Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations/Acronyms -- Part I BECCS Technologies -- Chapter 1 Understanding Negative Emissions From BECCS -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate-Change Mitigation -- 1.3 Negative Emissions Technologies -- 1.4 Why BECCS? -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- 1.5.1 Part I: BECCS Technologies -- 1.5.2 Part II: BECCS System Assessments -- 1.5.3 Part III: BECCS in the Energy System -- 1.5.4 Part IV: Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 The Supply of Biomass for Bioenergy Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biomass Resource Demand -- 2.3 Resource Demand for BECCS Technologies -- 2.4 Forecasting the Availability of Biomass Resources -- 2.4.1 Modelling Non-Renewable Resources -- 2.4.2 Modelling Renewable Resources -- 2.4.2.1 Biomass Resource Modelling -- 2.4.3 Modelling Approaches - Bottom-Up versus Top-Down -- 2.5 Methods for Forecasting the Availability of Energy Crop Resources -- 2.6 Forecasting the Availability of Wastes and Residues From Ongoing Processes -- 2.7 Forecasting the Availability of Forestry Resources -- 2.8 Forecasting the Availability of Waste Resources -- 2.9 Biomass Resource Availability -- 2.10 Variability in Biomass Resource Forecasts -- 2.11 Biomass Supply and Demand Regions, and Key Trade Flows -- 2.11.1 Trade Hub Europe -- 2.11.2 Bioethanol - Key Global Trade Flows -- 2.11.3 Biodiesel - Key Global Trade Flows -- 2.11.4 Wood Pellets - Key Global Trade Flows -- 2.11.5 Wood Chip - Key Global Trade Flows -- 2.12 Global Biomass Trade Limitations and Uncertainty -- 2.12.1 Technical Barriers -- 2.12.2 Economic and Trade Barriers -- 2.12.3 Logistical Barriers -- 2.12.4 Regulatory Barriers -- 2.12.5 Geopolitical Barriers -- 2.13 Sustainability of Global Biomass Resource Production -- 2.13.1 Potential Land-Use Change Impacts. , 2.13.2 The 'Land for Food versus Land for Energy' Question -- 2.13.3 Potential Social Impacts -- 2.13.4 Potential Ecosystem and Biodiversity Impacts -- 2.13.5 Potential Water Impacts -- 2.13.6 Potential Air-Quality Impacts -- 2.14 Conclusions - Biomass Resource Potential and BECCS -- References -- Chapter 3 Post-combustion and Oxy-combustion Technologies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Air Firing with Post-combustion Capture -- 3.2.1 Wet Scrubbing Technologies: Solvent-Based Capture Using Chemical Absorption -- 3.2.1.1 Amine-Based Capture -- 3.2.1.2 Steam Extraction for Solvent Regeneration -- 3.2.2 Membrane Separation -- 3.2.3 Brief Overview of Other Separation Methods -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion -- 3.3.1 Oxy-Combustion of Biomass Using Flue Gas Recirculation -- 3.3.2 Enriched-Air Combustion -- 3.4 Challenges Associated with Biomass Utilisation Under BECCS Operating Conditions -- 3.4.1 Impacts of Biomass Trace Elements on Post-combustion Capture Performance -- 3.4.1.1 Alkali Metals -- 3.4.1.2 Transition Metals -- 3.4.1.3 Acidic Elements -- 3.4.1.4 Particulate Matter -- 3.4.1.5 Biomass-Specific Solvents for Post-combustion BECCS -- 3.4.2 Biomass Combustion Challenges for Oxy-Fuel Capture -- 3.4.2.1 Fuel Milling -- 3.4.2.2 Flame Temperature -- 3.4.2.3 Heat Tran -- 3.4.2.4 Particle Heating, Ignition and Flame Propagation -- 3.4.2.5 Burnout -- 3.4.2.6 Emissions -- 3.4.2.7 Corrosion -- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions: Synopsis of Technical Knowledge and Assessment of Deployment Potential -- References -- Chapter 4 Pre-combustion Technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) -- 4.3 Gasification of Solid Fuels -- 4.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation Technologies -- 4.4.1 Physical Absorption -- 4.4.2 Adsorption Processes -- 4.4.3 Clathrate Hydrates -- 4.4.4 Membrane Technologies -- 4.4.5 Cryogenic Separation. , 4.4.6 Post-combustion Chilled Ammonia -- 4.5 Chemical Looping Processes -- 4.6 Existing Schemes -- 4.7 Modelling of IGCC Plant Thermal Efficiency With and Without Pre-combustion CCS -- 4.8 Summary and Research Challenges -- References -- Chapter 5 Techno-economics of Biomass-based Power Generation with CCS Technologies for Deployment in 2050* -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study Analysis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II BECCS System Assessments -- Chapter 6 Life Cycle Assessment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rationale for Supply-Chain Life-Cycle Assessment -- 6.3 Variability in Life-Cycle Assessment of Bioenergy Systems -- 6.3.1 Variability Related to Scope of System -- 6.3.1.1 Land-Use Emissions -- 6.3.1.2 Land-Use Change Emissions -- 6.3.1.3 Indirect Land-Use Change Emissions -- 6.3.2 Variability Related to Methodology -- 6.3.3 Variability Related to System Definition -- 6.3.4 Variability Related to Assumptions -- 6.4 Published LCAs of BECCS -- 6.5 Sensitivity Analysis of Reported Carbon Savings to Key System Parameters -- 6.5.1 Impact of CO2 Capture Efficiency -- 6.5.2 Variation of Energy Requirement Associated with CO2 Capture -- 6.5.3 Variation of Biomass Yield -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 System Characterisation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Background -- 7.1.2 The Issues Considered -- 7.2 CCS Process Characterisation, Innovation and Deployment -- 7.2.1 CCS Process Characterisation -- 7.2.2 CCS Innovation and Deployment -- 7.3 CCS Options for the United Kingdom -- 7.4 The Sustainability Assessment Context -- 7.4.1.1 The Environmental Pillar -- 7.4.1.2 The Economic Pillar -- 7.4.1.3 The Social Pillar -- 7.5 CCS Performance Metrics -- 7.5.1 Energy Analysis and Metrics -- 7.5.2 Carbon Accounting and Related Parameters -- 7.5.3 Economic Appraisal and Indicators. , 7.6 CCS System Characterisation -- 7.6.1 CO2 Capture -- 7.6.1.1 Technical Exemplars -- 7.6.1.2 Energy Metrics -- 7.6.1.3 Carbon Emissions -- 7.6.1.4 Economic Indicators -- 7.6.2 CO2 Transport and Clustering -- 7.6.3 CO2 Storage -- 7.6.3.1 Storage Options and Capacities -- 7.6.3.2 Storage Site Risks, Environmental Impacts and Monitoring -- 7.6.3.3 Storage Economics -- 7.6.4 Whole CCS Chain Assessment -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 The System Value of Deploying Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) in the United Kingdom -- 8.1 Background -- 8.1.1 Why BECCS? -- 8.1.2 Critical Knowledge Gaps -- 8.2 Context -- 8.2.1 Bioenergy -- 8.2.2 Bioenergy with CCS -- 8.3 Progressing our Understanding of the Key Uncertainties Associated with BECCS -- 8.3.1 Can a Sufficient Level of BECCS Be Deployed in the United Kingdom to Support Cost-Effective Decarbonisation Pathways for the United Kingdom out to 2050? -- 8.3.2 What are the Right Combinations of Feedstock, Preprocessing, Conversion and Carbon-Capture Technologies to Deploy for Bioenergy Production in the United Kingdom? -- 8.3.2.1 Optimising Feedstock Properties for Future Bioenergy Conversion Technologies -- 8.3.2.2 BECCS Value Chains: What Carbon-Capture Technologies Do we Need to Develop? -- 8.3.3 How can we Deliver the Greatest Emissions Savings from Bioenergy and BECCS in the United Kingdom? -- 8.3.4 How Much CO2 Could Be Stored from UK Sources and How Do we Monitor These Stores Efficiently and Safely? -- 8.3.4.1 Storage Potential -- 8.3.4.2 Managing the Risks of Storage -- 8.4 Conclusion: Completing the BECCS Picture -- 8.4.1 Next Steps -- References -- Part III BECCS in the Energy System -- Chapter 9 The Climate-Change Mitigation Challenge -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Cumulative Emissions and Atmospheric CO2 Concentration for 2 °C Commitments. , 9.3 The Role of BECCS for Climate-Change Mitigation - A Summary of BECCS within Integrated Assessment Modelling -- 9.3.1 Key Assumptions -- 9.4 Implications and Consequences of BECCS -- 9.5 Conclusions: Can BECCS Deliver what's Expected of it? -- References -- Chapter 10 The Future for Bioenergy Systems: The Role of BECCS? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methodology -- 10.2.1 TIAM-UCL -- 10.2.2 Representation of Bioenergy and CCS Technologies in TIAM-UCL -- 10.2.3 Scenario Definitions -- 10.3 Results and Discussions -- 10.3.1 2 °C Scenarios With and Without BECCS -- 10.3.2 Sensitivity Around Availability of Sustainable Bioenergy -- 10.3.3 1.5 °C Scenarios -- 10.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Policy Frameworks and Supply-Chain Accounting -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Origin and Use of Supply-Chain Analysis in Bioenergy Systems -- 11.2.1 Rationale for Systems-Level Evaluation -- 11.2.2 Importance and Significance of Scope of System -- 11.2.3 Importance and Significance of Breadth of Analysis -- 11.3 Policy Options -- 11.3.1 Objectives of BECCS Policy -- 11.3.2 Review of Existing Policy Frameworks -- 11.3.2.1 International Policy Frameworks -- 11.3.2.1.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 11.3.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive -- 11.3.2.2 National Policy Frameworks in the United Kingdom -- 11.3.2.2.1 Renewables Obligation and Contracts for Difference -- 11.3.2.2.2 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation -- 11.4 Ensuring Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability of a BECCS System -- 11.4.1 Environmental Sustainability and System Scope -- 11.4.2 Economic Sustainability and System Scope -- 11.4.3 Social Sustainability and System Scope -- 11.4.4 Trade-Offs Between Different Sustainability Components -- 11.5 Governance of BECCS Systems. , 11.6 Conclusions: The Future of BECCS Policy and Governance.

Note: Intro -- Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Sunlight Reflection (SR) -- Carbon Dioxide Removal -- Broader Issues -- Chapter 2: Sunshades for Solar Radiation Management -- Definition of the Subject and Its Importance -- Introduction -- Modeling the Efficacy of Sunshades -- Background -- Results -- Engineering Considerations -- Future Directions -- Bibliography -- Primary Literature -- Books and Reviews -- Chapter 3: Stratospheric Aerosols for Solar Radiation Management -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- History and Brief Literature Summary -- Types of Aerosols -- Sulfate -- Black Carbon -- Engineered Particles -- Future Directions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Solar Radiation Management, Cloud Albedo Enhancement -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- Energy Requirements -- Treatment Sites -- Environmental Impacts -- Future Directions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Ocean Fertilization for Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- Evaluation of OIF in Relation to Other Proposed Geoengineering Schemes -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- Bibliography -- Primary Literature -- Books and Reviews -- Chapter 6: Biochar, Tool for Climate Change Mitigation and Soil Management -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- What Is Biochar and How Can It Contribute to Carbon Mitigation? -- Stabilization of Plant-Captured Carbon -- Indirect CO2 Equivalent Impacts -- Biochar Production -- Processes -- Products -- Effect of Feedstock and Process Variables -- Energy Balance -- Properties of Biochar -- Cation Exchange Capacity -- Specific Surface Area -- Contaminants -- Heavy Metals -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- Dioxins -- Stability -- Carbon Mitigation Potential of Alternate Production Technologies. , ``Carbon-Negative´´ Energy? -- Evaluating Carbon Abatement from Biochar -- What Is the Potential Carbon Abatement Level? -- The Carbon Abatement Efficiency of Pyrolysis-Biochar Systems -- Energy-Output to Energy-Input Ratios -- Key Findings from Existing LCA Studies -- Feedstock Suitability -- Life-Cycle Stage Contributions to Carbon Abatement -- CO2 Equivalent Emissions Per Unit Delivered Energy -- CO2 Equivalent Emissions Per Hectare -- Delivered Energy Generation from Pyrolysis-Biochar Systems Versus Combustion -- Sensitivity Analysis -- How Cost-Effective Are Pyrolysis-Biochar Systems? -- What Are the Impacts of Biochar on Soil? -- Key Functions of Biochar -- Provision of Labile Organic Carbon -- Storage of Stable Carbon -- Supply of Plant Available Nutrients -- Modification of Soil pH -- Modification of Soil Physical Characteristics -- Cation Exchange Capacity and Sorption -- Microbial Activity -- Limitations of Existing Research Base -- Categorization of Current Literature -- Extrapolation from Studies of Environmental Charcoal -- Evidence to Address Key Questions around PBS -- Biochar and Contaminants -- Stability of Biochar Carbon -- Labile Biochar Fractions -- Priming of Soil Carbon or Biochar Loss -- Biochar and Soil Nutrient Dynamics -- Biochar and Emission of Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Soil -- Mobility of Char -- Char, Soil-Water Dynamics, and Irrigation -- Summary -- Conclusion: Evaluating the Sustainability of Pyrolysis-Biochar Systems -- Future Directions for Research, Development, and Demonstration -- Pilot Production Research Facilities for Biochar and ``Engineered´´ Biochar -- The Predictability and Certainty of the Impacts of Biochar -- Wider Biochar Sustainability Issues -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, Weathering Approaches to -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- Materials. , Modes of Application -- Weathering -- Weathering Reactions of Olivine -- Enhanced Weathering: What Does It Involve? -- Rate of Weathering of Olivine -- Costs -- Mitigating Environmental and Social Costs -- Applications of the Olivine Option -- Collateral Benefits -- Improvement of Soil Productivity -- Production of Biofuels from Siliceous Algae -- Geopolitical Implications of the Olivine Option -- Future Directions -- Bibliography -- Primary Literature -- Books and Reviews -- Chapter 8: Geoengineering Policy and Governance Issues -- Definition of the Subject -- Introduction -- History of Weather Modification and Governance Frameworks -- Geoengineering Technologies and Governance Challenges -- Distinguishing Carbon and Solar Geoengineering -- Research Stages -- Issues -- Sociopolitical Linkages -- Ethics -- Current Governance Landscape -- Future Directions -- Nonstate Frameworks -- National and Minilateral Frameworks -- International Frameworks -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Literaturangaben und Index , 1. Introduction-- 2. Sunshades for Solar Radiation Management-- 3. Stratospheric Aerosols for Solar Radiation Management-- 4. Solar Radiation Management, Cloud Albedo Enhancement-- 5. Ocean Fertilization for Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere-- 6. Biochar, Tool for Climate Change Mitigation and Soil Management-- 7. Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, Weathering Approaches to-- 8. Geoengineering Policy and Governance Issues-- Index.〈/p〉.