5 Policies -- 1.13 Conclusions -- 1.14 Summary -- References -- 2: Applications of Plant-Based Natural Products to Synthesize Nanomaterial -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles Derived from Natural Sources -- 2.3 Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Processing Natural Materials -- 2.5 Plant-Based Synthesis of Metallic NPs and Their Applications -- 2.5.1 Traditional Strategies of Metals. , 2.5.2 Distinctive Strategies for Union Metallic Nanoparticle -- 2.5.3 Bio-based Reduction Strategies -- 2.6 Parts of Plants Used to Synthesize Nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Flowers -- 2.6.2 Stem -- 2.6.3 Seeds -- 2.6.4 Fruits -- 2.6.5 Leaves -- 2.7 Plant-Derived Formation of Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.8 Plant-Based Gold Nanoparticle -- 2.9 Plant-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.10 Biofuel Applications of Nanoparticles -- 2.10.1 Role in Pretreatment -- 2.10.2 Role in Cellulase Production and Stability -- 2.10.3 Role in Saccharification -- 2.11 Optional Metabolite Impact on Bio-decrease Response -- 2.12 Business Uses of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles -- 2.12.1  NPs in Waste Treatment NPs -- 2.12.2 Beautifiers -- 2.12.3 NPs in Food Industry -- 2.13 Component Blend of Metallic NPs -- 2.14 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Application of Plant-Based Natural Product to Synthesize Nanomaterial -- 3.1 Definition of Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Physicochemical Properties and Application of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) -- 3.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) -- 3.2.3 Titanium Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) -- 3.2.4 Copper Nanoparticles (Cu NPs) -- 3.2.5 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) -- 3.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants -- 3.4.1 The Role of Plant Metabolites in the Reduction of Metal Ions -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting the Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants -- 3.4.2.1 Influence of Reaction Temperature -- 3.5 Major Nanoparticles Synthesized by Plant Extracts -- 3.5.1 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.5.2 Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.5.3 Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles -- 3.5.4 Biosynthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5.5 Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5.6 Biosynthesis of Iron Nanoparticles -- References. , 4: Green Synthesis Approach to Fabricate Nanomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthesis and Characteristics of Nanomaterials -- 4.2.1 Top-Down Approach -- 4.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- 4.2.3 Chemical Approach -- 4.3 Green Synthesis Approaches -- 4.4 Plant-Based Synthesis -- 4.5 Bacterial Synthesis -- 4.6 Fungus- and Alga-Based Synthesis -- 4.7 Actinomycete-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.8 Viral Particles for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.9 Biological Derivatives for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 4.10 Green Nanocatalysts -- 4.11 Bioenergy Applications of Nanoparticles -- 4.12 Prospective Applications of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles -- 4.13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Synthesis -- 4.14 Future Directions and Conclusions -- References -- 5: Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis and Characterization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification -- 5.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.1.1 Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2.1 Metal Oxide and Metallic Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2.1.1 Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5.2.3 Carbon-Based -- 5.2.3.1 Graphene -- 5.2.3.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene -- 5.2.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 5.2.3.3 Synthesis of CNTs -- 5.3 Characterization -- 5.3.1 Size Determination -- 5.3.2 Quantification -- 5.4 Applications of the Nanoparticles in Biofuels -- 5.5 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Nanotechnology: An Application in Biofuel Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification of Biofuel -- 6.3 Production of Biofuel -- 6.3.1 Production Techniques for Biofuel -- 6.3.2 Algal Biodiesel -- 6.3.3 Biohydrogen -- 6.4 Synthesis and Properties of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production -- 6.5.1 Biohydrogen Production -- 6.5.1.1 Dark Fermentation for Production of Biohydrogen. , 6.5.1.2 Biohydrogen Production by the Photofermentation Process -- 6.5.2 Biogas Production -- 6.5.3 Biodiesel Production -- 6.5.4 Bioethanol Production -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Nanomaterial Synthesis and Mechanism for Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Different Methods of Nanomaterial Synthesis -- 7.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis -- 7.2.2 Arc-Discharge Method -- 7.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis -- 7.2.4 Solvothermal Synthesis -- 7.2.5 Combustion Synthesis (CS) -- 7.2.6 Microwave Synthesis -- 7.2.7 Experimental Tools and Characterization of Nanomaterials -- 7.2.8 Structural Characterization -- 7.2.9 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 7.2.10 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 7.2.11 Electron Microscopy (EM) -- 7.2.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.13 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 7.2.14 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) -- 7.2.15 Chemical Characterization -- 7.2.16 Optical Spectroscopy -- 7.2.16.1 Photoluminescence and UV/Vis Spectroscopy -- 7.2.16.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.2.17 Electron Spectroscopy -- 7.2.17.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) -- 7.2.17.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) -- 7.2.17.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 7.2.18 Ionic Spectrometry -- 7.2.18.1 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) -- 7.2.18.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) -- 7.3 Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.4 Techniques for Enzyme Immobilization -- 7.5 Application of Nanomaterial-Immobilized Enzyme in Biofuel Production -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Nanomaterial Synthesis and Mechanism for Enzyme Immobilization: Part II -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1 Different Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1.1 Top-Down Approach -- 8.2.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- 8.2.2 Methods Involved in Nanomaterial Synthesis. , 8.2.2.1 Physical Methods -- 8.2.2.1.1 High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) -- 8.2.2.1.2 Melt Mixing -- 8.2.2.1.3 Laser Ablation -- 8.2.2.1.4 Physical Vapour Deposition -- 8.2.2.2 Chemical Method -- 8.2.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 8.2.2.2.2 Microemulsion Method -- 8.2.2.2.3 Hydrothermal Method -- 8.2.2.3 Biological Method -- 8.2.2.3.1 Biosynthesis Using Microorganisms -- 8.2.2.3.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Biomolecules as Templates -- 8.2.2.3.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Plant Extracts -- 8.2.2.4 Hybrid Method -- 8.2.2.4.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition and Chemical Vapour Synthesis -- 8.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 8.2.4 Synthesis of Nanowires, Nanorods and Nanotubes -- 8.3 Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.3.1 Active Nanomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.3.2 Immobilized Enzymes in Biotechnology -- 8.3.3 Immobilized Enzymes in Biomedicine -- 8.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization -- 8.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles as Enzyme Immobilization Templates -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Nanomaterial-Immobilized Biocatalysts for Biofuel Production from Lignocellulose Biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.3 Basic of Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.4 Methods of Immobilization -- 9.5 Adsorption of Enzymes -- 9.6 Covalent Binding of Enzymes -- 9.7 Entrapping of Enzymes -- 9.8 Cross-Linking of Enzymes -- 9.9 Nature of Supporting Material for Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10 Nanomaterial-Based Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10.1 Enzyme Immobilization Using Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.10.2 Novel Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.10.3 Enzyme Immobilization Using Nonmagnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.11 Methods of Nanomaterial-Based Enzyme Immobilization -- 9.12 Analytical Tools for Investigating Enzyme-Nanomaterial Interaction. , 9.13 Applications of Nanoparticles in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose in Biofuel/Bioenergy.