Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 1501547-FR , Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 98-99 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 1501455 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Deutsch, Englisch

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the Lead Editor -- About the Senior Editor-in-Chief -- About the Editor -- List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Preface 1 -- Preface 2 -- Preface 3 -- PART I: Management of Saline/Sodic Stress: Field Practices -- 1: Nomenclature and Reclamation of Sodic (Alkali) Soils Using Gypsum: A Review of Historical Perspective -- 2: Soil Salinity Management in Fruit Crops: A Review of Options and Challenges -- 3: Role of Conservation Agriculture in Mitigating Soil Salinity in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India -- PART II: Physiological and Molecular Innovations to Enhance Salt Tolerance -- 4: Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Plants Under Soil Salinity Stress: A Review -- 5: Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Approaches for Improving Salt Tolerance in Crop Plants: A Review -- 6: Genomics Technologies for Improving Salt Tolerance in Wheat -- PART III: Adaptations and Screening of Plants Under Water Logging and Salinity Stresses -- 7: Morpho-Biochemical and Molecular Markers for Screening and Assessing Plant Response to Salinity -- 8: Plants Under Waterlogged Conditions: An Overview -- PART IV: Non-Conventional and High-Value Crops for Salt-Affected Lands -- 9: Potential and Role of Halophyte Crops in Saline Environments -- 10: Approaches for Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Seed Spices -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1. The Stefan Problem and its Classical Formulation -- 1.1 Some Stefan and Stefan-like Problems -- 1.2 Free Boundary Problems with Free Boundaries of Codimension-two -- 1.3 The Classical Stefan Problem in One-dimension and the Neumann Solution -- 1.4 Classical Formulation of Multi-dimensional Stefan Problems -- Chapter 2. Thermodynamical and Metallurgical Aspects of Stefan Problems -- 2.1 Thermodynamical Aspects -- 2.2 Some Metallurgical Aspects of Stefan Problems -- 2.3 Morphological Instability of the Solid--Liquid Interface -- 2.4 Non-material Singular Surface: Generalized Stefan Condition -- Chapter 3. Extended Classical Formulations of n-phase Stefan Problems with n > -- 1 -- 3.1 One-phase Problems -- 3.2 Extended Classical Formulations of Two-phase Stefan Problems -- 3.3 Stefan problems with Implicit Free Boundary Conditions -- Chapter 4. Stefan Problem with Supercooling: Classical Formulation and Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Phase-field Model for Solidification using Landau Ginzburg Free Energy Functional -- 4.3 Some Thermodynamically Consistent Phase-field and Phase Relaxation Models of Solidification -- 4.4 Solidification of Supercooled Liquid Without Curvature Effect and Kinetic Undercooling: Analysis of the Solution -- 4.5 Analysis of Supercooled Stefan Problems with the Modified Gibbs Thomson Relation -- Chapter 5. Superheating due to Volumetric Heat Sources: The Formulation and Analysis -- 5.1 The Classical Enthalpy Formulation of a One-dimensional Problem -- 5.2 The Weak Solution -- 5.3 Blow-up and Regularization -- Chapter 6. Steady-State and Degenerate Classical Stefan Problems -- 6.1 Some Steady-state Stefan Problems -- 6.2 Degenerate Stefan Problems -- Chapter 7. Elliptic and Parabolic Variational Inequalities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Elliptic Variational Inequality. , 7.3 The Parabolic Variational Inequality -- 7.4 Some Variational Inequality Formulations of Classical Stefan Problems -- Chapter 8. The Hyperbolic Stefan Problem -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Model I: Hyperbolic Stefan Problem with Temperature Continuity at the Interface -- 8.3 Model II: Formulation with Temperature Discontinuity at the Interface -- 8.4 Model III: Delay in the Response of Energy to Latent and Sensible Heats -- Chapter 9. Inverse Stefan Problems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Well-posedness of the solution -- 9.3 Regularization -- 9.4 Determination of Unknown Parameters in Inverse Stefan Problems -- 9.5 Regularization of Inverse Heat Conduction Problems by Imposing Suitable Restrictions on the solution -- 9.6 Regularization of Inverse Stefan Problems Formulated as Equations in the form of Convolution Integrals -- 9.7 Inverse Stefan Problems Formulated as Defect Minimization Problems -- Chapter 10. Analysis of the Classical Solutions of Stefan Problems -- 10.1 One-dimensional One-phase Stefan Problems -- 10.2 One-dimensional Two-phase Stefan Problems -- 10.3 Analysis of the Classical Solutions of Multi-dimensional Stefan Problems -- Chapter 11. Regularity of the Weak Solutions of Some Stefan Problems -- 11.1 Regularity of the Weak solutions of One-dimensional Stefan Problems -- 11.2 Regularity of the Weak solutions of Multi-dimensional Stefan Problems -- Appendix A. Preliminaries -- Appendix B. Some Function Spaces and Norms -- Appendix C. Fixed Point Theorems and Maximum Principles -- Appendix D. Sobolev Spaces -- Bibliography -- Captions for Figures -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Flow Through Capillary -- Abstract -- 1.1…Types of Flow -- 1.1.1 Turbulent Flow -- 1.1.2 Laminar Flow -- 1.2…Motion in Laminar Flow -- 1.3…Unit of Dynamic Viscosity -- 1.4…Rate of Flow in a Capillary -- 1.4.1 Kinetic Energy Correction -- 1.4.2 End Correction -- 1.5…Units of Kinematic Viscosity -- 1.6…Corrections to C Due to Various Parameters -- 1.6.1 Correction Due to Gravity -- 1.6.2 Buoyancy Correction -- 1.6.3 Correction Due to Thermal Expansion of Viscometer Bulb -- 1.6.4 Correction to C Due to Different Temperatures of Loading and Use -- 1.6.5 Correction to C Due to Change in Surface Tension -- 1.6.6 Temperature Correction to Kinematic Viscosity -- References -- 2 Kinematic Viscosity Scale and Uncertainty -- Abstract -- 2.1…Primary Standard -- 2.2…Establishing a Viscosity Scale -- 2.3…Viscosity Measurement System -- 2.3.1 At Level I -- 2.3.2 At Level II -- 2.3.3 At Level III -- 2.4…Equipment Required -- 2.4.1 Master Viscometers -- 2.4.1.1 Cannon U Tube Master Viscometer -- 2.4.1.2 Dimensions of Master Viscometer -- 2.4.1.3 Ubbelohde Master Viscometer -- 2.4.2 Thermometers -- 2.4.3 Bath -- 2.4.4 Timer -- 2.4.5 Cleaning Agents -- 2.4.6 Standard Liquids -- 2.4.6.1 Primary Standard -- 2.4.6.2 Standard Oils -- 2.5…Detailed Procedure -- 2.5.1 Calibration of Master Viscometers -- 2.5.1.1 Preparing the Bath -- 2.5.1.2 Cleaning of Viscometer -- 2.5.1.3 Charging the Cannon Master Viscometer -- 2.5.1.4 Charging the Ubbelohde Master Viscometer -- 2.5.1.5 Waiting for Thermal Equilibrium -- 2.5.1.6 Measurement of Efflux Time -- 2.5.2 Calibration of Second Viscometer with Water -- 2.5.3 Determination of Viscosity of Oil (Measurement at 40 degC) -- 2.5.3.1 Preparation of Oil Standard -- 2.5.3.2 Preparation of Bath -- 2.5.3.3 Charging the Viscometer -- 2.5.3.4 Waiting for Thermal Equilibrium. , 2.5.3.5 Measurement of Efflux Time -- 2.5.4 Measurement with Second Viscometer -- 2.5.5 Corrections and Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity at 40 degC -- 2.5.5.1 Different Temperatures of Measurement and Statement -- 2.5.5.2 Buoyancy Correction -- 2.5.5.3 Temperature Correction -- 2.5.5.4 Surface Tension Correction -- 2.5.6 Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity -- 2.5.6.1 Cannon Master Viscometer -- 2.5.6.2 Ubbelohde Master Viscometer -- 2.6…Standards Maintained at NPLI -- 2.6.1 Viscometers -- 2.6.2 Standard Oils -- 2.7…Propagation of Uncertainty in Establishing the Viscosity Scale -- 2.7.1 Expression for Uncertainty in the nth Step -- 2.7.2 Planning for Uncertainty -- 2.7.3 Correction Due to Different Measuring and Stated Temperatures -- 2.7.4 Uncertainty in the Value of Viscosity of Water -- References -- 3 Capillary Viscometers -- Abstract -- 3.1…Broad Classification -- 3.2…Three Groups of Viscometers -- 3.2.1 Modified Ostwald Viscometers -- 3.2.2 Suspended Level Viscometers -- 3.2.3 Reverse Flow Viscometers -- 3.3…Modified Ostwald Viscometers -- 3.3.1 Cannon Fenske Routine Viscometers -- 3.3.1.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.1.2 Charging -- 3.3.2 Zeitfuchs Viscometers -- 3.3.2.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.2.2 Charging -- 3.3.3 SIL Viscometers -- 3.3.3.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.3.2 Charging -- 3.3.4 Cannon-Manning Viscometers -- 3.3.4.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.4.2 Charging -- 3.3.5 BS/U-Tube Viscometer -- 3.3.5.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.5.2 Charging of BS/U -- 3.3.6 Miniature Viscometers BS/U-Tube or BS/U/M -- 3.3.6.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.6.2 Charging -- 3.3.7 Pinkevitch Viscometers -- 3.3.7.1 Dimensions -- 3.3.7.2 Charging -- 3.3.8 Equilibrium Time -- 3.3.9 Bringing the Sample up to the Timing Mark -- 3.4…Suspended Level Viscometers -- 3.4.1 Ubbelohde Viscometers -- 3.4.1.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.1.2 Charging -- 3.4.2 Cannon Ubbelohde viscometer -- 3.4.2.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.2.2 Charging. , 3.4.3 Cannon-Ubbelohde Semi-Micro Viscometer -- 3.4.3.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.3.2 Charging -- 3.4.4 BS/IP/SL (S) Viscometer -- 3.4.4.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.4.2 Charging -- 3.4.5 BS/IP/MSL Viscometer -- 3.4.5.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.5.2 Charging -- 3.4.6 Fitz-Simons Viscometer -- 3.4.6.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.6.2 Charging -- 3.4.7 Atlantic Viscometer -- 3.4.7.1 Dimensions -- 3.4.7.2 Charging -- 3.4.8 Equilibrium Time -- 3.5…Reverse Flow Viscometers -- 3.5.1 Zeitfuchs Cross-arm viscometer -- 3.5.1.1 Dimensions -- 3.5.1.2 Charging -- 3.5.2 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer -- 3.5.2.1 Dimensions -- 3.5.2.2 Charging -- 3.5.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs Viscometer -- 3.5.3.1 Dimensions -- 3.5.3.2 Charging -- 3.5.4 BS/IP/RF U-Tube Reverse Flow -- 3.5.4.1 Dimensions -- 3.5.4.2 Charging -- 3.5.5 Equilibrium Time -- 3.5.6 Flow of Sample Through Capillary -- 3.6…For all Samples -- 3.6.1 Sample for Charging Viscometers -- References -- 4 Rotational and Other Types of Viscometers -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Rotational Viscometers -- 4.2.1 Coaxial Cylinders Viscometers -- 4.2.2 Concentric Spheres Viscometer -- 4.2.3 Rotating Disc Viscometer -- 4.2.4 Cone and Plate Viscometer -- 4.2.5 Coni-Cylindrical Viscometer -- 4.3…Falling Ball/Piston Viscometers -- 4.3.1 Falling Ball Viscometer -- 4.3.2 Falling Piston Viscometer -- 4.4…Rolling Ball Viscometer -- 4.4.1 Measurement with Rolling Ball Viscometer -- 4.5…Torsion Viscometer -- 4.6…Oscillating Piston Viscometer -- 4.7…Michell Cup and Ball Viscometer -- 4.7.1 Construction -- 4.7.2 Working -- 4.8…VROC -- 4.8.1 Physical Structure -- 4.8.2 Results Analysis -- 4.8.3 Advantage of Small Gap -- 4.9…Viscometers for Specific Field -- 4.9.1 Redwood Viscometer -- 4.9.1.1 Cup -- 4.9.1.2 Thermo-Control Bath -- 4.9.1.3 Working -- 4.9.2 Redwood No 2 Viscometer -- 4.9.2.1 Jet Dimensions -- 4.9.2.2 Construction Redwood No 2 Viscometer. , 4.9.2.3 Conversion of Redwood Seconds in Absolute Units of Viscosity -- 4.9.3 Saybolt Universal Viscometer -- 4.9.3.1 Construction of Saybolt Universal Viscometer -- 4.9.3.2 Conversion of Saybolt Seconds in Absolute Units of Viscosity -- 4.9.4 Saybolt Furol Viscometer -- 4.9.4.1 Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity in SI to TSU -- 4.9.5 Engler Viscometer -- 4.10…Bubble Viscometer -- References -- 5 Oscillating Viscometers -- Abstract -- 5.1…Oscillating Viscometers -- 5.2…Damped Oscillations -- 5.3…Measurement of \updelta and T -- 5.3.1 Logarithmic Decrement by Linear Measurement -- 5.3.2 Logarithmic Decrement by Time Measurement -- 5.3.3 Logarithmic Decrement by Time Measurement Between Two Fixed Points -- 5.4…Viscosity Equations -- 5.4.1 Right Circular Cylinder as Oscillating Body -- 5.4.2 Sphere as an Oscillating Body -- 5.5…Viscometer Used by Roscoe and Bainbridge -- 5.5.1 Viscometer -- 5.6…Viscometer Used by Torklep and Oye -- 5.6.1 Support System -- 5.6.2 Torsion Pendulum -- 5.6.3 Torsion Wire -- 5.6.4 Cross-Sectional View of the Viscometer -- 5.6.5 Oscillation Initiator -- 5.6.6 Measurement of delta and T -- 5.6.7 Calculation of Viscosity -- 5.7…Viscometer Used by Kestin and Shankland -- 5.7.1 Original Viscometer due to Kestin et al. -- 5.8…Viscometer Used by Berstad et al. -- 5.8.1 Sample Container and Temperature Control -- 5.9…NBS Torsion Pendulum -- 5.9.1 Torsion Pendulum -- 5.9.2 Torsion Viscometer -- 5.9.2.1 Suspension Wire and Its k Value -- 5.9.2.2 Sphere (Bob) -- 5.9.2.3 Moment of Inertia of the Empty Sphere -- 5.9.2.4 Measurement of Time period -- 5.9.2.5 Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity -- 5.9.3 Theory for Calculations of Viscosity -- 5.9.3.1 Viscous Torque -- 5.9.3.2 Dynamic Equation of the Shell -- 5.9.3.3 Computations of Tables for {{\varvec{f}}}({\varvec{\tau ,\alpha}} ) -- References -- 6 New Trends in Viscometers -- Abstract. , 6.1…Tuning-Fork Viscometers -- 6.2…Ultrasonic Viscometer -- 6.2.1 Longitudinal Waves and Acoustic Impedance of Fluid -- 6.2.2 Shear Waves and Shear Impedance of Fluid -- 6.3…Ultrasonic Plate Waves Viscometer -- 6.3.1 Device and Operation -- 6.3.2 Basic Theory -- 6.3.2.1 Viscous Mass Loading -- 6.3.2.2 Viscous Attenuation -- 6.3.3 ResultsResults -- 6.4…Viscosity by Love Waves -- 6.4.1 Outline of the Device -- 6.4.2 Advantages of Micro-Acoustic Device -- 6.4.2.1 Special Advantage of Love Wave Device -- 6.4.3 Sensitivity of Love Wave Device -- 6.5…Piezoelectric Resonator -- 6.5.1 Change in Frequency Versus Change in Mass -- 6.5.2 Change in Frequency Versus Viscosity -- 6.5.3 Impedance Versus Viscosity -- 6.5.4 Piezoelectric Resonator in Biochemical Reactions -- 6.5.5 Quartz Microbalance -- 6.5.6 Piezoelectric Resonator as Density and Viscosity Sensor -- 6.6…Micro-Cantilevers for Viscosity Measurement -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Theory -- 6.6.3 Simultaneous Determination of Density and Viscosity -- 6.7…Optical Fibre Viscometer -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Frequency Change of a Partially Immersed Fibre -- 6.7.3 Experimental Arrangement -- 6.7.3.1 Detection of Small Amplitude Vibration -- 6.8…Vibrating Wire Viscometer -- References -- Bibliography -- 7 Commercial Viscometers -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Cambridge Viscometers -- 7.2.1 Range of Products -- 7.2.2 Viscolab 3000 and Viscopro 8000 -- 7.2.3 Various Other Viscometers -- 7.3…HAAKE Viscometer -- 7.3.1 Range of Products -- 7.3.2 Rotational Viscometers -- 7.3.2.1 Metrological Specifications -- 7.3.2.2 Main Features -- 7.3.3 Haake Viscotesters 6 Plus and 7 Plus (Features) -- 7.3.3.1 Additional Features of the HAAKE Viscotester 7 Plus -- 7.3.3.2 Complying Standards -- 7.3.4 Falling Ball Viscometer -- 7.3.4.1 Users -- 7.3.4.2 Technical Data -- 7.3.4.3 Ball Selection. , 7.3.5 Haake MicroVisco 2.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- chapter 1: An introduction to images and image analysis -- chapter 2: Image analysis for plants: Basic procedures and techniques -- chapter 3: Applications of RGB color imaging in plants -- chapter 4: RGB imaging for the determination of the nitrogen content in plants -- chapter 5: Sterile dynamic measurement of the in vitro nitrogen use efficiency of plantlets -- chapter 6: Noninvasive measurement of in vitro growth of plantlets by image analysis -- chapter 7: Digital imaging of seed germination -- chapter 8: Thermal imaging for evaluation of seedling growth -- chapter 9: Anatomofunctional bimodality imaging for plant phenotyping: An insight through depth imaging coupled to thermal imaging -- chapter 10: Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for plant health monitoring -- chapter 11: PRI imaging and image-based estimation of light intensity distribution on plant canopy surfaces -- chapter 12: ROS and NOS imaging using microscopical techniques -- chapter 13: Fluorescent ROS probes in imaging leaves -- chapter 14: Analysis of root growth using image analysis -- chapter 15: Advances in imaging methods on plant chromosomes -- chapter 16: Machine vision in estimation of fruit crop yield -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. Sites of Generation and Physicochemical Basis of Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Cell -- Chapter 2. Multiple Roles of Radicals in Plants -- Chapter 3. Reactive Oxygen Species and Ascorbate-Glutathione Interplay in Signaling and Stress Responses -- Chapter 4. Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death -- Chapter 5. Oxidative Burst-mediated ROS Signaling Pathways Regulating Tuberization in Potato -- Chapter 6. ROS Regulation of Antioxidant Genes -- Chapter 7. The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes during Leaf Development -- Chapter 8. Antioxidants Involvement in the Ageing of Non-green Organs: The Potato Tuber as a Model -- Chapter 9. Metal Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defense System in Plants -- Chapter 10. ROS, Oxidative Stress and Engineering Resistance in Higher Plants -- Chapter 11. Role of Free Radicals and Antioxidants in in vitro Morphogenesis -- Chapter 12. ROS as Biomarkers in Hyperhydricity -- Chapter 13. Antioxidant Effects of Plant Polyphenols: A Case Study ofa Polyphenol-rich Extract from Geranium sanguineum L. -- Chapter 14. LC-(Q) TOF-MS Characterization of Phenolic Antioxidants -- Chapter 15. Antioxidant Properties of Chinese Medicinal Plants -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Contents -- Acronyms -- 1 Old Units of Measurement in India -- 1.1 Time Intervals -- 1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1.1 Source of Information -- 1.1.1.2 Concept of Time -- 1.1.1.3 Types of Time Scales -- Terrestrial Day -- Sidereal Day -- Solar Day -- Lunar Day -- 1.1.2 Time Intervals -- 1.1.2.1 Mention of Permanu, Anu and Treserenu in Shrimad Bhagwad Puran -- 1.1.2.2 Time Intervals as Fraction of a Day -- 1.1.2.3 Time Intervals in Terms of Nimesh -- Time Interval from Vishnu Puran -- Time Intervals from Bhavishya Puran -- 1.1.2.4 Smaller Time Intervals in Steps of 60 -- Time Intervals Given in Steps of 60 -- Time Intervals from Surya Siddhant -- Time Intervals with Multiple Names -- Time Interval in Steps of 30 -- 1.1.3 Sidereal Metrics -- 1.1.4 Time Intervals in Chanakiya Arthsashtra -- 1.1.5 Multiplicity in Smaller Time Intervals -- 1.1.6 Realization of Naadika: A Standard of a Time Interval -- 1.1.7 Lunar Metrics -- 1.1.7.1 Tithi -- 1.1.7.2 Paksh -- 1.1.7.3 Lunar Month -- 1.1.7.4 Lunar Ritu, Ayan -- 1.1.8 Adjustment in Calendars -- 1.1.8.1 Gregorian Calendar -- 1.1.8.2 Lunar Calendar -- 1.1.9 Middle-Level Time Intervals -- 1.1.10 Bigger Time Intervals -- 1.1.10.1 Charan -- 1.1.10.2 Yug -- 1.1.10.3 Duration of Each Yug in Human Years -- 1.1.10.4 Durations of Each Yug in Divine Years -- 1.1.10.5 Mahayug -- 1.1.10.6 Manvantar -- 1.1.10.7 Kalp -- In Terms of Manvantar -- In Terms of Mahayug -- Equivalence of Two Definitions -- 1.1.10.8 Age of the Sun -- 1.1.10.9 Night of Brahma -- 1.1.11 Names of 14 Manvantar -- 1.1.12 Time Intervals in Terms of Kalp -- 1.1.13 Summary of Bigger Time Intervals -- 1.1.14 The Time Elapsed Since Creation of Universe -- 1.1.15 Date of Commencement of the Present Kaliyug -- 1.2 Length Intervals -- 1.2.1 Introduction. , 1.2.2 Sets of Smaller Length Intervals -- 1.2.2.1 Set of Smaller Units of Length as Given in Agni Puran -- 1.2.2.2 Set of Smaller Units of Length in Chanakiya Arthsashtra -- 1.2.3 Units of Length in Multiples of Angul -- 1.2.3.1 Length Units with Different Names But of the Same Value -- 1.2.3.2 Smaller Units of Length in Times of Bhoja -- Sub-multiples and Multiples of Angul (Raja Bhoja) -- Specific Fields of Use of Prasaya, Sadharan or Saya -- Prasaya -- Sadharan -- Saya -- 1.2.3.3 Yojan in Bhoja Time -- 1.2.3.4 Units of Length in Multiples of Angul -- 1.2.3.5 Units Used for Distance Measurements -- 1.2.3.6 Units of Length by Cardarelli -- 1.2.4 Two Kinds of Danush -- 1.2.5 Scale of Mohenjo-Daro -- 1.2.5.1 Situation of Mohenjo-Daro -- 1.2.5.2 Scale of Mohenjo-Daro -- 1.2.5.3 Decoding the Mohenjo-Daro Scale -- 1.2.6 Supportive Evidences for Taking 1 Angul Equal to 16.764 mm -- 1.2.6.1 The Indus Inch -- 1.2.6.2 Temple Wall Engravings Related to Dhanush -- 1.2.6.3 Mohenjo-daro's Great Bath -- 1.2.7 Various Yojan -- 1.2.7.1 Yojan in Valmiki Ramayan -- 1.2.7.2 British Yojan -- 1.2.7.3 Indian Yojan -- 1.2.7.4 Units in Terms of Human Limbs -- 1.2.8 Length in Terms of Latitude -- 1.2.8.1 Change in Distance with Latitude and Longitude -- Distance Due to Change in Latitude Only -- Distance Due to Change in Longitude Only -- 1.2.8.2 Variation of Latitude from Equator to Pole -- 1.2.8.3 Definition of Metre -- 1.2.9 Pre-Akbar Length Measures -- 1.2.9.1 Linear Units in Terms of Angul -- 1.2.10 Weights and Measures in Akbar Time -- 1.2.10.1 System of Weights and Measures by Akbar -- 1.2.10.2 Akbar IIahi Gaz -- Administration and Standardization of Land Measurement in Akbar's Period -- 1.2.10.3 Smaller Units of Length in Akbar Period (1556-1605) -- 1.2.11 Length Units Used by Tailors -- 1.2.12 Length Units in Dependent India -- 1.2.12.1 Base Unit 1 in. , 1.2.12.2 Imperial Length Units -- 1.3 Units of Weight and Volume -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.1.1 Mass and Weight -- 1.3.1.2 Grain -- 1.3.1.3 Measurement of Weights Per Grain of a Cereals -- 1.3.1.4 Value of Troy Grain -- 1.3.2 Weights Nomenclature from Manusmriti -- 1.3.2.1 Verses of Manusmriti Pertaining to Weights -- 1.3.2.2 Weights in Terms of Grains -- 1.3.2.3 Weights in Multiples of Ratti -- Silver Trade -- Gold Trade -- 1.3.3 Weights in Terms of Tresarenu -- 1.3.4 Charak System of Weights -- 1.3.4.1 Weights Used in Ayurveda -- 1.3.4.2 Pal Tolaa Relationship -- 1.3.5 Weight Measurement in Ancient India -- 1.3.5.1 Weight Units in Narad Puran -- 1.3.5.2 Weights Used for Food Grains -- 1.3.5.3 Volume of Granular Materials -- 1.3.6 Weights in Terms of Grain of Rice (chawal) -- 1.3.6.1 Weights in Terms of Rice (Chawal) -- 1.3.6.2 Weights in Multiples of Rice with Husk (Dhaan) -- 1.3.6.3 Bullion Weights in Terms of Chawal (Rice) -- 1.3.6.4 Weights System Used in Southern Part of India -- 1.3.7 Weights Used in Pre-Akbar Period -- 1.3.7.1 Weights in Terms of chawal, ratti, maashaa, Etc -- 1.3.7.2 Weights in Terms of Siki -- 1.3.8 Weights in Colonial (Pre-Independence) Years -- 1.3.8.1 Weights in Terms of Khaskas -- 1.3.8.2 Variety of Weights Before Independence -- 1.3.8.3 Weights in Terms of Gunja -- 1.3.9 Conventions Followed by Public for Weights -- 1.3.9.1 Urban Area -- 1.3.9.2 Rural Area -- 1.3.9.3 Present Situation -- 1.3.10 Weights and Volume Measures by Chanakiya -- 1.3.10.1 Weights -- Smaller Units of Weights -- Gold Trade -- Silver Trade -- Diamond Trade -- Bigger Units of Weights -- Miscellaneous Weight Units -- Denominations of Weights -- Gold Trade -- Silver Trade -- General Trade -- Material of Weights -- 1.3.10.2 Balances -- Balances in Gold Trade -- Balances for Other Commodities -- Samavritta Balance -- Parimani Balance. , Commercial Balances -- 1.3.10.3 Volume Measurements -- Types of Drona -- Other Units of Volume -- Construction of Volumetric Measures -- Volumetric Measures for Granular Material -- Volumetric Measures for Liquids -- 1.3.10.4 Administrative Measures -- Price Control on Weight and Measure -- Verification Period and Fee Chargeable -- Taptavyaji -- Smaller Standard Measures -- 1.3.11 Conversion Factors -- References -- 2 System of Quantities and Units -- 2.1 Quantities -- 2.2 System of Quantities -- 2.2.1 Quantity -- 2.2.2 Base Quantity -- 2.2.3 System of Base Quantities -- 2.2.4 Derived Quantity -- 2.2.5 Quantity Equation -- 2.2.6 Quantity Value Equation -- 2.2.7 Dimension of Derived Unit -- 2.3 Measurement Unit -- 2.3.1 System of Measurement Units -- 2.3.2 System of Base Units -- 2.3.2.1 Properties of Base Units -- 2.3.2.2 Minimum Number of Base Units -- 2.3.3 Derived Unit -- 2.3.4 Unit Equation -- 2.3.5 Properties of Units of Measurement -- 2.3.6 Coherent Derived Unit -- 2.4 Quantity of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantity -- 2.4.1 Dimension of a Quantity -- 2.4.2 Quantities of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantities -- 2.4.3 Ordinal Quantity -- 2.4.4 Quantity Scale, Measurement Scale -- 2.4.5 Ordinal Quantity Scale, Ordinal Scale -- 2.4.6 Nominal Property -- 2.5 Conversion Factor Between Units -- 2.6 Quantity Relations -- 2.6.1 Quantity Value -- 2.6.2 Numerical Quantity Value -- 2.6.3 Quantity Calculus -- 2.7 Units Used in Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Biological Effects -- 2.7.1 Photochemical or Photo-Biological Quantities and Their Units -- 2.7.2 Conversion of Radiometric to Photometric Quantities -- 2.7.3 Photometry and Photon-Number-Based Quantities -- 2.7.4 Units Used in Photometry -- 2.7.5 Actinic Action Spectrum -- 2.7.6 Types of Visions -- 2.7.7 Unit in the Field of Sound. , 2.7.8 Units in the Field of Ionizing Radiations -- 2.8 SI Units in the Framework of General Relativity -- References -- 3 Various Systems of Units -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Relations Between the Quantities -- 3.2.1 Derived Quantities by Definition -- 3.2.2 Derived Quantities by a Phenomenon -- 3.3 Three-Dimensional System of Units -- 3.3.1 Gauss System -- 3.3.2 CGS System -- 3.3.3 FPS System -- 3.4 Four-Dimensional Systems of Units -- 3.4.1 Giorgi System of Units -- 3.4.2 Maxwell System -- 3.4.3 Hartree System -- 3.4.4 Units for Atomic and Molecular Measurements -- 3.4.5 McWeeny System of Units -- 3.4.6 Ohm, Ampere, Second and Metre System -- 3.4.7 Force, Length and Time System -- 3.4.8 System in Terms of Universal Constants (G, H, E and Q) -- 3.4.9 System in Terms of Electric Charge, Flux, Length and Time -- 3.4.10 System in Terms of L, M, T and R -- 3.5 Derived Quantities in Terms of L, M, T and R-An Example -- 3.6 Measurement System in Terms of Length Time Flux and Charge -- References -- 4 Metre Convention and Evolution of Base Units -- 4.1 BIPM and Metre Convention -- 4.1.1 General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) -- 4.1.2 International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) -- 4.1.3 Consultative Committees -- 4.1.3.1 Consultative Committee for Electricity and Magnetism (CCEM) -- 4.1.3.2 Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) -- 4.1.3.3 Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) -- 4.1.3.4 Consultative Committee for Length (CCL) -- 4.1.3.5 Consultative Committee for Time and Frequency (CCTF) -- 4.1.3.6 Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiation (CCRI) -- 4.1.3.7 Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) -- 4.1.3.8 Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) -- 4.1.3.9 Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry (CCQM). , 4.1.3.10 Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration (CCAUV).

Note: Intro -- Measurement Uncertainties -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Some Important Definitions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Terms Pertaining to Quantity -- 1.2.1 Quantity -- 1.2.2 System of Base Quantities -- 1.2.3 Derived Quantity -- 1.2.4 Quantity Equation -- 1.2.5 Dimension of a Quantity -- 1.2.6 Measurand -- 1.2.7 True Value of a Quantity -- 1.2.8 Conventional True Value of a Quantity -- 1.2.9 Measured Value -- 1.2.10 Relation in Between Measured Valueand True or Conventional True Value -- 1.3 Terms Pertaining to Measurement -- 1.3.1 Measurement -- 1.3.2 Method of Measurement -- 1.3.3 Substitution Method -- 1.3.4 Differential Method -- 1.3.5 Null Method -- 1.3.6 Measurement Procedure -- 1.3.7 Result of Measurement -- 1.3.8 Error -- 1.3.9 Spurious Error -- 1.3.10 Relative Error -- 1.3.11 Random Error -- 1.3.12 Systematic Error -- 1.3.13 Accuracy of Measurement -- 1.3.14 Precision of Measurement Result -- 1.3.15 Repeatability -- 1.3.16 Reproducibility (of Measurement Results) -- 1.3.17 Correction -- 1.4 Terms Pertaining to Statistics -- 1.4.1 Observation -- 1.4.2 Independent Observations -- 1.4.3 Population -- 1.4.4 Sample -- 1.4.5 Measurement -- 1.4.6 Population of Measurement -- 1.4.7 Sample of Measurements -- 1.4.8 Frequency/Relative Frequency -- 1.4.9 Mean -- 1.4.10 Sample Mean -- 1.4.11 Population Mean -- 1.4.12 Merits and Demerits of Arithmetic Mean [3] -- 1.4.12.1 Merits -- 1.4.12.2 Demerits -- 1.4.13 Median -- 1.4.14 Quartiles -- 1.4.15 Dispersion -- 1.4.16 Standard Deviation -- 1.4.17 Variance -- 1.4.18 Sample Standard Deviation -- 1.4.19 Population Standard Deviation -- 1.4.20 Estimate of Population Standard Deviation -- 1.4.21 Estimate of Population and Sample Standard Deviations-Relation -- 1.4.22 Independent Variable -- 1.4.23 Dependent Variable or Response Variable -- 1.4.24 Correlation -- 1.4.25 Correlation Coefficient. , 1.4.26 Covariance -- 1.4.27 Random Variable -- 1.4.28 Discrete Random Variable -- 1.4.29 Continuous Random Variable -- 1.4.30 Probability -- 1.4.31 Probability Distribution -- 1.4.32 Normal Distribution -- 1.4.32.1 Alternative Definition -- 1.4.33 Properties of Normal Distribution -- 1.4.34 Probable Error -- 1.4.35 Range -- 1.4.36 Confidence Level -- 1.4.37 Confidence Interval -- 1.4.38 Outlier -- 1.4.39 Parameter -- 1.4.40 Random Selection -- 1.4.41 Sample Statistic -- 1.4.42 Error -- 1.4.43 Standard Error, or Standard Deviationof the Mean -- 1.4.44 Uncertainty -- 1.4.45 Evaluations of Uncertainty -- 1.4.46 Random Uncertainty(er) -- 1.4.47 Systematic Uncertainty(Us) -- 1.4.48 Standard Uncertainty -- 1.4.49 Expanded Uncertainty -- 1.4.50 Expressing Uncertainty of Measurement -- 1.4.51 Coverage Interval -- 1.4.52 Coverage Probability -- 1.4.53 Central Limit Theorem -- 1.5 Influence Quantity -- 1.6 Instruments and Standards -- 1.6.1 Repeatability of an Instrument -- 1.6.2 Precision of the Instrument -- 1.6.3 Accuracy of an Instrument -- 1.6.4 Accuracy of a Standard -- 1.6.5 Difference Between Uncertaintyand Accuracy -- 1.6.6 Difference Between the Correction, Errorand Uncertainty -- 1.6.7 Correction Factor -- 1.6.8 Discrimination Threshold -- 1.7 Some Special Integrals and Functions -- 1.7.1 Gamma Function -- 1.7.1.1 Gamma Probability Density Function -- 1.7.2 Beta Function of First Kind B(m,n) -- 1.7.2.1 Beta Probability Functions of First Kind -- 1.7.3 Alternative Form of Beta Function -- 1.7.4 Beta Function of Second Kind B (m,n) -- 1.7.4.1 Beta Probability Functions of Second Kind -- 1.7.5 Cauchy Distribution -- 1.7.6 Arc Sine(U-Shaped) Distribution -- References -- Chapter 2: Distribution Functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Random Variable -- 2.3 Discrete and Continuous Variables -- 2.4 Discrete Functions. , 2.4.1 Probability Distribution of a Random Variable -- 2.4.2 Discrete Probability Function -- 2.5 Distribution Function -- 2.5.1 Continuous Distribution Function -- 2.5.2 Discrete Distribution -- 2.6 Probability Density Function -- 2.6.1 Discrete Probability Function -- 2.7 Discrete Probability Functions -- 2.7.1 Binomial Probability Distribution -- 2.7.1.1 Probability of the Binomial Distribution -- 2.7.1.2 Moments -- 2.7.1.3 Arithmetic Mean -- 2.7.1.4 Standard Deviation -- 2.7.2 Poisson's Distribution -- 2.7.2.1 Mean of the Poisson's Distribution -- 2.7.2.2 Standard Deviation of the Poisson's Distribution -- 2.8 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 2.8.1 Normal Probability Function -- 2.8.2 Cumulative Distribution of the NormalProbability Function -- 2.8.3 Normal Distribution and Probability Tables -- 2.8.4 Mean and Variance of a Linear Combinationof Normal Variates -- 2.8.5 Standard Deviation of Mean -- 2.8.6 Deviation from the Mean -- 2.8.7 Standard Deviation of Standard Deviation -- 2.8.8 Nomenclature for Normal Distribution -- 2.8.9 Probability Function of the Ratio of TwoNormal Variates [1] -- 2.8.10 Importance of Normal Distribution -- 2.8.11 Collation of Data from VariousLaboratories [2] -- 2.8.11.1 Most Probable Mean of the Data -- 2.8.11.2 Standard Deviation of the Most Probable Mean -- References -- Chapter 3: Other Probability Functions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Important Distributions -- 3.2.1 Rectangular Distribution -- 3.2.1.1 Mean of the Rectangular Function -- 3.2.1.2 Variance of Rectangular Function -- 3.2.2 Triangular Probability Function -- 3.2.2.1 Mean of the Triangular Probability Function Is Given as -- 3.2.2.2 Variance 2 of Triangular Distribution -- 3.2.3 Trapezoidal Probability Function -- 3.2.3.1 Mean of the Trapezoidal Distribution -- 3.2.3.2 Variance of the Trapezoidal Distribution -- 3.3 Small Sample Distributions. , 3.3.1 The Student's t Distribution -- 3.3.1.1 Mean and Variance of Student's t Function -- 3.3.1.2 Comparison of Normal and t Distributions -- 3.3.1.3 Applications of t-Statistic -- 3.3.1.4 t-Test for a Sample Mean -- 3.3.1.5 Numerical Example -- 3.3.1.6 t-Test for Difference of Two Means -- 3.3.1.7 Numerical Example -- 3.3.1.8 Assumption Made for Student's t Test -- 3.3.1.9 Paired t-Test for Difference of Means -- 3.3.1.10 Numerical Example -- 3.3.2 The 2 Distribution -- 3.3.2.1 Use of 2 Distribution to Find a Range of Standard Deviationfor Given Probability -- 3.3.3 The F-Distribution -- 3.3.3.1 Parameters of F Distribution -- 3.3.4 Upper and Lower Percentage Points -- 3.3.4.1 Notation -- 3.3.5 Application of F-Test -- 3.3.5.1 Testing for Equality of Population Variances -- 3.3.5.2 Numerical Example -- 3.3.6 For Equality of Several Means -- 3.4 Combining of Variances of Variables Following Different Probability Distribution Functions -- References -- Chapter 4: Evaluation of Measurement Data -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Evaluation of Validity of Extreme Valuesof Measurement Results -- 4.2.1 Outline (Dixon)Test -- 4.3 Evaluation of the Means Obtained from Two Setsof Measurement Results -- 4.3.1 Two Means Coming from the Same Source -- 4.3.1.1 Standard Deviation of the Two Means -- 4.3.1.2 Test for Two Means of Samples of Smaller Size -- 4.3.1.3 SD and Mean Value of Two Means -- 4.3.1.4 Numerical Example -- 4.3.2 Test for Two Means Coming from Different Sources -- 4.3.2.1 Numerical Example -- 4.4 Comparison of Variances of Two Setsof Measurement Results -- 4.4.1 Numerical Example -- 4.5 Measurements Concerning Travelling Standards -- 4.5.1 Mean and Standard Deviation for each Laboratory -- 4.5.2 Inter-Laboratories Standard Deviation -- 4.5.3 Intra-Laboratory Standard Deviation -- 4.6 F-test for Internal and External Consistency. , 4.6.1 F-test for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Variances -- 4.6.2 Weight Factors -- 4.6.2.1 Case 1 Weight Factor Is Unity -- 4.6.2.2 Case 2 Weight Factor Other than 1 -- 4.6.3 F-test for Variances -- 4.7 Standard Error of the Overall Mean -- 4.7.1 Results Inconsistent -- 4.8 Analysis of Variance -- 4.8.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance -- 4.8.1.1 Testing the Null Hypothesis -- 4.8.1.2 Numerical Example -- 4.9 Tests for Uniformity of Variances -- 4.9.1 Bartlett's Test for Uniformity of Many Variances -- 4.9.1.1 Numerical Example -- 4.9.2 Cochran Test for Homogeneity of Variances -- 4.9.2.1 Numerical Example -- References -- Chapter 5: Propagation of Uncertainty -- 5.1 Mathematical Modelling -- 5.1.1 Mean of Measurand (Dependent Variable) -- 5.1.2 Functional Relationship and Input Quantities -- 5.1.3 Expansion of a Function -- 5.1.4 Combination of Arithmetic Means -- 5.1.5 Combination of Variances -- 5.1.6 Variance of the Mean -- 5.2 Uncertainty -- 5.2.1 Combined Standard Uncertainty -- 5.2.1.1 Measurand (Output Quantity) Is a Function of Single Input Quantity -- 5.2.1.2 Measurand (Output Quantity) Is a Function of Several Quantities -- 5.2.2 Expanded Uncertainty -- 5.3 Type A Evaluation of Uncertainty -- 5.3.1 Numerical Example for Calculation of Type A Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty -- 5.4 Pooled Variance -- 5.4.1 Validity -- 5.4.2 Applicable -- 5.4.3 Uses -- 5.4.4 Need -- 5.4.4.1 Calibration of Measuring Instruments -- 5.4.5 Calculation of Pooled Variance -- 5.4.5.1 Category I: The Variance Is Independent of the Input Quantity -- 5.4.5.2 Category II: The Variance Depends Upon Input Quantity -- 5.4.6 Uses of Pooled Variance -- 5.4.6.1 Estimation of Type A Uncertainty of an Instrument -- 5.4.6.2 Testing the Authenticity of Observations -- 5.4.6.3 Maintenance of Laboratory Instruments -- 5.4.6.4 Fixing Maximum Permissible Error of an Instrument. , 5.4.6.5 Rejection of an Instrument Received for Calibration.