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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating respiration of roots in soil: Interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 221-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: citrus ; Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq. ; CO2-diffusion gradient ; root respiration ; soil CO2 concentration ; Volkamer lemon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little information is available on the variability of the dynamics of the actual and observed root respiration rate in relation to abiotic factors. In this study, we describe I) interactions between soil CO2 concentration, temperature, soil water content and root respiration, and II) the effect of short-term fluctuations of these three environmental factors on the relation between actual and observed root respiration rates. We designed an automated, open, gas-exchange system that allows continuous measurements on 12 chambers with intact roots in soil. By using three distinct chamber designs with each a different path for the air flow, we were able to measure root respiration over a 50-fold range of soil CO2 concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm) and to separate the effect of irrigation on observed vs. actual root respiration rate. All respiration measurements were made on one-year-old citrus seedlings in sterilized sandy soil with minimal organic material. Root respiration was strongly affected by diurnal fluctuations in temperature (Q10 = 2), which agrees well with the literature. In contrast to earlier findings for Douglas-fir (Qi et al., 1994), root respiration rates of citrus were not affected by soil CO2 concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm CO2; pH around 6). Soil CO2 was strongly affected by soil water content but not by respiration measurements, unless the air flow for root respiration measurements was directed through the soil. The latter method of measuring root respiration reduced soil CO2 concentration to that of incoming air. Irrigation caused a temporary reduction in CO2 diffusion, decreasing the observed respiration rates obtained by techniques that depended on diffusion. This apparent drop in respiration rate did not occur if the air flow was directed through the soil. Our dynamic data are used to indicate the optimal method of measuring root respiration in soil, in relation to the objectives and limitations of the experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004278421334
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sample preparation and scanning protocol for computerised analysis of root length and diameter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: root architecture ; root-diameter distribution ; root efficiency ; root length ; root scanning ; Delta-T Scan ; WinRHIZO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root length and diameter distribution are important characteristics to be considered when describing and comparing root systems. Root length and root-diameter distribution may be obtained in two ways: by microscopical measurements, which are laborious, or by computerised analysis, which is fast but sensitive to the scanning protocol. Although scanning protocols vary widely between laboratories, papers rarely report the details. Using two commercially available root analysis software packages (Delta-T Scan and WinRHIZO), we performed a sensitivity analysis of scanning protocols for estimating root length and diameter distribution. The results are shown graphically, rather than numerically, because the interactions between different parameters in the overall scanning protocol are most clearly illustrated by the shape of the curves. The present analysis clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of the two scanning methods with regard to staining period, maximum root density, scanning resolution and transformation threshold. For example, estimating the root-diameter distribution versus measuring root length, puts opposite constraints on the transformation threshold settings. We suggest the following settings for the most sensitive parameters: a staining period of 24 h, a root density of less than 0.5 mm root per mm2 surface, a resolution of 400 dpi and the automatic threshold for WinRHIZO and a brightness of 200 for Delta-T Scan. According to this protocol, comparison of computerised analyses with microscopic measurements showed good total root length and diameter distribution agreement for three contrasting root systems. We suggest to always start with the present protocol when studying other species. If validation indicates that the proposed scanning protocol needs to be modified for other species, the present sensitivity analysis may be used as a guideline for changing the most critical parameters. Similarly, the use of another stain than neutral red may also require modifications of the scanning protocol. In general, a long staining period (e.g., 24 h) is recommended for all stains, as small differences in staining period have the least effect when the root tissue is saturated. To enhance comparability of results in the literature, the staining period, stain, (maximum) root density, scanner resolution and threshold should always be listed when root data obtained by scanning are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014905104017
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the assessment of root and soil respiration for soils of different textures: interactions with soil moisture contents and soil CO2 concentrations (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: citrus ; Citrus volkameriana ; root respiration ; soil CO2 efflux ; soil CO2 concentration ; soil water relations ; Volkamer lemon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of root and soil respiration are becoming increasingly important in agricultural and ecological research, but there is little understanding how soil texture and water content may affect these estimates. We examined the effects of soil texture on (i) estimated rates of root and soil respiration and (ii) soil CO2 concentrations, during cycles of soil wetting and drying in the citrus rootstock, Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. and Pasq.). Plants were grown in soil columns filled with three different soil mixtures varying in their sand, silt and clay content. Root and soil respiration rates, soil water content, plant water uptake and soil CO2 concentrations were measured and dynamic relationships among these variables were developed for each soil texture treatment. We found that although the different soil textures differed in their plant-soil water relations characteristics, plant growth was only slightly affected. Root and soil respiration rates were similar under most soil moisture conditions for soils varying widely in percentages of sand, silt and clay. Only following irrigation did CO2 efflux from the soil surface vary among soils. That is, efflux of CO2 from the soil surface was much more restricted after watering (therefore rendering any respiration measurements inaccurate) in finer textured soils than in sandy soils because of reduced porosity in the finer textured soils. Accordingly, CO2 reached and maintained the highest concentrations in finer textured soils (〉 40 mmol CO2 mol−1). This study revealed that changes in soil moisture can affect interpretations of root and soil measurements based on CO2 efflux, particularly in fine textured soils. The implications of the present findings for field soil CO2 flux measurements are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026502414977
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows spartina as a distinct solid genus (2019)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology (2019): e02863, doi:10.1002/ecy.2863.
    Description: In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina.
    Description: We are grateful to the many colleagues, students and eight anonymous expert taxonomists from Argentina, United States, Spain, UK, and Uruguay for sharing their opinions, perspectives, and ideas, improving our reasoning and encouraging us to initiate this debate. The authors’ positions are personal, and do not necessarily reflect the organizations or networks they represent or with which they are affiliated. We are also deeply grateful to two anonymous reviewers as well as to the Editor‐in‐Chief Don Strong who supplied excellent insight that truly improved our work.
    Keywords: Botanical nomenclature ; Coastal ecology ; Cordgrass ; Integrative analysis ; Interdisciplinary decisions ; Salt marsh
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 5
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    Building Coastal Resilience in Europe (2023)
    European Marine Board | Ostend, Belgium
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-21
    Description: European coasts face multiple, interacting and cumulative pressures including those resulting from increasing greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. sea-level rise, Ocean warming, Ocean acidification, extreme events) and localised activities such as fishing, aquaculture, waste disposal and coastal urbanisation. These create a unique set of context-specific issues that need to be addressed holistically using a systems approach, considering the dynamics between both coastal societies and ecosystems as part of interconnected social-ecological systems. EMB Position Paper No. 27 ‘Building Coastal Resilience in Europe’ presents key policy and scientific recommendations on how to build coastal resilience and enhance capacity to cope with impacts from climate change and other coastal pressures.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Greenhouse gas ; Climate change effects ; Coastal resilience
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 128pp.
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 6
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    The fundamental role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems - a review (2016)
    Cambridge Philosophical Society
    In:  Biological Reviews, 92 (3). pp. 1521-1538.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Seagrass meadows are vital ecosystems in coastal zones worldwide, but are also under global threat. One of the major hurdles restricting the success of seagrass conservation and restoration is our limited understanding of ecological feedback mechanisms. In these ecosystems, multiple, self‐reinforcing feedbacks can undermine conservation efforts by masking environmental impacts until the decline is precipitous, or alternatively they can inhibit seagrass recovery in spite of restoration efforts. However, no clear framework yet exists for identifying or dealing with feedbacks to improve the management of seagrass ecosystems. Here we review the causes and consequences of multiple feedbacks between seagrass and biotic and/or abiotic processes. We demonstrate how feedbacks have the potential to impose or reinforce regimes of either seagrass dominance or unvegetated substrate, and how the strength and importance of these feedbacks vary across environmental gradients. Although a myriad of feedbacks have now been identified, the co‐occurrence and likely interaction among feedbacks has largely been overlooked to date due to difficulties in analysis and detection. Here we take a fundamental step forward by modelling the interactions among two distinct above‐ and belowground feedbacks to demonstrate that interacting feedbacks are likely to be important for ecosystem resilience. On this basis, we propose a five‐step adaptive management plan to address feedback dynamics for effective conservation and restoration strategies. The management plan provides guidance to aid in the identification and prioritisation of likely feedbacks in different seagrass ecosystems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.12294
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Harnessing positive species interactions as a tool against climate-driven loss of coastal biodiversity (2018)
    Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    In:  PLOS Biology, 16 (9). e2006852.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Habitat-forming species sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in harsh environments through the amelioration of physical stress. Nonetheless, their role in shaping patterns of species distribution under future climate scenarios is generally overlooked. Focusing on coastal systems, we assess how habitat-forming species can influence the ability of stress-sensitive species to exhibit plastic responses, adapt to novel environmental conditions, or track suitable climates. Here, we argue that habitat-former populations could be managed as a nature-based solution against climate-driven loss of biodiversity. Drawing from different ecological and biological disciplines, we identify a series of actions to sustain the resilience of marine habitat-forming species to climate change, as well as their effectiveness and reliability in rescuing stress-sensitive species from increasingly adverse environmental conditions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006852
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Wave height (regular and irregular waves) reduction in 2m water depth over a 40-m-long salt marsh test section in a large scale laboratory flume (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Möller, Iris; Kudella, Matthias; Rupprecht, Franziska; Spencer, Tom; Paul, Maike; van Wesenbeeck, Bregje K; Wolters, Guido; Jensen, Kai; Bouma, Tjeerd J; Miranda-Lange, Martin; Schimmels, Stefan (2014): Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience, 7(10), 727-731, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2251
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Coastal communities around the world face increasing risk from flooding as a result of rising sea level, increasing storminess, and land subsidence. Salt marshes can act as natural buffer zones, providing protection from waves during storms. However, the effectiveness of marshes in protecting the coastline during extreme events when water levels and waves are highest is poorly understood. Here, we experimentally assess wave dissipation under storm surge conditions in a 300-m-long wave flume that contains a transplanted section of natural salt marsh. We find that the presence of marsh vegetation causes considerable wave attenuation, even when water levels and waves are high. From a comparison with experiments without vegetation, we estimate that up to 60% of observed wave reduction is attributed to vegetation. We also find that although waves progressively flatten and break vegetation stems and thereby reduce dissipation, the marsh substrate remained remarkably stable and resistant to surface erosion under all conditions.The effectiveness of storm wave dissipation and the resilience of tidal marshes even at extreme conditions suggest that salt marsh ecosystems can be a valuable component of coastal protection schemes.
    Keywords: File content; File name; File size; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 8 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 9
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (2019)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Cohen‐Rengifo, Mishal; Agüera, Antonio; Bouma, Tjeerd J; M'Zoudi, Saloua; Flammang, Patrick; Dubois, Philippe (2019): Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Ecology and Evolution, 9(21), 12128-12143, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5678
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2‐month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C‐pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no‐flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near‐ and far‐future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid‐base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C‐pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C‐pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations.
    Keywords: Aber_beach; Acid-base regulation; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Angle; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Aspect ratio; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Breaking force; Breaking force, standard deviation; Buffer capacity; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Circularity; Coast and continental shelf; Coelomic fluid, alkalinity; Coelomic fluid, pH; Diameter; Direction; Echinodermata; EXP; Experiment; Extensibility; Extensibility, standard deviation; Flow velocity, water; Force; Force, standard deviation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Growth; Growth/Morphology; Height; Identification; Laboratory experiment; Length; Movement velocity; North Atlantic; Number; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Paracentrotus lividus; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Percentage; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Stiffness; Stiffness, standard deviation; Strength; Strength, standard deviation; Surface area; Surface area, standard deviation; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Tenacity; Tenacity, standard deviation; Time in weeks; Toughness; Toughness, standard deviation; Treatment; Tube foot density; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Velocity
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 84692 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
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