Publikationsdatum:
2022-05-25
Beschreibung:
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1983
Beschreibung:
Novel methods were developed for the determination of 12 of the 14
Rare Earth Elements (REE) in seawater. Initial extractions of the REE by
chelating ion exchange chromatography is followed by cation exchange for
removal of co-extracted U and remaining traces of major ions. Finally
traces of U are removed by anion exchange before irradiation for 8 hours
at a flux of 5 x 1013 neutrons.cm-2.sec-l. After post-irradiation
separation of 24 Na, the gamma spectra are recorded over four different
time intervals with a Ge(Li) detector. An internal standard (144Ce) is
carried all along the procedure for improved precision by avoidance of
counting geometry errors. Vertical profiles are reported for three stations in respectively the
Northwest Atlantic Ocean, the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the
Cariaco Trench, an anoxic basin. This data set represents the first
detailed profiles of Pr, Tb, Ho, Tm and Lu in seawater, together with
profiles of La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd and Yb. The first observations of
positive Ce anomalies in seawater are ascribed to regeneration of Ce
under reducing conditions. The first reported positive Gd anomalies are
ascribed to the unique chemical properties of the Gd(III)-cation, which
has an exactly half-filled 4f electron shell. Concentrations of the REE range from 0.3 pmol.kg-l (Lu) to 86
pmol.kg-l (Ce) and are among the lowest reported so far for trace
elements in seawater. The REE as a group typically exhibit a quasi-linear
increase with depth. In the deep water there appears to be some degree of
correlation with silicate. Concentration levels in the deep Pacific Ocean
are 2-4 times those in deep Atlantic waters. Ce has an opposite
behaviour, with very strong depletions in deep Pacific waters. In the
Cariaco Trench all REE, but especially Ce, are strongly affected by the
chemical changes across the oxic/anoxic interface. The REE distributions normalized versus shales (crustal abundance)
exhibit four major features:
i) a gradual enrichment of the heavy REE, most strongly developed
in the deep Pacific Ocean. This is compatible with the
stabilization of heavy REE by stronger inorganic complexation in
seawater as predicted by the TURNER- WHITFIELD-DICKSON
speciation model.
ii) the first description of positive Gd anomalies, in agreement
with the anomalously strong complexation of the Gd(III)-cation
predicted by the same speciation model.
iii) most commonly negative, but sometimes positive, Ce anomalies.
iv) a linear Eu/Sm relation for all samples. Distributions of the dissolved REE in ocean waters seem to be
dominated by their internal cycling within the ocean basins. With a few
notable exceptions, the ultimate external sources (riverine, aeolian,
hydrothermal) and sinks (authigenic minerals) appear to have little
impact on the spatial distribution of the REE in oceanic water masses.
Analogies with distributions of other properties within the oceans
suggest that the REE as a group are controlled by two simultaneous
processes:
A) cycling like or identical to opal and calcium-carbonate, with
circumstantial evidence in support of the latter as a possible carrier.
B) adsorptive scavenging, possibly by manganese-oxide phases on settling
particles. The latter mechanism is strongly supported by the parallels between
REE(III) speciation in seawater and the 'typical 1 seawater REE pattern.
This general correspondence is highlighted by the very distinct
excursions of Gd in both Gd(III) speciation and the observed seawater REE
patterns.
Combination of both apparent mechanisms, for instance scavenging of
REE by adsorptive coatings (Mn oxides) on settling skeletal material, is
very well conceivable. Upon dissolution of the shells at or near the
seafloor the adsorbed REE fraction would be released into the bottom
waters. The observations of
positive Ce anomalies in Northwest Atlantic surface waters,
enhanced Ce anomalies and Mn levels in the OZ-minimum zone of the
Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, and
enhanced Ce concentrations in anoxic waters
all support the contention that a vigorous cycling driven by oxidation
and reduction reactions dominates both Ce and Mn in the ocean basins.
Under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, Ce tends to become
depleted in well-oxygenated open ocean waters, and normal or enriched in
waters below a pOZ threshold of about 0.001-0.010 atm partial pressure.
The latter threshold level generally lies below the sediment/water
interface.
However, the kinetics of oxidation (and reduction) of Ce appears to
be slow relative to various transport processes. This leads to
disequilibria, i.e. a major uncoupling of the pOZ threshold level and
the Ce anomaly distribution. The REE are definitely non-conservative in seawater and in general
the REE pattern or 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratio cannot be treated as
ideal water mass tracers. The continuous redistribution of Ce within the
modern ocean, combined with the likelihood of active diagenesis,
precludes the use of Ce anomalies as indicators of oxic versus anoxic
conditions in ancient oceans. On the other hand, the Eu/Sm ratio,
possibly combined with 143Nd/144Nd , would have potential as a tracer
for understanding modern and ancient processes of hydrothermal
circulation.
Beschreibung:
This research was supported by Department of Energy contract
DE-AS02-76EV03566 and Office of Naval Research Contract NOOOl 4-82-C-00l 9
NR 083-004.
Schlagwort(e):
Geochemistry
;
Rare earth metals
;
Seawater
;
Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC86-2
;
Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN99-2
Repository-Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Materialart:
Thesis
Format:
application/pdf
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