Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time‐series sediment traps provides unique insight into year‐round and interannual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. These samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice‐covered season are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180–280, 800–1320, and 2320–2550 m, over a period of 16 yr (2000–2016) at the Long‐Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N, 4°E). The time‐series data showed seasonal and interannual trends within the dominant zooplankton groups including copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha. Amphipoda and copepoda dominated the abundance of swimmers while pteropoda and foraminifera were the most important sinkers. Although the seasonal occurrence of these groups was relatively consistent between years, there were notable interannual variations in abundance, suggesting the influence of various environmental conditions such as sea‐ice dynamic and lateral advection of water masses, for example, meltwater and Atlantic water. Statistical analyses revealed a correlation between the Arctic dipole climatic index and sea‐ice dynamics (i.e., ice coverage and concentration), as well as the importance of the distance from the ice edge on swimmer composition patterns and carbon export.〈/p〉

Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Description: Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft

Description: The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time-series sediment traps provides a unique insight into year-round and inter-annual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. Such samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice-covered seasons are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180-280 m, 800-1320 m, and 2320-2550 m, over a period of 16 years (2000-2016) at the central station of the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) HAUSGARTEN observatory in the Fram Strait. The time-series data include the abundance of copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha that were collected in the sediment trap time-series.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring F4-W-1 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of a profiling SBE19plus system on an NGK winch (nominal depth: 153m), two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 157m, 252m; sampling interval 1h), one Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 1h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 252m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology, and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring F4-S-3 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 23m, 50m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 2h), one Satlantic SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 1h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 23m), a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 25m) and two sediment traps (nominal depths: 204m, 613m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring HG-IV-S-3 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 26m, 52m; sampling interval 1h) and one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 24m; sampling interval 2h). The Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 24m; sampling interval 1h) was flooded and all data was lost. The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 24m) and a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 26m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The processed data of all sensors will be made available in separate entries.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-EGC-5 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 72m, 241m, 508m; sampling interval 1h), three AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 79m, 248m, 511m; sampling interval 1h), one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 987m, sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 72m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 72m; sampling interval 2h), two Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensors (nominal depths: 72m, 241m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 241m; sampling interval 1h) and two Sunburst SAMI-pH sensors (nominal depths: 72m, 241m; sampling interval 3h). One Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (72m) was flooded and all data was lost. The mooring also included two McLane RAS water samplers (nominal depths: 72m, 241m) and one sediment trap (nominal depth: 504m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time-series sediment traps provides unique insight into year-round and interannual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. These samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice-covered season are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180–280, 800–1320, and 2320–2550 m, over a period of 16 yr (2000–2016) at the Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N, 4°E). The time-series data showed seasonal and interannual trends within the dominant zooplankton groups including copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha. Amphipoda and copepoda dominated the abundance of swimmers while pteropoda and foraminifera were the most important sinkers. Although the seasonal occurrence of these groups was relatively consistent between years, there were notable interannual variations in abundance, suggesting the influence of various environmental condi- tions such as sea-ice dynamic and lateral advection of water masses, for example, meltwater and Atlantic water. Statistical analyses revealed a correlation between the Arctic dipole climatic index and sea-ice dynamics (i.e., ice coverage and concentration), as well as the importance of the distance from the ice edge on swimmer composition patterns and carbon export.

Description: Cruise M160 is part of concerted MOSES/REEBUS Eddy Study featuring three major research expeditions (M156, M160, MSM104). It aims to develop both a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the role of physical-chemical-biological coupling in eddies for the biological pump. The study is part of the MOSES “Ocean Eddies” event chain, which follows three major hypotheses to be addressed by the MOSES/REEBUS field campaigns: (1) Mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddies play an important role in transferring energy along the energy cascade from the large-scale circulation to dissipation at the molecular level. (2) Mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddies are important drivers in determining onset, magnitude and characteristics of biological productivity in the ocean and contribute significantly to global primary production and particle export and transfer to the deep ocean. (3) Mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddies are important for shaping extreme biogeochemical environments (e.g., pH, oxygen) in the oceans, thus acting as a source/sink function for greenhouse gases. In contrast to the other two legs, MOSES Eddy Study II during M160 did not include any benthic work but focused entirely on the pelagic dynamics within eddies. It accomplished a multi-disciplinary, multi-parameter and multi-platform study of two discrete cyclonic eddies in an unprecedented complexity. The pre-cruise search for discrete eddies suitable for detailed study during M160 had already started a few months prior to the cruise. Remote sensing data products (sea surface height, sea surface temperature, ocean color/chlorophyll a) were used in combination with eddy detection algorithms and numerical modelling to identify and track eddies in the entire eddy field off West Africa. In addition, 2 gliders and 1 waveglider had been set out from Mindelo/Cabo Verde for pre-cruise mapping of the potential working area north of the Cabo Verdean archipelago. At the start of M160, a few suitable eddies – mostly of cyclonic type – had been identified, some of which were outside the safe operation range of the motorglider plane. As technical problems delayed the flight operations, the first eddy (center at 14.5°N/25°W) for detailed study was chosen to the southwest of the island of Fogo. It was decided to carry out a first hydrographic survey there followed by the deployment of a suite of instruments (gliders, waveglider, floats, drifter short-term mooring). Such instrumented, we left this first eddy and transited – via a strong anticyclonic feature southwest of the island of Santiago – to the region northeast of the island of Sal, i.e. in the working range of the glider plane. During the transit, a full suite of underway measurements as well as CTD/RO section along 22°W (16°-18.5°N) were carried in search for sub-surface expressions of anticyclonic eddy features. In the northeast, we had identified the second strong cyclonic eddy (center at 18°N/22.5°W) which was chosen for detailed study starting with a complete hydrographic survey (ADCP, CTD/RO, other routine station work). After completion of the mesoscale work program, we identified a strong frontal region at the southwestern rim of the cyclonic eddy, which was chosen for the first sub-mesoscale study with aerial observation component. There, the first dye release experiment was carried out which consisted of the dye release itself followed by an intense multi-platforms study of the vertical and horizontal spreading of the initial dye streak. This work was METEOR-Berichte, Cruise M160, Mindelo – Mindelo, 23.11.2019 4 – 20.12.2019 supported and partly guided by aerial observation of the research motorglider Stemme, which was still somewhat compromised by technical issues and meteorological conditions (high cloud cover, Saharan dust event). Nevertheless, this first dye release experiment was successful and showed rapid movement of the dynamic meandering front. After completion of work on this second eddy and execution of a focused sampling program at the Cape Verde Ocean Observation, RV METEOR returned to the first eddy for continuation of the work started there in the beginning of the cruise. This was accompanied by a relocation of the airbase of Stemme from the international airport of Sal to the domestic airport of Fogo. The further execution of the eddy study at this first eddy, which again included a complete hydrographic survey followed by a mesoscale eddy study with dye release, was therefore possible with aerial observations providing important guidance for work on RV METEOR. Overall, M160 accomplished an extremely intense and complex work program with 212 instrument deployments during station work, 137 h of observation with towed instruments and a wide range of underway measurements throughout the cruise. Up to about 30 individually tracked platforms (Seadrones, glider, wavegliders, drifters, floats) were in the water at the same time providing unprecedented and orchestrated observation capabilities in an eddy. All planned work components were achieved and all working groups acquired the expected numbers of instrument deployments and sampling opportunities.

Description: The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time-series sediment traps provides unique insight into year-round and interannual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. These samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice-covered season are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180–280, 800–1320, and 2320–2550 m, over a period of 16 yr (2000–2016) at the Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N, 4°E). The time-series data showed seasonal and interannual trends within the dominant zooplankton groups including copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha. Amphipoda and copepoda dominated the abundance of swimmers while pteropoda and foraminifera were the most important sinkers. Although the seasonal occurrence of these groups was relatively consistent between years, there were notable interannual variations in abundance, suggesting the influence of various environmental conditions such as sea-ice dynamic and lateral advection of water masses, for example, meltwater and Atlantic water. Statistical analyses revealed a correlation between the Arctic dipole climatic index and sea-ice dynamics (i.e., ice coverage and concentration), as well as the importance of the distance from the ice edge on swimmer composition patterns and carbon export.