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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Keywords: Molybdenum mines and mining. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (854 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811648717
    Series Statement: Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences Series ; v.22
    DDC: 622.34646
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geological Evolution of Qinling Orogen -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Tectonic Location and Framework -- 1.1.2 Inventory of Main Ore Types and Commodities -- 1.2 Formation and Geology of Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.1 Outline -- 1.2.2 Formation and Geotectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.2.1 Kenor and Nuna Supercontinents -- 1.2.2.2 Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly -- 1.2.2.3 Supercontinent Rodinia Breakup and Gondwana Assembly -- 1.2.2.4 Opening and Closure of Paleo-Tethys and Supercontinent Pangea Assembly -- 1.2.2.5 Continental Collision and Intracontinental Tectonism -- 1.2.3 Major Geologic Events in the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.3.1 The ~3000 Ma Qingyanggou Orogeny -- 1.2.3.2 ~2550 Ma Shipaihe Orogeny -- 1.2.3.3 ~2300 Ma Great Oxidation Event or Guojiayao Orogeny -- 1.2.3.4 ~2050 Ma Songyang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.5 ~1850 Ma Zhongyue or Lüliang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.6 ~ 1600 Ma Xiaoxiong Orogeny -- 1.2.3.7 ~1000 Ma Jinning Orogeny -- 1.2.3.8 ~850 Ma Chengjiang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.9 The Transition from Proterozoic to Paleozoic: Shaolin Event -- 1.2.3.10 The Mid-Paleozoic (~430 Ma) Caledonian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.11 ~ 200 Ma Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.12 Yanshan Orogeny: Jurassic-Cretaceous Intracontinental Geotectonic Events -- 1.2.3.13 100 Ma Himalayan Orogeny -- 1.3 Basement Formation in Southern North China Craton -- 1.3.1 Multi-Terrane Structure of SNCC -- 1.3.2 Qingyanggou-Type Greenstone Belt and the Primitive Crust -- 1.3.3 Beizi-Type Greenstone Belt and Shipaihe Complex: Continental Nuclei -- 1.3.4 The Junzhao and Dangzehe Greenstone Belts -- 1.3.5 Rhyacian Stratigraphic Unit and the Divergence of Xiaoshan Terrane -- 1.3.6 Orosirian Stratigraphic Unit and Cratonization -- 1.4 Tectonic Setting of Xiong´er and Xiyanghe Groups: Application of Differentiation Index -- 1.4.1 Preamble. , 1.4.2 Tectonic Models of the Xiong'er and Xiyanghe Groups -- 1.4.2.1 Rift or Mantle Plume? -- 1.4.2.2 Continental or Island Arc? -- 1.4.2.3 Coexistence of Continental Arc and Passive Rift -- 1.4.3 Linking Igneous DI Population with Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.1 Igneous Differentiation Index (DI) as an Indicator of Tectonic Setting -- 1.4.3.2 Continental and Island Arcs -- 1.4.3.3 Continental and Oceanic Rifts -- 1.4.3.4 Continental Collision Orogens -- 1.4.3.5 Volcanic DI Histograms of Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.6 Magmatism in Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.5 Triassic Tectonic Setting and Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.5.1 Sedimentation -- 1.5.1.1 Songpan Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.2 South Qinling Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.3 North Qinling Accretion Belt and Huaxiong Block -- 1.5.2 Magmatism -- 1.5.2.1 Lithologies and Spatial Distribution -- 1.5.2.2 Northward Geochemical Trend -- 1.5.2.3 Magmatic Evolution and Tectonic Implication -- 1.5.3 Metallogenesis -- 1.5.3.1 Triassic Hydrothermal Deposits -- 1.5.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Tectonic Evolution -- 1.5.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.6 Yanshanian Tectonism and Magmatism -- 1.6.1 Geology and Geochemistry of the Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.2 Differences Between the Mid- and Late Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.3 Tectonic Implications -- 1.6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Mo Mineralization Types, in Space and Time -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.1 Epizonogenism and Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.2 Comparison of Epizonogenism with Other Related Terms -- 2.2.2.1 Diagenesis -- 2.2.2.2 Epithermal or Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Process -- 2.2.2.3 Reworking Process -- 2.3 Three Classes of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.1 Trichotomy of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.2 Epizonogenic Hydrothermal Mineral System. , 2.3.3 Metamorphic-Hydrothermal Mineral System -- 2.3.4 Magmatic Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.4 Genetic Types of Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 2.5 Mineralization in Space and Time -- 2.5.1 Mineralization: Spatial Relationships -- 2.5.2 Mineralization: Temporal Relationships -- References -- Chapter 3: Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Classification of Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1.2 Outline of Porphyry Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 3.2 The Jinduicheng Mo Deposit -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Regional Geology -- 3.2.3 Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.2.3.1 Geology -- 3.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.2.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.2.4 Ore Geology -- 3.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.2.5.1 Types and Populations -- 3.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.2.5.4 Laser Raman Spectroscopy Analysis -- 3.2.5.5 Mass Fluid Inclusions Analysis -- 3.2.5.6 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- 3.2.6 Ore Deposit Geochemistry -- 3.2.6.1 Trace Elements of the Ores -- 3.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.4 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.2.6.5 Lead Isotope -- 3.2.6.6 Helium and Argon Isotope -- 3.2.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.2.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.3 The Donggou Mo Deposit -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Local Geology -- 3.3.3 Donggou Granite Porphyry -- 3.3.3.1 Geology -- 3.3.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.3 Isotopic Geochronology -- 3.3.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.3.4 Ore Geology -- 3.3.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.1 Types and Populations of Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.2 Microthermometry -- Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.3.5.3 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- Halite-Bearing Inclusions and Fluid Boiling -- The Nature and Origin of the Initial Fluids. , Evolution of Fluid System and Mineralization -- 3.3.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.3.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.4 The Yuchiling Mo Deposit -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.4.3 Host and Ore-Causative Granitic Intrusions -- 3.4.3.1 Geology -- 3.4.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.4.3.3 Geochronology -- Zircon U-Pb Dating -- Biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating -- 3.4.3.4 Isotopic Study -- 3.4.3.5 Source and Evolution of the Magmas -- 3.4.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.4.4.1 Veins and Mineralization Stages -- 3.4.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.4.5 Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry -- 3.4.5.1 Types and Occurrence -- 3.4.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.4.5.3 CO2 Contents and Mo Mineralization -- 3.4.5.4 Cationic Composition, Mo Contents and Mineralization -- 3.4.5.5 Fluid Immiscibility and Evolving P-T Conditions -- 3.4.6 Isotopic Geochemistry -- 3.4.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.4.6.2 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.4.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.4.7.1 Molybdenite Re-Os Dating -- 3.4.7.2 Magma Emplacement and Mineralization -- 3.4.8 Discussion -- 3.4.8.1 Duration of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Activity -- 3.4.8.2 Zircon Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* Values: Tracers of Mineralization? -- 3.4.9 Concluding Remarks -- 3.5 The Leimengou Mo Deposit -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.5.2.1 Regional Geology -- 3.5.2.2 Deposit Geology -- 3.5.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.5.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.5.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.5.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.5.4 Ore Geology -- 3.5.4.1 The Ore Bodies -- 3.5.4.2 Vein Systems -- 3.5.4.3 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.5.5 Fluid Inclusion Studies -- 3.5.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 3.5.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.5.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.5.5.4 Nature and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids -- 3.5.6 Isotope Studies -- 3.5.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope. , 3.5.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.5.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.5.7 Geochronology -- 3.5.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- 3.6 The Wenquan Mo Deposit -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.6.3 The Ore-Causative Granite -- 3.6.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.6.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.6.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.6.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.6.4.1 Mineralization -- 3.6.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.6.4.3 Mineral Paragenesis -- 3.6.4.4 REE Analysis of Quartz and Calcite -- 3.6.5 Fluid Inclusions Studies -- 3.6.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types and Occurrence -- 3.6.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.6.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.6.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.6.6.4 Lead Isotopes -- 3.6.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Porphyry-Skarn Mo Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nannihu-Sandaozhuang Mo-W Deposit -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Local Geology -- 4.2.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 4.2.3.1 Geology -- 4.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements -- 4.2.3.3 Isotopic Study -- Whole-Rock O Isotopic Studies -- Sr Isotope Studies -- Nd Isotope Studies -- Pb Isotope Studies -- 4.2.3.4 Petrogenesis of the Nannihu Granites -- 4.2.4 Ore Geology -- 4.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 4.2.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 4.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 4.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 4.2.5.4 Chemical Composition -- 4.2.5.5 Nature and Evolution of the Fluids -- 4.2.5.6 Hydrothermal Mineralization Process -- 4.2.6 Ore Geochemistry -- 4.2.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.3 Sulfur Isotopic Compositions -- 4.2.6.4 Lead Isotopic Compositions. , 4.2.7 Timing of the Mineralization.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    Keywords: Geology. ; Geochemistry. ; Mineralogy.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Mining and the nature of gold deposits -- Chapter 3. Data to processes, examples, and discovery -- Chapter 4. Provinciality of goldfields -- Chapter 5. Enrichment of gold above background -- Chapter 6. Segregation of gold from base metals -- Chapter 7. Timing of deposit formation -- Chapter 8. Ore fluid types as recorded in fluid inclusions -- Chapter 9. Commonality and diversity: both need explanation. Chapter 10. Magmatic processes that lead to gold-only deposits -- Chapter 11. Fluids in the earth’s crust -- Chapter 12. Alteration in gold-only deposits -- Chapter 13. Case study: the formation of a giant goldfield: Kalgoorlie, Western Australia -- Chapter 14. Hydrothermal transport of gold -- Chapter 15. Metamorphic processes leading to gold-only deposits -- Chapter 16. Modification of deposits at high temperature -- Chapter 17. Formation and modification of deposits at lower temperatures -- Chapter 18. Carlin, Witwatersrand and some other gold-only examples -- Chapter 19. Gold-plus Copper-Gold deposits -- Chapter 20. Discoveries and the role of science in the Yilgarn goldfields of Western Australia -- Chapter 21. Discovery of Fosterville Deeps, Victorian Gold Province: long term science. Chapter 22. Summary and conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVIII, 842 p. 1 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 9789811648717
    Series Statement: Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences 22
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: The parameterizations of monoenergetic particle impact ionization in Fang et al. [2010] (Fang2010) and Fang et al. [2013] (Fang2013) are applied to the complex energy spectra measured by DMSP F16 satellite to calculate the ionization rates from electron and ion precipitations for a northern hemisphere pass from 0030 UT to 0106 UT on August 6, 2011. Clear enhancement of electron flux is found in the polar cap. The mean electron energy in the polar cap is mostly above 100 eV, while the mean energy in the auroral zone is typically above 1 keV. At the same time, F16 captures a strong Poynting flux enhancement in the polar cap, which is comparable to those in the auroral zone. The particle impact ionization rates using Fang2010 and Fang2013 parameterizations show clear enhancement at F-region altitudes mainly due to the low-energy precipitating electrons, peaking probably in the cusp but also showing enhanced levels throughout most of the polar cap region. The general circulation models (GCMs), NCAR Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) and Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM) using their default empirical formulations of particle impact ionization, do not capture the observed features shown in the total particle ionization rate applying the Fang2010 and Fang2013 parameterizations to DMSP measurements. The difference between GCM simulations and Fang2010&Fang2013 applied to DMSP data is due to the difference of both the inputs to the models and the parameterization of the ionization rates.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-12-24
    Description: ABSTRACT Drought is a recurrent natural disaster in northwestern China and it can have a substantial impact on the affected region; therefore, knowledge of drought variability is very important for drought adaptation and mitigation. However, the observed climate data are generally limited in length, which may hamper our understanding the full range of drought variability. Using tree-ring width measurements of 155 series from 81 Pinus tabulaeformis trees at three sites in the northern Min Mountains of northwestern China, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for May–August from 1804 to 2011 were reconstructed, which account for 64.8% of the variance in the instrumental record over 1954–2011. The new reconstruction is generally consistent with other moisture reconstructions nearby. Two notable features of the SPEI reconstruction is the severe drought starting in the late 1990s and the gradual drying trend since 1954. These features are also apparent in areas located in the north boundaries of Eastern Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), which indicates that the study area may be affected by the EASM.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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