Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geological Evolution of Qinling Orogen -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Tectonic Location and Framework -- 1.1.2 Inventory of Main Ore Types and Commodities -- 1.2 Formation and Geology of Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.1 Outline -- 1.2.2 Formation and Geotectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.2.1 Kenor and Nuna Supercontinents -- 1.2.2.2 Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly -- 1.2.2.3 Supercontinent Rodinia Breakup and Gondwana Assembly -- 1.2.2.4 Opening and Closure of Paleo-Tethys and Supercontinent Pangea Assembly -- 1.2.2.5 Continental Collision and Intracontinental Tectonism -- 1.2.3 Major Geologic Events in the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.3.1 The ~3000 Ma Qingyanggou Orogeny -- 1.2.3.2 ~2550 Ma Shipaihe Orogeny -- 1.2.3.3 ~2300 Ma Great Oxidation Event or Guojiayao Orogeny -- 1.2.3.4 ~2050 Ma Songyang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.5 ~1850 Ma Zhongyue or Lüliang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.6 ~ 1600 Ma Xiaoxiong Orogeny -- 1.2.3.7 ~1000 Ma Jinning Orogeny -- 1.2.3.8 ~850 Ma Chengjiang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.9 The Transition from Proterozoic to Paleozoic: Shaolin Event -- 1.2.3.10 The Mid-Paleozoic (~430 Ma) Caledonian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.11 ~ 200 Ma Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.12 Yanshan Orogeny: Jurassic-Cretaceous Intracontinental Geotectonic Events -- 1.2.3.13 100 Ma Himalayan Orogeny -- 1.3 Basement Formation in Southern North China Craton -- 1.3.1 Multi-Terrane Structure of SNCC -- 1.3.2 Qingyanggou-Type Greenstone Belt and the Primitive Crust -- 1.3.3 Beizi-Type Greenstone Belt and Shipaihe Complex: Continental Nuclei -- 1.3.4 The Junzhao and Dangzehe Greenstone Belts -- 1.3.5 Rhyacian Stratigraphic Unit and the Divergence of Xiaoshan Terrane -- 1.3.6 Orosirian Stratigraphic Unit and Cratonization -- 1.4 Tectonic Setting of Xiong´er and Xiyanghe Groups: Application of Differentiation Index -- 1.4.1 Preamble. , 1.4.2 Tectonic Models of the Xiong'er and Xiyanghe Groups -- 1.4.2.1 Rift or Mantle Plume? -- 1.4.2.2 Continental or Island Arc? -- 1.4.2.3 Coexistence of Continental Arc and Passive Rift -- 1.4.3 Linking Igneous DI Population with Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.1 Igneous Differentiation Index (DI) as an Indicator of Tectonic Setting -- 1.4.3.2 Continental and Island Arcs -- 1.4.3.3 Continental and Oceanic Rifts -- 1.4.3.4 Continental Collision Orogens -- 1.4.3.5 Volcanic DI Histograms of Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.6 Magmatism in Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.5 Triassic Tectonic Setting and Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.5.1 Sedimentation -- 1.5.1.1 Songpan Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.2 South Qinling Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.3 North Qinling Accretion Belt and Huaxiong Block -- 1.5.2 Magmatism -- 1.5.2.1 Lithologies and Spatial Distribution -- 1.5.2.2 Northward Geochemical Trend -- 1.5.2.3 Magmatic Evolution and Tectonic Implication -- 1.5.3 Metallogenesis -- 1.5.3.1 Triassic Hydrothermal Deposits -- 1.5.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Tectonic Evolution -- 1.5.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.6 Yanshanian Tectonism and Magmatism -- 1.6.1 Geology and Geochemistry of the Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.2 Differences Between the Mid- and Late Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.3 Tectonic Implications -- 1.6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Mo Mineralization Types, in Space and Time -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.1 Epizonogenism and Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.2 Comparison of Epizonogenism with Other Related Terms -- 2.2.2.1 Diagenesis -- 2.2.2.2 Epithermal or Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Process -- 2.2.2.3 Reworking Process -- 2.3 Three Classes of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.1 Trichotomy of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.2 Epizonogenic Hydrothermal Mineral System. , 2.3.3 Metamorphic-Hydrothermal Mineral System -- 2.3.4 Magmatic Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.4 Genetic Types of Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 2.5 Mineralization in Space and Time -- 2.5.1 Mineralization: Spatial Relationships -- 2.5.2 Mineralization: Temporal Relationships -- References -- Chapter 3: Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Classification of Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1.2 Outline of Porphyry Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 3.2 The Jinduicheng Mo Deposit -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Regional Geology -- 3.2.3 Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.2.3.1 Geology -- 3.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.2.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.2.4 Ore Geology -- 3.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.2.5.1 Types and Populations -- 3.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.2.5.4 Laser Raman Spectroscopy Analysis -- 3.2.5.5 Mass Fluid Inclusions Analysis -- 3.2.5.6 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- 3.2.6 Ore Deposit Geochemistry -- 3.2.6.1 Trace Elements of the Ores -- 3.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.4 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.2.6.5 Lead Isotope -- 3.2.6.6 Helium and Argon Isotope -- 3.2.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.2.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.3 The Donggou Mo Deposit -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Local Geology -- 3.3.3 Donggou Granite Porphyry -- 3.3.3.1 Geology -- 3.3.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.3 Isotopic Geochronology -- 3.3.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.3.4 Ore Geology -- 3.3.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.1 Types and Populations of Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.2 Microthermometry -- Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.3.5.3 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- Halite-Bearing Inclusions and Fluid Boiling -- The Nature and Origin of the Initial Fluids. , Evolution of Fluid System and Mineralization -- 3.3.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.3.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.4 The Yuchiling Mo Deposit -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.4.3 Host and Ore-Causative Granitic Intrusions -- 3.4.3.1 Geology -- 3.4.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.4.3.3 Geochronology -- Zircon U-Pb Dating -- Biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating -- 3.4.3.4 Isotopic Study -- 3.4.3.5 Source and Evolution of the Magmas -- 3.4.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.4.4.1 Veins and Mineralization Stages -- 3.4.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.4.5 Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry -- 3.4.5.1 Types and Occurrence -- 3.4.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.4.5.3 CO2 Contents and Mo Mineralization -- 3.4.5.4 Cationic Composition, Mo Contents and Mineralization -- 3.4.5.5 Fluid Immiscibility and Evolving P-T Conditions -- 3.4.6 Isotopic Geochemistry -- 3.4.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.4.6.2 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.4.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.4.7.1 Molybdenite Re-Os Dating -- 3.4.7.2 Magma Emplacement and Mineralization -- 3.4.8 Discussion -- 3.4.8.1 Duration of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Activity -- 3.4.8.2 Zircon Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* Values: Tracers of Mineralization? -- 3.4.9 Concluding Remarks -- 3.5 The Leimengou Mo Deposit -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.5.2.1 Regional Geology -- 3.5.2.2 Deposit Geology -- 3.5.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.5.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.5.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.5.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.5.4 Ore Geology -- 3.5.4.1 The Ore Bodies -- 3.5.4.2 Vein Systems -- 3.5.4.3 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.5.5 Fluid Inclusion Studies -- 3.5.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 3.5.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.5.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.5.5.4 Nature and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids -- 3.5.6 Isotope Studies -- 3.5.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope. , 3.5.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.5.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.5.7 Geochronology -- 3.5.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- 3.6 The Wenquan Mo Deposit -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.6.3 The Ore-Causative Granite -- 3.6.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.6.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.6.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.6.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.6.4.1 Mineralization -- 3.6.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.6.4.3 Mineral Paragenesis -- 3.6.4.4 REE Analysis of Quartz and Calcite -- 3.6.5 Fluid Inclusions Studies -- 3.6.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types and Occurrence -- 3.6.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.6.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.6.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.6.6.4 Lead Isotopes -- 3.6.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Porphyry-Skarn Mo Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nannihu-Sandaozhuang Mo-W Deposit -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Local Geology -- 4.2.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 4.2.3.1 Geology -- 4.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements -- 4.2.3.3 Isotopic Study -- Whole-Rock O Isotopic Studies -- Sr Isotope Studies -- Nd Isotope Studies -- Pb Isotope Studies -- 4.2.3.4 Petrogenesis of the Nannihu Granites -- 4.2.4 Ore Geology -- 4.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 4.2.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 4.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 4.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 4.2.5.4 Chemical Composition -- 4.2.5.5 Nature and Evolution of the Fluids -- 4.2.5.6 Hydrothermal Mineralization Process -- 4.2.6 Ore Geochemistry -- 4.2.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.3 Sulfur Isotopic Compositions -- 4.2.6.4 Lead Isotopic Compositions. , 4.2.7 Timing of the Mineralization.