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  • Journals
  • OceanRep  (38)
  • Nature Research  (23)
  • OceanNETs  (15)
  • 11
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    Working paper published on NETs in strategically interacting regions based on simulation and analysis in an extended ACE model (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Net-zero climate policies foresee deployment of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal wit geological, terrestrial, or marine carbon storage. While terrestrial and geological storage would be governed under the framework of national property rights, marine storage implies that carbon is transferred from one global common, the atmosphere, to another global common, the ocean, in particular if storage exceeds beyond coastal applications. This paper investigates the option of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage in different (marine) reservoir types in an analytic climate-economy model, and derives implications for optimal mitigation efforts and CDR deployment. We show that the introduction of CDR lowers net energy input and net emissions over the entire time path. Furthermore, CDR affects the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) via changes in total economic output but leaves the analytic structure of the SCC unchanged. In the first years after CDR becomes available the SCC is lower and in later years it is higher compared to a standard climate-economy model. Carbon dioxide emissions are first higher and then lower relative to a world without CDR. The paper provides the basis for the analysis of decentralized and potentially non-cooperative CDR policies.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 12
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    Working paper published on NETs in strategically interacting regions based on simulation and analysis in an extended ACE model (2022)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-19
    Description: Net-zero climate policies foresee deployment of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal wit geological, terrestrial, or marine carbon storage. While terrestrial and geological storage would be governed under the framework of national property rights, marine storage implies that carbon is transferred from one global common, the atmosphere, to another global common, the ocean, in particular if storage exceeds beyond coastal applications. This paper investigates the option of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage in different (marine) reservoir types in an analytic climate-economy model, and derives implications for optimal mitigation efforts and CDR deployment. We show that the introduction of CDR lowers net energy input and net emissions over the entire time path. Furthermore, CDR affects the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) via changes in total economic output but leaves the analytic structure of the SCC unchanged. In the first years after CDR becomes available the SCC is lower and in later years it is higher compared to a standard climate-economy model. Carbon dioxide emissions are first higher and then lower relative to a world without CDR. The paper provides the basis for the analysis of decentralized and potentially non-cooperative CDR policies.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 13
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    Report on the detailed life cycle analysis results of the two case studies: ocean alkalinity enhancement potential of Spain (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: A common challenge in many ocean-based negative emissions technologies (NETs) is the difficulty of developing new global industries and supply chains, which could be necessary for their much needed rapid and large-scale deployment. Therefore, to facilitate roll-out, existing industries and infrastructure should preferably be utilised. For ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) by CaO, i.e., ocean liming (OL), the lime can be produced by calcination of limestone using the spare capacity in the cement industry. For OAE by NaOH, i.e., electrochemical brine splitting (EBS), the NaOH can be produced by electrolysis of waste brines from the desalination sector. In this case study, we investigate the realistic OAE potential of Spain, because of its large availability of limestone, its increasing spare cement kiln capacity, and its large and growing desalination industry. This case study shows Spain has a high potential for alkalinity addition to the oceans. Specifically, the total CDR capacity of Spain via OAE is 24.4 Mt yr.-1 with contributions of 22.6 Mt of CO2 removed by OL and 1.8 Mt of CO2 removed by EBS, assuming these processes are driven solely by renewable energy. Further, this case study provides a realistic estimate of the CO2 removal potential and life cycle emissions for alkalinity enhancement for a given region, in contrast to more general global or continental studies before it. By doing so, Spain’s annual carbon dioxide removal (CDR) capacity by OAE is also identified. Future work will look to include coastal enhanced weathering of olivine to the portfolio of Spain’s OAE approaches.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 14
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    Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 1821.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Predictive species distribution models are mostly based on statistical dependence between environmental and distributional data and therefore may fail to account for physiological limits and biological interactions that are fundamental when modelling species distributions under future climate conditions. Here, we developed a state-of-the-art method integrating biological theory with survey and experimental data in a way that allows us to explicitly model both physical tolerance limits of species and inherent natural variability in regional conditions and thereby improve the reliability of species distribution predictions under future climate conditions. By using a macroalga-herbivore association (Fucus vesiculosus - Idotea balthica) as a case study, we illustrated how salinity reduction and temperature increase under future climate conditions may significantly reduce the occurrence and biomass of these important coastal species. Moreover, we showed that the reduction of herbivore occurrence is linked to reduction of their host macroalgae. Spatial predictive modelling and experimental biology have been traditionally seen as separate fields but stronger interlinkages between these disciplines can improve species distribution projections under climate change. Experiments enable qualitative prior knowledge to be defined and identify cause-effect relationships, and thereby better foresee alterations in ecosystem structure and functioning under future climate conditions that are not necessarily seen in projections based on non-causal statistical relationships alone.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38416-3
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 15
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    Earthquake and typhoon trigger unprecedented transient shifts in shallow hydrothermal vents biogeochemistry (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (Article number 16926).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Shallow hydrothermal vents are of pivotal relevance for ocean biogeochemical cycles, including seawater dissolved heavy metals and trace elements as well as the carbonate system balance. The Kueishan Tao (KST) stratovolcano off Taiwan is associated with numerous hydrothermal vents emitting warm sulfur-rich fluids at so-called White Vents (WV) and Yellow Vent (YV) that impact the surrounding seawater masses and habitats. The morphological and biogeochemical consequences caused by a M5.8 earthquake and a C5 typhoon (“Nepartak”) hitting KST (12th May, and 2nd–10th July, 2016) were studied within a 10-year time series (2009–2018) combining aerial drone imagery, technical diving, and hydrographic surveys. The catastrophic disturbances triggered landslides that reshaped the shoreline, burying the seabed and, as a consequence, native sulfur accretions that were abundant on the seafloor disappeared. A significant reduction in venting activity and fluid flow was observed at the high-temperature YV. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) maxima in surrounding seawater reached 3000–5000 µmol kg−1, and Total Alkalinity (TA) drawdowns were below 1500–1000 µmol kg−1 lasting for one year. A strong decrease and, in some cases, depletion of dissolved elements (Cd, Ba, Tl, Pb, Fe, Cu, As) including Mg and Cl in seawater from shallow depths to the open ocean followed the disturbance, with a recovery of Mg and Cl to pre-disturbance concentrations in 2018. The WV and YV benthic megafauna exhibited mixed responses in their skeleton Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios, not always following directions of seawater chemical changes. Over 70% of the organisms increased skeleton Mg:Ca ratio during rising DIC (higher CO2) despite decreasing seawater Mg:Ca ratios showing a high level of resilience. KST benthic organisms have historically co-existed with such events providing them ecological advantages under extreme conditions. The sudden and catastrophic changes observed at the KST site profoundly reshaped biogeochemical processes in shallow and offshore waters for one year, but they remained transient in nature, with a possible recovery of the system within two years.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: other
    Format: other
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53314-y
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 16
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    Alpha radiation from polymetallic nodules and potential health risks from deep-sea mining (2023)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In search for critical elements, polymetallic nodules at the deep abyssal seafloor are targeted for mining operations. Nodules efficiently scavenge and retain several naturally occurring uranium-series radioisotopes, which predominantly emit alpha radiation during decay. Here, we present new data on the activity concentrations of thorium-230, radium-226, and protactinium-231, as well as on the release of radon-222 in and from nodules from the NE Pacific Ocean. In line with abundantly published data from historic studies, we demonstrate that the activity concentrations for several alpha emitters are often higher than 5 Bq g −1 at the surface of the nodules. These observed values can exceed current exemption levels by up to a factor of 1000, and even entire nodules commonly exceed these limits. Exemption levels are in place for naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) such as ores and slags, to protect the public and to ensure occupational health and radiation safety. In this context, we discuss three ways of radiation exposure from nodules, including the inhalation or ingestion of nodule fines, the inhalation of radon gas in enclosed spaces and the potential concentration of some radioisotopes during nodule processing. Seen in this light, inappropriate handling of polymetallic nodules poses serious health risks.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 17
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    Summary report of workshop II on governance for ocean-based negative emissions technologies (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: This deliverable provides a summary of a two-day expert workshop conducted in hybrid format. The workshop’s primary objective was aimed towards identifying future opportunities within the global ocean governance regime to strengthen governance of ocean-based NETs in a comprehensive manner. The workshop was organised by the Research Institute for Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (RIFS) as part of the work of Task 2.2 of the OceanNETs project. This deliverable follows a first online workshop (see Deliverable 2.3) that identified challenges within the current governance framework for ocean-based NETs. The second workshop consisted of breakout groups and plenary discussions designed to explore scenarios that reflect on identified governance challenges within the current and potential future global ocean governance regimes. Participants were asked to reflect on the concept of „good governance” and develop responses to the scenarios presented through specific prompts. They were encouraged to actively contribute to discussions that aimed to advance our understanding of the future governance of ocean-based NETs.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 18
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    Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 20153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr−1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr−1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr−1).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 19
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    Quantification of "constrained" potential of ocean NETs (2022)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-19
    Description: This study uses an existing perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) of simulated ocean CO2 removal (CDR) to better determine sustainable pathways of ocean-based NET deployment and to provide information to constrain the design of subsequent modelling experiments. The results show that ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) can only help meet SDG13 (Climate Action) when other ambitious mitigation efforts are taken. This reinforces that OAE is not a substitute for emissions reduction, but could contribute to meeting our climate goals (if other factors suggest OAE is worth doing). For SDG14 (Life Below Water), the results suggest OEA can contribute to limiting or even reversing ocean acidification. Meeting many other SDG14 objectives is closely linked to also meeting SDG13. A key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations in OceanNETs should only use SDG13 compatible baseline scenarios, unless there is some specific need for process understanding at higher levels of climate change. The analysis has also determined that the idealized CDR in the PPE is not suitable for determining many socio-economic constraints and the implications that these have for meeting the SDGs. Another key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations within OceanNETs should use more realistic scenarios of CDR deployment.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
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  • 20
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    Report on attribution of private conduct to States in relation to oceanbased NETS under the international law of the sea (2021)
    OceanNETs
    In:  OceanNets Deliverable, D2.7 . OceanNETs, Kiel, Germany, 25 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3289/oceannets_d2.7
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