Note: Cover -- Prelims -- Contents -- Preface -- About the editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - The history of the medicinal capsule -- Introduction -- Invention of the gelatin capsule -- Improved methods of manufacture of one-piece gelatin capsules -- Developments in the use of one-piece gelatin capsules -- Invention of the hard gelatin capsule -- Development of hard gelatin capsules -- Use of capsules as a dosage form -- Enteric capsules -- References -- Chapter 2 - Gelatin: manufacture and physico-chemical properties -- Structure of collagen -- Conversion of collagen to gelatin -- Commercial manufacture of gelatin -- Collagenous raw material and its pretreatment -- Conditioning of collagen -- Filtration and clarification -- Deionisation -- Concentration -- Sterilisation -- Chilling and drying -- Grinding, sieving and blending -- BSE legislation relating to gelatin -- Molecular weight of gelatin -- Acidic and basic properties -- Gel strength -- Nature of the gelatin gel -- Properties of gelatin films -- Chemical interactions in gelatin solutions -- Tests and specifications for gelatin -- References -- Chapter 3 - Gelatin alternatives and additives -- Gelatin alternatives -- Colouring agents -- Plasticizers -- Process and performance aids -- Preservatives -- Sterilising agents -- Capsule shell coatings and treatments -- References -- Chapter 4 - Manufacture and properties of two-piece hard capsules -- Introduction -- The manufacturing process -- Quality control -- Types of hard capsules -- Properties of hard capsules -- References -- Chapter 5 - Powder, granule and pellet properties for filling of two-piece hard capsules -- Introduction -- Powder properties -- Powder flow and packing properties -- Filling of granules and pellets -- What cannot be filled into hard shell capsules? -- References -- Chapter 6 - Dry filling of hard capsules. , Introduction -- Manually operated bench-top equipment -- Capsule rectification, opening and closing on fully automated capsule-filling machinery -- Direct filling methods for powders and granules -- Indirect filling methods for powders and granules -- Filling of pellets -- Filling of tablets -- Filling of combinations of powders, pellets and tablets -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 - Instrumented capsule-filling machines and simulators -- Introduction -- Instrumentation of capsule-filling equipment -- Instrumentation of dosator tube capsule-filling equipment -- Instrumentation of dosing disk capsule-filling machines -- The simulation of capsule-filling equipment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 - Capsule processing and packing -- Introduction -- Capsule check-weighing machines -- Thermoforming machines -- Chapter 9 - Filling of liquids and semi-solids into hard two-piece capsules -- Introduction -- Liquid and semi-solid matrix formulation -- Capsule-filling properties -- Capsule-filling technology -- Sealing of two-piece capsules -- Drug delivery -- Drugs with specific formulation problems -- Stability issues -- Alternatives to gelatin for two-piece capsules -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - Technology to manufacture soft capsules -- Introduction -- Manufacturing methods -- References -- Chapter 11 - Formulation and physical properties of soft capsules -- Introduction -- Soft gelatin capsules -- Non-gelatin soft capsules -- Analytical approaches for soft capsule testing -- References -- Chapter 12 - Drug release from capsules -- Concepts of bioavailability -- Administration of hard gelatin capsule products -- Bioavailability of hard gelatin capsule products -- Formulation and the release of drugs from hard gelatin capsules -- Drug release from soft gelatin capsules -- Liquid-filled hard gelatin capsules. , Controlled-release capsule preparations -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 - Capsule standards -- Pharmacopoeial standards -- Industrial standards -- Physical standards for capsules -- Standards for filled hard capsules -- References.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor's Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- The Planets in 2020 Lynne Marie Stockman -- Phases of the Moon in 2020 -- Eclipses in 2020 -- Some Events in 2020 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles 2020 -- January -- Dark Sky Places: Now and in the Future Bob Mizon -- February -- Ashes to Ashes, Stardust to Stardust Peter Rea -- March -- Pre-Iron Age Uses of Meteorites Carolyn Kennett -- April -- The Revd Doctor William Pearson Mike Frost -- May -- Astronomy Stamps Martin Beech -- June -- Cometary Comedy and Chaos Courtney Seligman -- July -- A Pair of Classic Doubles in Cygnus John McCue -- August -- Proper Motion Martin Whipp -- September -- A Closer Look at Indus Brian Jones -- October -- Airbursts: A Spectacular Astronomical Phenomenon Susan Stubbs -- November -- Toads, Earthworms and Slugs Among the Stars David Harper 155 -- December -- Jupiter and Saturn David Harper -- Comets in 2020 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2020 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2020 Neil Norman -- Article Section -- Astronomy in 2019 Rod Hine -- Solar System Exploration in 2019 Peter Rea -- Anniversaries in 2020 Neil Haggath -- 200 Years of the Royal Astronomical Society Sian Prosser -- The Naming of Stars David Harper -- Astronomical Sketching Steve Brown -- Dark Matter and Galaxies Julian Onions -- Eclipsing Binaries Tracie Heywood -- A Perspective on the Aboriginal View of the World Greg Quicke -- The First Known Black Hole David M. Harland -- 'Oumuamua - Interstellar Interloper Neil Norman -- Forgotten on the Moon Bill Leatherbarrow -- Miscellaneous -- Some Interesting Variable Stars Roger Pickard -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones. , Some Interesting Nebulae, Star Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Glossary Brian Jones and David Harper.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor's Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- The Planets in 2021 Lynne Marie Stockman -- Phases of the Moon in 2021 -- Eclipses in 2021 -- Some Events in 2021 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles 2021 -- January -- Astronomical Illustrations of the Nuremberg Chronicle Richard H. Sanderson -- February -- 2I/Borisov - Interstellar Comet Neil Norman -- March -- Alfred Fowler Jane Callaghan -- April -- Salyut 1: The First Space Station Neil Haggath -- May -- Thomas Henry Espinell Compton Espin: The Double Star Curate of Tow Law John McCue -- June -- The Star That Was Older Than the Universe: The Mystery of HD 140283 David Harper -- July -- Early Precariously Balanced Refractors Gary Yule -- August -- Spare a Thought for the Engineers Rod Hine -- September -- Burying the Sun Carolyn Kennett -- October -- Tinkering With Time: The British Standard Time Experiment at David Harper -- November -- Your Name in Space Peter Rea -- December -- Tycho Brahe Paul Fellows -- Comets in 2021 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2021 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2021 Neil Norman -- Article Section -- Astronomy in 2020 Rod Hine -- Solar System Exploration in 2020 Peter Rea -- Anniversaries in 2021 Neil Haggath -- Mission to Mars: Countdown to Building a Brave New World Martin Braddock -- Male Family Mentors for Women in Astronomy: En'hedu'anna to Eimmart Mary McIntyre -- Henrietta Swan Leavitt and Her Work David M. Harland -- Solar Observing Peter Meadows -- The Meteorite Age Carolyn Kennett -- 'A Dignity That Insures Their Perpetuation' John C. Barentine -- Lunar Volcanism: The View 50 Years after Apollo Lionel Wilson. , Pages From the Past: Collecting Vintage Astronomy Books Richard H. Sanderson -- The Chances of Anything Coming From Mars Jan Hardy -- Māori Astronomy in Aotearoa-New Zealand Pauline Harris, Hēmi Whaanga and Rangi Matamua -- Miscellaneous -- Some Interesting Variable Stars Tracie Heywood -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones -- Some Interesting Nebulae, Star Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Glossary Brian Jones and David Harper.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor's Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- The Planets in 2022 Lynne Marie Stockman -- Some Events in 2022 -- Phases of the Moon in 2022 -- Eclipses in 2022 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles 2022 -- Monthly Sky Notes January -- Morning Apparition of Venus - January 2022 to October 2022 -- Mars - January 2022 to June 2022 -- Joseph Ward: New Zealand Polymath John McCue -- Monthly Sky Notes February -- Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn David M. Harland -- Monthly Sky Notes March -- A True Pioneer of Planetary Exploration Neil Haggath -- Monthly Sky Notes April -- Biela's Comet: A Tale of Two Parts Neil Norman -- Monthly Sky Notes May -- Maximilian Hell: A Legacy in Transit Richard Hill -- Monthly Sky Notes June -- Margherita Hack Mary McIntyre -- Monthly Sky Notes July -- Gravity Assists: Something for Nothing? Peter Rea -- Monthly Sky Notes August -- Saturn - January 2022 to December 2022 -- U.S. Mints Celestial Themes Carolyn Kennett -- Monthly Sky Notes September -- Jupiter - January 2022 to December 2022 -- Neptune - January 2022 to December 2022 -- Early Astronomy Stamps from Brazil Katrin Raynor-Evans -- Monthly Sky Notes October -- Evening Apparition of Venus - October 2022 to August 2023 -- Mills Observatory Katrin Raynor-Evans -- Monthly Sky Notes November -- Uranus in 2022 -- The Hoba West Meteorite Susan Stubbs -- Monthly Sky Notes December -- Mars - July 2022 to January 2023 -- The Next 'Small Step' David M. Harland -- Comets in 2022 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2022 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2022 Neil Norman -- Article Section -- Astronomy in 2021 Rod Hine -- Solar System Exploration in 2021 Peter Rea. , Anniversaries in 2022 Neil Haggath -- The Yearbook of Astronomy Cover Image: 1962 and 2022 Steve Brown -- A History of the Amateur Astronomical Society: 1962 to 2022 Allan Chapman -- Expanding Cosmic Horizons Martin Rees -- The Astronomers' Stars: A Study in Scarlet Lynne Marie Stockman -- Frank Drake and His Equation David M. Harland -- Remote Observing and Imaging Damian Peach -- Skies Over Ancient America P. Clay Sherrod -- Tycho Brahe and the Parallax of Mars David Harper -- A Tale of Two Henrys and the Search for Their Great Telescopes Gary Yule -- Mission to Mars: Countdown to Building a Brave New World: Laying the Foundations Martin Braddock -- Ad Astra: A Personal Journey David H. Levy -- Internet Satellites: Less Welcome Constellations? Bob Mizon -- Miscellaneous -- Some Interesting Variable Stars Tracie Heywood -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones -- Some Interesting Nebulae, Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Sky & -- Telescope (Advertisement) -- Yearbook of Astronomy 2017 (Advertisement).

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor's Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts David Harper -- The Planets in 2019 Lynne Marie Stockman -- Phases of the Moon in 2019 -- Eclipses in 2019 -- Some Events in 2019 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles 2019 -- January -- A Closer Look at Lepus Brian Jones -- February -- ICON Explores the Ionosphere Richard Pearson -- March -- A Closer Look at Sextans Brian Jones -- April -- Movable Feasts and Leaping Moons David Harper -- May -- When Astronomy Meets the Law David Harper -- June -- Lunar Occultations and Conjunctions in 2019 Richard Pearson -- July -- Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître David M. Harland -- August -- First Light for Gravitational Waves Richard Pearson -- September -- Humboldt and the Gegenschein Richard Pearson -- October -- A Closer Look at Equuleus Brian Jones -- November -- The Transit of Mercury Richard Pearson -- December -- William Frederick Denning Richard Pearson -- Comets in 2019 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2019 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2019 Neil Norman -- Article Section -- Astronomy in 2018 Rod Hine -- Solar System Exploration in 2018 Peter Rea -- Anniversaries in 2019 Neil Haggath -- The Cassini-Huygens Mission to the Saturn System Carl Murray -- Science Fiction and the Future of Astronomy Mike Brotherton -- Asaph Hall: Man of Mars Neil Norman -- Getting the Measure of Double Stars John McCue -- 100 Years of the International Astronomical Union Susan Stubbs -- In Total Support of Einstein: Eddington's Eclipse, 1919 Neil Haggath -- The First Micro-Quasar David M. Harland -- Father Lucian Kemble and the Kemble Asterisms Steve Brown -- Mira 'The Wonderful' Roger Pickard -- Miscellaneous. , Some Interesting Variable Stars to Observe in 2019 Roger Pickard -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones -- Some Interesting Nebulae, Star Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Glossary Brian Jones and David Harper.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physiography of the Cayman Islands -- 1.3 Cayman Research-University of Alberta -- 1.4 Methods -- 1.4.1 Field Work and Drilling -- 1.4.2 Thin Sections -- 1.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 1.4.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis -- 1.4.5 Electron Microprobe -- 1.4.6 Stable Isotope Analyses -- 1.4.7 87Sr/86Sr Analyses -- 1.4.8 Elemental and Rare Earth Elements -- 1.4.9 U/Th Dating -- References -- 2 Tectonic Setting of the Cayman Islands -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Earthquakes and Tsunamis -- 2.3 Tectonic Elements on the Cayman Islands -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Bluff Group-the Brac Formation -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Distribution -- 3.3 Lower Boundary -- 3.4 Upper Boundary -- 3.5 Thickness -- 3.6 Lithology -- 3.6.1 Cayman Brac -- Lepidocyclina Facies -- Mollusc Facies -- Foraminifera Facies -- Fabric Retentive Dolomite Facies -- Fabric Destructive Finely Crystalline Dolomite Facies -- Sucrosic Dolomite Facies -- 3.6.2 Grand Cayman -- 3.7 Porosity -- 3.8 Diagenesis -- 3.9 Dolomite Stoichiometry -- 3.10 Stable Isotopes -- 3.11 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 3.12 Age -- 3.13 Depositional Regimes -- 3.14 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Bluff Group-The Cayman Formation -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 Lower Boundary -- 4.4 Upper Boundary -- 4.5 Thickness -- 4.6 Limestone-Dolostone Distribution -- 4.7 Biota -- 4.8 Facies -- 4.8.1 Grand Cayman -- 4.8.2 Cayman Brac -- 4.9 Depositional Regimes -- 4.10 Porosity and Permeability -- 4.11 Stable Isotopes -- 4.12 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- 4.13 Age -- 4.13.1 Fossils -- 4.13.2 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 4.13.3 Sea Level -- 4.14 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Bluff Group-Pedro Castle Formation -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Distribution -- 5.3 Lower Boundary -- 5.4 Upper Boundary. , 5.5 Thickness -- 5.6 Lithology -- 5.6.1 Grand Cayman -- 5.6.2 Cayman Brac -- 5.7 Stable Isotopes -- 5.8 Porosity and Permeability -- 5.9 87Sr/86Sr Geochronology -- 5.10 Age -- 5.11 Depositional Regimes -- 5.12 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Diagenesis-Bluff Group -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Dolostones of the Bluff Group -- 6.2.1 Dolomite Crystals -- Crystal Size -- Internal Structures and Compositional Zoning in Dolomite of the Cayman Islands -- Hollow Dolomite Crystals -- 6.2.2 Low and High Calcian Dolomite -- 6.2.3 Distribution of Low and High Calcian Dolomite -- Cayman Brac -- Grand Cayman -- 6.2.4 Stable Isotopes -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation -- Pedro Castle Formation -- 6.2.5 Trace Elements -- Na in Dolomite/Limestones -- Mn in Dolostones/Limestones -- Fe in Dolostones/Limestones -- Sr in Dolostones/Limestones -- Rare Earth Elements in Dolostones/Limestones -- 6.2.6 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation -- Pedro Castle Formation -- Modern Seawater -- Potential Problems with 87Sr/86Sr Ratios -- Brac Formation -- Cayman Formation and Pedro Castle Formation -- Comparison with Other Island Dolostones -- 6.3 Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Ironshore Formation -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Distribution -- 7.3 Lower Boundary -- 7.4 Upper Boundary -- 7.5 Thickness -- 7.6 Internal Stratigraphy -- 7.6.1 Lithological and Biological Characteristics of Units A to F -- 7.7 The 6 m Sea Level Notch -- 7.8 Key Exposures of the Ironshore Formation -- 7.8.1 Grand Cayman -- Salt Creek -- Canary Lane Quarry -- Boat Launch, Northwest Coast -- 7.8.2 Cayman Brac -- 7.8.3 Little Cayman -- Little Cayman Quarry -- Salt Rocks -- Unnamed Hill -- 7.9 Biota of the Ironshore Formation -- 7.9.1 Corals -- 7.9.2 Rhodolites -- 7.9.3 Stromatolites -- 7.9.4 Bivalves and Gastropods -- 7.10 Trace Elements. , 7.11 Diagenesis in the Ironshore Formation -- 7.11.1 Alteration of Skeletal Material -- Strombus Gigas Shells -- Corals -- 7.11.2 Calcretes -- 7.11.3 Rhizoliths -- 7.11.4 Roots and Caliche -- 7.11.5 Roots and Peloids -- 7.12 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Modern Carbonate Environments -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Coastal Shelves of the Cayman Islands -- 8.3 Corals and Coral Reefs -- 8.3.1 Modern Corals of the Cayman Islands -- 8.3.2 Shelf-Edge Reef of Grand Cayman -- 8.4 Lagoons of Grand Cayman -- 8.4.1 North Sound -- The Fresh-Brackish Water Association -- The Marine Facies Association -- Rare Earth Elements -- Age -- Facies Architecture -- 8.4.2 South Sound -- Facies -- Age of Sediments -- Facies Changes Through Time -- Sedimentary Processes -- 8.4.3 Frank Sound and Pease Bay -- Facies -- Facies Changes Through Time -- Foraminifera in Frank Sound -- 8.4.4 East Sound -- 8.5 Bioerosion -- 8.6 Temporal Changes in Surface Seawater Temperatures -- 8.7 The Critical Role of Thalassia in the Lagoons of the Cayman Islands -- 8.8 Impact of Storms on the Coastal Areas of the Cayman Islands -- 8.8.1 Storm Boulders -- 8.8.2 Boulder Ramparts -- 8.8.3 Storm Impact on Lagoonal Sediments -- 8.9 Vermetid Buildups -- 8.10 Beachrock -- 8.11 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Karst on the Cayman Islands -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modern Karst of the Cayman Islands -- 9.2.1 Phytokarst -- 9.2.2 Caves and Speleothems on Cayman Brac -- Caves in the Brac Formation -- Caves in the Cayman Formation -- Cave Speleothems -- Notch Speleothems -- 9.2.3 Caves and Speleothems on Grand Cayman -- The Twilight Zone -- Stalactites and Stalagmites -- Cave Pearls -- Calcite Versus Aragonite Precipitation -- Comparison of Notch Speleothems and Cave Speleothems -- 9.3 Vertebrate Fossils -- 9.4 Paleokarst on the Cayman Islands -- 9.4.1 Paleokarst Surfaces. , The Brac Unconformity -- The Cayman Unconformity -- The Pedro Castle Unconformity -- 9.5 Subsurface Paleokarst Features -- 9.5.1 Caymanite -- 9.5.2 Paleo-Caves -- 9.5.3 Sinkholes, Joints, and Other Cavities -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Terra Rossa, Phosphate, and Mangrove Swamps -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Terra Rossa -- 10.2.1 Stratigraphic Distribution of Lithified Terra Rossa on the Cayman Islands -- 10.2.2 Composition -- Clays, X-ray Amorphous Material, Anatase, Hematite, Goethite, and Manganese Precipitates -- Biofragments -- Glaebules -- Clay-Coated Grains and Terra Rossa Ooids -- Fractures -- 10.2.3 Stable Isotopes -- 10.2.4 Rare Earth Elements -- 10.2.5 Origin of Terra Rossa on the Cayman Islands -- 10.3 Phosphate Deposits -- 10.3.1 Composition of Phosphatic Limestone -- 10.3.2 Petrography of Phosphatic Limestones -- Lithoclasts and Detrital Phosphate Grains -- Glaebules -- Phosphate Rafts -- Matrix -- Microbes -- Calcite Cement -- 10.3.3 Stable Isotopes -- 10.3.4 Rare Earth Elements -- 10.3.5 Origin of Phosphate Deposits -- 10.4 Mangrove Deposits -- 10.4.1 Barkers Peninsula and West Bay Peninsula -- 10.4.2 Barkers Peninsula and West Bay Peninsula -- Laminated and Non-laminated Crusts -- Plastic Mud -- Peat -- 10.4.3 South Sound -- 10.4.4 Age and Development of Mangrove Swamps -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Hydrogeology -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Stage I -- 11.1.2 Stage II -- 11.1.3 Stage III -- 11.2 Bedrock Geology -- 11.3 Porosity and Permeability -- 11.4 Rainfall -- 11.5 Freshwater Lenses -- 11.5.1 Joints, Factures, and Water Lenses -- 11.5.2 Groundwater on the Cayman Islands -- Seawater -- Rainwater -- Pond Water -- Water in Sinkholes -- Cave Water -- Groundwater-Perched Water Zone -- Groundwater-Highly Brackish to Saline Water -- 11.5.3 Hydrochemical Facies -- Chloride Ions. , Bicarbonate Ions -- Calcium and Magnesium Ions -- 11.6 Groundwater Calcite and Dolomite Saturation States -- 11.6.1 Rainwater -- 11.6.2 Perched Water -- 11.6.3 Groundwater-Fresh Water Zone -- 11.6.4 Groundwater-Lightly Brackish Water Zone -- 11.6.5 Groundwater-Types I and II -- 11.7 Groundwater and Bedrock in and Around the East End Freshwater Lens -- 11.8 Development of Reverse Osmosis Plants -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- Appendix_1.

Note: Cover -- Book Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor's Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts -- The Planets in 2023 Lynne Marie Stockman -- Mars January to August 2023 -- Jupiter January to December 2023 -- Saturn January to December 2023 -- Uranus January to December 2023 -- Neptune January to December 2023 -- Phases of the Moon in 2023 -- Eclipses in 2023 -- Some Events in 2023 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles -- Evening Apparition of Venus October 2022 to August 2023 -- Monthly Sky Notes January -- Graduate Students and the Nobel Prize David M. Harland -- Monthly Sky Notes February -- Giant Leaps for Small Change Carolyn Kennett -- Monthly Sky Notes March -- The Incomparable Sir Patrick Moore Neil Haggath -- Monthly Sky Notes April -- Biela's Comet Life After Death? Neil Norman -- Monthly Sky Notes May -- Magnetars John McCue -- Monthly Sky Notes June -- Passion for the Stars The Life and Legacy of William Tyler Olcott Richard H. Sanderson -- Monthly Sky Notes July -- A Man (and a Woman) on the Moon John McCue -- Monthly Sky Notes August -- Morning Apparition of Venus - August 2023 to June 2024 -- Shining a Light on Jupiter's Atmosphere Lynne Marie Stockman and David Harper -- Monthly Sky Notes September -- The Letter that Proved the Island Universe Theory David M. Harland -- Monthly Sky Notes October -- The Diary of a Long Distance Pioneer Peter Rea -- Monthly Sky Notes November -- Did We Receive A Radio Signal From Proxima Centauri? David M. Harland -- Monthly Sky Notes December -- A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Seattle David Harper -- Comets in 2023 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2023 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2023 Neil Norman -- Article Section. , Recent Advances in Astronomy Rod Hine -- Recent Advances in Solar System Exploration Peter Rea -- Anniversaries in 2023 Neil Haggath -- Betelgeuse Tracie Heywood -- Optical SETI at Harvard David M. Harland -- A Brief History of the End of the Universe David Harper -- The Evolution of "Multi-Pixel" Radio Telescopes Rod Hine -- Mission to Mars Countdown to Building a Brave New World The Bare Necessities of Life Martin Braddock -- The Ability to Believe The Bizarre Worlds of Astronomical Antireality Neil Haggath -- The Astronomers' Stars Life in the Fast Lane Lynne Marie Stockman -- Elijah Hinsdale Burritt Geographer of the Heavens Richard H. Sanderson -- The Future of Spaceflight Andrew P. B. Lound -- Male Family Mentors for Women in Astronomy Caroline and William Herschel Mary McIntyre -- The Closing of Historic Observatories Harold A. McAlister -- Miscellaneous -- Some Interesting Variable Stars Tracie Heywood -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones -- Some Interesting Nebulae, Star Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Society for the History of Astronomy (Advertisement) -- Friends of the Royal Astronomical Society (Advertisement) -- The Planetary Society (Advertisement) -- British Astronomical Association (Advertisement) -- Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand (Advertisement) -- Society for Popular Astronomy (Advertisement) -- American Association of Variable Star Observers (Advertisement) -- The Commission for Dark Skies (Advertisement) -- The Federation of Astronomical Societies (Advertisement) -- Back cover.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling in Cancer and Cancer Therapeutics -- Introduction -- The PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway -- PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling in Human Physiology: Anabolic Metabolism -- PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling in Human Physiology: Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and Survival -- PI3K-Akt-mTOR in Human Disease: Germline Disorders of Overgrowth and Cancer Susceptibility -- PI3K-Akt-mTOR in Human Disease: Somatic Genetic Mutations in Syndromes of Segmental Overgrowth and Cancer -- Targeting Oncogenic PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling for Cancer Therapy -- Clinical Responses to PI3K-Akt-mTOR Inhibitors -- Putative Mechanisms Underlying Suboptimal Drug Responses: Incomplete Pathway Suppression -- Putative Mechanisms Underlying Suboptimal Drug Responses: PI3K Inhibitors Cause Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia -- Putative Mechanisms Underlying Suboptimal Drug Responses: Drug-Induced Signaling Adaptation and Feedback -- Future Directions: Identifying Effective Drug Combinations -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part I PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Cancers -- 2 The mTOR Complexes in Cancer Cell Metabolism -- Introduction -- Glucose Metabolism (Glycolysis) -- Oxidative and Mitochondrial Metabolism -- Glutamine Metabolism -- Amino Acid Metabolism -- Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nucleotide Synthesis -- Lipid Metabolism -- Acetylation -- Clinical Relevance -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Cooperates with the DNA Damage Repair Pathway: Carcinogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers and Beyond -- Introduction -- Alterations of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in BC -- Alterations of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in Subtypes of BC -- Alteration(S) of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in BC Is Contextual. , PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Alterations in the Context of DNA Damage Response -- DNA Damage in Invasive Carcinoma of Breast: Alterations of DDR Pathway Genes and HRD Genes in Basal-Like BC -- PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and DDR Pathway in Basal-like BC: Protein-Protein Interactions -- 17 PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway Genes: Proteins (Amino Acid -- Aa) and Their Cellular Functions -- 12 DNA Damage Repair Pathway Genes: Proteins and Their Cellular Functions -- PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Inhibition in the Context of DDR: PARP Inhibitors in BC -- PARP Inhibitors as Chemo/Radiopotentiating Agents: TNBC and Beyond -- A Combination of PARP Inhibitors and PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Inhibitors: Drug Sensitivity and Drug Resistance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway for Drug Response Prediction and Prognostic Signatures -- The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Cancer: An Overview -- The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway: Kinase Activation and Signaling Cascades -- The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway: Association Between PIK3CA Mutation and Activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Network -- Activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker -- High Throughput Multiplexed Platforms for Functional Analysis of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway of Clinical Samples -- Antibody-Based Technologies -- Multiplex Immunoassays -- Reverse Phase Protein Microarray -- Phosphoflow -- Tissue Microarrays -- Non-antibody-Based Technologies -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Resistance to PI3K Pathway Inhibition -- Introduction -- The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway -- Drug-Induced Relief of Feedback Results in Pathway Reactivation -- mTORC1 Inhibition Promotes AKT Activation -- mTORC1 Inhibition Relieves GRB10-Mediated PI3K Suppression -- mTOR Kinase Inhibition Causes Feedback-Dependent Biphasic Regulation of AKT Signaling. , AKT Feedback Regulation of RTK Expression -- Drug-Induced Adaptive/Compensatory Activation of Parallel Signaling Pathways in the Network -- Activation of ERK Signaling -- Coordinated Activation of RAS/RAF Signaling in Resistance -- Feedback Regulation of Nuclear Hormone Signaling -- Wnt-β-Catenin Cooperation with PI3K Signaling -- Myc Amplification -- JAK2/STAT5 Inhibition Circumvents PI3K Resistance -- Additional Implicated Mechanisms of PI3K Resistance, Mechanisms not yet Elucidated -- mTORC1 Inhibition Is Required for Sensitivity to PI3K-Alpha Inhibition -- Inactivating PTEN Mutations Result in PI3K-Beta Hyperactivation -- Mechanisms of Resistance Common to Cellular Signaling Pathways -- Ligand-Mediated Activation of Distinct, Non-inhibited Kinases with Shared Downstream Targets -- Tumor Microenvironment May Confer Targeted Therapy Resistance -- Drug-Resistance-Conferring Oncogene Alterations -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Part II PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Cancer Medicine -- 6 Combination Therapies Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways -- Introduction -- Positive Regulators of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways -- PI3K -- Agents Targeting PI3K Isoforms -- AKT -- Agents Targeting AKT -- mTOR Complex -- Agents Targeting mTORC1 -- Dual Kinase Inhibitors -- Negative Regulators of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways -- PTEN -- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and the TSC1-TSC2 Complex -- AMPK -- Toxicity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitors -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Combination Strategies -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor and Chemotherapy -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor and Hormonal Agents -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor and Immunotherapy -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor and Biological Therapy -- Proximal/Distal Inhibition (mTOR Inhibitor and IGF Receptor [IGFR], PI3K, or AKT Inhibitor) -- Parallel Signaling Inhibition -- PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor and Other Targeted Therapies -- Triple Combinations. , Biomarkers -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Phospho-Inositol-3-Kinase Activity and Dysregulation in Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma -- Introduction -- Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mTOR Signaling -- PI3K and Cancer -- The Catalytic Subunit p110δ as a Potential Target in Hematologic Malignancies -- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) -- Lymphoma -- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) -- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) -- Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) -- Clinical Trials -- Conclusions -- Review Criteria -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 HER2 Signaling Network in Advanced Breast Cancer: Opportunities for Combination Therapies -- Background -- The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in HER2 Positive Breast Cancer -- An Overview of the Pathway -- Involvement of the PI3K Pathway HER2+ Breast Cancer -- Activation of PTEN-PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Anti-HER2 Therapy Resistance -- PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway-Specific Inhibitors Either Approve or Active in Clinical Trial -- Pan HER Inhibitors in HER2+ Breast Cancer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 The PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer: Biological Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities -- Introduction -- PI3K-mTOR Signaling and Function -- PI3K-mTOR Signaling in Prostate Cancer -- The PI3K-mTOR Pathway and Epigenetic Programming in Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis -- Crosstalk with AR and Other Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer -- The PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer Metastasis -- Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer -- PI3K Inhibitors -- AKT Inhibitors -- mTOR Inhibitors -- Dual PI3K-mTOR Inhibitors -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editors’ Foreword -- Preface -- About Time -- Using the Yearbook of Astronomy as an Observing Guide -- The Monthly Star Charts -- Northern Hemisphere Star Charts -- Southern Hemisphere Star Charts -- Phases of the Moon in 2018 -- Eclipses in 2018 -- Monthly Sky Notes and Articles 2018 -- January -- The Double Blue Moon of 2018 David Harper -- February -- The James Webb Space Telescope Richard Pearson -- March -- A Closer Look at Antlia and Pyxis Brian Jones -- April -- Fate or Destiny Richard Pearson -- May -- The Royal Greenwich Observatory Richard Pearson -- June -- A Closer Look at Corona Borealis Brian Jones -- July -- Mars at Opposition Richard Pearson -- August -- Life on the Moon Richard Pearson -- September -- A Closer Look at Sculptor Brian Jones -- October -- Mission to Mercury: BepiColombo Richard Pearson -- November -- Edmond Halley: A Question of Pronunciation Brian Jones -- December -- Gaia and the Distances of the Stars Richard Pearson -- Comets in 2018 Neil Norman -- Minor Planets in 2018 Neil Norman -- Meteor Showers in 2018 Neil Norman -- Article Section -- Astronomy in 2017 Rod Hine -- Solar System Exploration in 2017 Peter Rea -- Anniversaries in 2018 Neil Haggath -- Comets and How to Photograph Them Damian Peach -- Double and Multiple Stars John McCue -- Some Pioneering Lady Astronomers Mike Frost -- Is There Still a Place for Art in Astronomy? David A Hardy -- Supermassive Black Holes David M Harland -- Modern Video Astronomy Steve Wainwright -- Miscellaneous -- Some Interesting Variable Stars Roger Pickard -- Some Interesting Double Stars Brian Jones -- Some Interesting Nebulae, Star Clusters and Galaxies Brian Jones -- Astronomical Organizations -- Our Contributors -- Glossary Brian Jones.