Publication Date:
2024-03-15
Description:
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2‐month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C‐pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no‐flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near‐ and far‐future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid‐base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C‐pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C‐pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations.
Keywords:
Aber_beach; Acid-base regulation; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Angle; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Aspect ratio; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Breaking force; Breaking force, standard deviation; Buffer capacity; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Circularity; Coast and continental shelf; Coelomic fluid, alkalinity; Coelomic fluid, pH; Diameter; Direction; Echinodermata; EXP; Experiment; Extensibility; Extensibility, standard deviation; Flow velocity, water; Force; Force, standard deviation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Growth; Growth/Morphology; Height; Identification; Laboratory experiment; Length; Movement velocity; North Atlantic; Number; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Paracentrotus lividus; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Percentage; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Stiffness; Stiffness, standard deviation; Strength; Strength, standard deviation; Surface area; Surface area, standard deviation; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Tenacity; Tenacity, standard deviation; Time in weeks; Toughness; Toughness, standard deviation; Treatment; Tube foot density; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Velocity
Type:
Dataset
Format:
text/tab-separated-values, 84692 data points
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