Description: We extended the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium approach to examine benthic fluxes of a variety of metals, ranging from alkaline earth (Ba) to redox sensitive elements (U, Mn, and Fe), into the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. Depth profiles of 224Ra and 228Th in bulk sediment, as well as dissolved 224Ra and trace metals in porewater were measured along a transect within the estuary in July 2015. Significant deficit of 224Ra relative to 228Th was commonly observed in the upper 0–15 cm sediment. We took advantage of the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium in the bottom sediments to construct a full mass balance of 224Ra in the overlying water column. We demonstrated that porewater exchange (PEX) processes with scale lengths of several centimeters are the predominant mechanism for solute transport between sediments and overlying waters in the PRE. In contrast, deep porewater flow or submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) with scale lengths of “meters to kilometers” are a negligible component in the water column budget of 224Ra. Strong correlations between dissolved 224Ra and trace metals (Ba, U, Mn, and Fe) in porewater were frequently observed in the study region. This likely reflects a fact that geochemical cycling of alkaline earth elements (e.g., Ra and Ba) and redox sensitive elements (like U) in sediments was closely linked to diagenetic reactions of manganese and iron oxides. This linkage makes it possible to quantify benthic fluxes of alkaline earth and redox sensitive metals using 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium in sediments. Benthic Ba fluxes based on 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium were found to vary from virtually nil to 320 μmol m−2 d−1 within the PRE. The highest flux was identified at salinity = 3.0–7.8 and could lead to an elevation of 54 nmol Ba l−1 in the water column, which well reproduced the Ba excess frequently observed in the low salinity domain of the estuary. Benthic fluxes of redox sensitive U ranged from −0.42 (“−” denotes flux into sediment) to 1.3 μmol m−2 d−1. This could only cause a change of −0.1 to 0.3 nmol U l−1 in the water column, which is very small when compared to the U concentration of 13–14 nmol l−1 in the northern South China Sea. We therefore predicted that water column U in the PRE must behave conservatively during mixing. This prediction is consistent with historical measurements of water column U concentration within the PRE. Large benthic fluxes of Mn and Fe were generally acquired with the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium method. They varied from virtually nil up to 97 mmol m−2 d−1, and from zero to 27 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively. These estimates are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than historical measurements based on the traditional incubation method in other coastal settings. Nonetheless, they are in agreement with a simple consideration of Mn and Fe mass balances in the sediment. An important implication of this study is that the role of coastal sediments in estuarine geochemistry of trace metals may need to be re-evaluated.

Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 465 (2017): 35-51, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.05.020.

Description: During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331, five sites were drilled into the Iheya North Knoll hydrothermal system in the Okinawa Trough (OT) — a back-arc basin characterized by thick terrigenous sediment. Following up on the previous study by Shao et al. (2015), we present new mineralogical, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotope data to investigate the origin of the hydrothermal sediments and characterize the hydrothermal system. The substrate at the Iheya North Knoll is dominated by pumiceous sediment and other volcanoclastic materials interbedded with hemipelagic (terrigenous and biogenous) sediments. Impermeable layers separate the hydrothermal sediments into distinct units with depth that are characterized by various assemblages of alteration materials, including polymetallic sulfides, sulfates, chlorite- and kaolinite-rich sediments. The rare earth elements (REEs) and Nd isotope data suggest that the chlorite-rich and kaolinite-rich layers primarily resulted from the alteration of pumiceous materials in different chemical and physical conditions. Kaolinite-rich sediment likely reflects low pH and low Mg concentration fluids, while chlorite-rich sediment formed from fluids with high pH and increased Mg contents, likely at higher temperatures. The Sr isotopic compositions of subsurface anhydrite reflect high seawater/hydrothermal fluid ratios in the mid-OT hydrothermal area. Compared with chlorite-rich sediments from other sediment-covered or felsic-hosted hydrothermal systems, the chlorite-rich sediments in the mid-OT are characterized by lower concentrations of Al and Fe but much higher Y, Zr, Hf, Th and REEs, indicative of the distinct nature of the precursor rocks in this region.

Description: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41376049 and 41225020), National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction (GASI-GEOGE-03), AoShan Talents Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (No. 2015ASTP-OS11), Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist (No. 14XD1403600), and Continental Shelf Drilling Program (No. GZH201100202).

Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Boas, A. B. V., Ardhuin, F., Ayet, A., Bourassa, M. A., Brandt, P., Chapron, B., Cornuelle, B. D., Farrar, J. T., Fewings, M. R., Fox-Kemper, B., Gille, S. T., Gommenginger, C., Heimbach, P., Hell, M. C., Li, Q., Mazloff, M. R., Merrifield, S. T., Mouche, A., Rio, M. H., Rodriguez, E., Shutler, J. D., Subramanian, A. C., Terrill, E. J., Tsamados, M., Ubelmann, C., & van Sebille, E. Integrated observations of global surface winds, currents, and waves: Requirements and challenges for the next decade. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 425, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00425.

Description: Ocean surface winds, currents, and waves play a crucial role in exchanges of momentum, energy, heat, freshwater, gases, and other tracers between the ocean, atmosphere, and ice. Despite surface waves being strongly coupled to the upper ocean circulation and the overlying atmosphere, efforts to improve ocean, atmospheric, and wave observations and models have evolved somewhat independently. From an observational point of view, community efforts to bridge this gap have led to proposals for satellite Doppler oceanography mission concepts, which could provide unprecedented measurements of absolute surface velocity and directional wave spectrum at global scales. This paper reviews the present state of observations of surface winds, currents, and waves, and it outlines observational gaps that limit our current understanding of coupled processes that happen at the air-sea-ice interface. A significant challenge for the coming decade of wind, current, and wave observations will come in combining and interpreting measurements from (a) wave-buoys and high-frequency radars in coastal regions, (b) surface drifters and wave-enabled drifters in the open-ocean, marginal ice zones, and wave-current interaction “hot-spots,” and (c) simultaneous measurements of absolute surface currents, ocean surface wind vector, and directional wave spectrum from Doppler satellite sensors.

Description: AV was funded by NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship award number 80NSSC17K0326. MB was funded by NOAA (FundRef number 100007298) through the NGI (grant number 18-NGI3-42). SG was funded by NASA grants NNX16AH67G, NNX14A078G, NNX17AH53G, and 80NSSC19K0059. MT acknowledges support from the Natural Environment Research Council (grant number NE/R000654/1). MT, MR, JS, and EvS were partially funded by the SKIM Mission Science Study (SKIM-SciSoc) project ESA RFP 3-15456/18/NL/CT/gp. AA was supported by DGA grant No D0456JE075 and the French Brittany Regional Council. MF was supported by NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team Grant 80NSSC18K1611 and Jet Propulsion Laboratory/CalTech subcontract 1531731. FA, BC, and AM were supported by ESA under the Sea State CCI project, with additional support from CNES and ANR grants for ISblue (ANR-17-EURE-0015) and LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19). MZ was funded by NASA (grant number NNX16AH67G).

Description: Ocean surface winds, currents, and waves play a crucial role in exchanges of momentum, energy, heat, freshwater, gases, and other tracers between the ocean, atmosphere, and ice. Despite surface waves being strongly coupled to the upper ocean circulation and the overlying atmosphere, efforts to improve ocean, atmospheric, and wave observations and models have evolved somewhat independently. From an observational point of view, community efforts to bridge this gap have led to proposals for satellite Doppler oceanography mission concepts, which could provide unprecedented measurements of absolute surface velocity and directional wave spectrum at global scales. This paper reviews the present state of observations of surface winds, currents, and waves, and it outlines observational gaps that limit our current understanding of coupled processes that happen at the air-sea-ice interface. A significant challenge for the coming decade of wind, current, and wave observations will come in combining and interpreting measurements from (a) wave-buoys and high-frequency radars in coastal regions, (b) surface drifters and wave-enabled drifters in the open-ocean, marginal ice zones, and wave-current interaction “hot-spots,” and (c) simultaneous measurements of absolute surface currents, ocean surface wind vector, and directional wave spectrum from Doppler satellite sensors.

Description: Crystal Growth & Design DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01636

Description: The number of ocean acidification (OA) studies has increased significantly over the last decade. Most of this was due to studies on biological responses of organisms to OA. The lack of a protocol to document biological response OA data prevents the research community from properly archiving, discovering, accessing, and utilizing this important body of OA data sets. In this e-Lecture, we present how to document an OA data set by explaining major components of a metadata template, which can be applied to a broad spectrum of OA studies, including those studying the biological responses to OA. The major metadata components include Investigators, Title, Abstract, Temporal coverage, Spatial coverage, Geographic names, Location of organism collection, Platforms, Variable metadata clusters, Publications describing the data set, and Supplementary information. Of these components, Variable metadata clusters (variables and their metadata sub-elements) are treated as the focal point of the template. In addition to variable name , other metadata elements include the observation type, whether it is an in-situ observation, manipulation condition, or response variable, biological subject, life stage of the biological subject, etc. Information about how to access the metadata template files is also stated.

Description: Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against 〈i〉Candida albicans〈/i〉 Scientific Reports, Published online: 7 March 2016; doi:10.1038/srep22805

Description: Au-NiCo〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 supported on three-dimensional hierarchical porous graphene-like material for highly effective oxygen evolution reaction Scientific Reports, Published online: 21 March 2016; doi:10.1038/srep23398

Description: Surgical stress initiates a series of host hormone, metabolism and immune responses, which predominantly affect the homeostatic mechanism of patients with major surgery. B7-H3 is a co-stimulatory molecule and ...

Description: Epigenetic heritability is an important issue in the field of genetics and also in the development of many human diseases. In this study, we created a transgenic rat model and investigated the transgenerational methylation patterns in these animals. The transgene DNA fragment was unmethylated before it was injected into the pronucleus, so it is a good model to study the inheritance of DNA methylation patterns. We performed bisulfite sequencing on 23 CpG dinucleotides on the transgene across three generations in two tissues. We observed that the transgene was heavily methylated in the liver (87.53%) from the founder generation, whereas its methylation rate was much lower in the kidney (70.47%). Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a strong correlation on the methylation status between different generations in the same tissue, which was observed in both liver and kidney, and among all individuals in this pedigree. This study provided some evidence that DNA methylation patterns acquired in the founder animal can be passed to the offspring. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08292