Note: Intro -- Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors Personal Profiles -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source and Sink of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Loss of Carbon from the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.3 Recarbonization of the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.4 Policy Implications -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Climate Change Mitigation by Managing the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principal World Biomes -- 2.2.1 Low-Latitude Biomes -- 2.2.1.1 Tropical Forests -- 2.2.1.2 Tropical Savannas and Grasslands -- 2.2.1.3 Deserts and Semi-deserts -- 2.3 Mid-latitude Biomes -- 2.3.1 Temperate Grasslands and Shrublands -- 2.3.2 Temperate Forests -- 2.4 High Latitude Biomes -- 2.4.1 Boreal Forests -- 2.4.2 Tundra -- 2.4.3 Alpine Biome -- 2.5 Principal Soils and Their Carbon Pools -- 2.6 Anthromes -- 2.7 Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source of Carbon -- 2.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 2.9 Priority Land Uses and Biomes for Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 2.9.1 Peatlands -- 2.9.2 Degraded Soils and Desertified Ecosystems -- 2.9.3 Agricultural Soils -- 2.9.4 Urban Ecosystems -- 2.10 Conclusions and Priorities -- References -- Chapter 3: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Changes in the Biosphere -- 3.3 Human Alterations of Global Biogeochemical Cycles -- 3.4 Atmospheric Chemistry -- 3.5 Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.6 The Evidence of Climate Change -- 3.7 Mitigating Climate Change -- 3.7.1 Reductions in Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.7.2 Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Production -- 3.8 Climate Engineering -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Historic Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 The Global Carbon Budget 1850-2005. , 4.2 Direct Human Effects on De- and Re-carbonization -- 4.2.1 Losses Before 1850 -- 4.2.2 Losses Between 1850 and 2005 -- 4.2.2.1 Deforestation -- 4.2.2.2 Degradation -- 4.2.2.3 Reforestation and Management -- 4.3 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.3.1 The Past -- 4.3.2 The Future -- References -- Chapter 5: Soil Erosion and Soil Organic Carbon Storage on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Material and Methods -- 5.3.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.3.2 Differential Global Positioning System Measurements -- 5.3.3 Map Analysis -- 5.3.4 Expert Interviews -- 5.3.5 Quantification of Water Erosion and Mass Balances -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.4.2 Results of the DGPS Measurements, Expert Interviews and Map Analysis -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Case Study Results -- 5.5.1.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.5.1.2 DGPS Measurements, Map Analysis and Expert Interviews -- 5.6 Soil Erosion Rates and the Soil Carbon Balance on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Methane Emissions from China's Natural Wetlands: Measurements, Temporal Variations and Influencing Factors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Wetland Area and Changes in China -- 6.3 Methane Emissions from China's Wetlands -- 6.3.1 Peatlands -- 6.3.2 Coastal Wetlands -- 6.3.3 Lakes -- 6.3.4 Reservoirs -- 6.3.5 Geographical Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4 Temporal Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4.1 Diel Variation -- 6.4.2 Seasonal Variation -- 6.4.3 Inter-annual Variation -- 6.5 Environmental Variables and Their Effects on Methane Emissions -- 6.5.1 Solar Radiation -- 6.5.2 Temperature -- 6.5.3 Hydrology -- 6.5.4 Vegetation -- 6.5.5 Other Factors -- 6.6 Regional and National Estimates of Methane Emission -- 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References. , Chapter 7: Accounting More Precisely for Peat and Other Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Peat Formation -- 7.3 Ecological Characteristics of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.4 Predominant Soils of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.5 Distribution of Peatland and Hydromorphic Soils -- 7.6 Differences Between Wetland and Non Wetland Soils -- 7.6.1 A Case Study South Africa -- 7.7 Global Soil Carbon Hot Spots: Potential Sources for Atmospheric CO 2 -- 7.8 Peatland Conversion to Agricultural Use -- 7.9 Interaction with the Climate System -- 7.10 Climate Change and the C Cycle in Peatlands -- 7.11 Distribution of Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.12 Peat Extraction -- 7.13 Peat Restoration -- 7.14 Feedbacks to Climate Change -- 7.15 Remote Sensing Possibilities to Capture Peat- and Wetland More Precisely -- 7.16 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Permafrost - Physical Aspects, Carbon Cycling, Databases and Uncertainties -- 8.1 Permafrost: A Phenomenon of Global Significance -- 8.2 Permafrost: Definition, Distribution and History -- 8.3 Physical Factors Affecting the Permafrost Thermal Regime -- 8.3.1 Permafrost Temperatures -- 8.3.2 Active Layer Dynamics -- 8.3.3 Land Cover -- 8.3.4 Surface Energy Balance -- 8.4 Carbon Stocks and Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.1 Carbon Stocks of Soils and Deeper Permafrost -- 8.4.2 Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.3 Arctic Coasts, Subsea Permafrost, and Gas Hydrates -- 8.5 Modeling Permafrost and Carbon Cycling Under a Changing Climate -- 8.5.1 Modeling Permafrost and Implementing Physical Permafrost Processes in Global Models -- 8.5.2 Permafrost-Atmosphere Feedback Through a Modified Surface Energy Balance -- 8.5.3 Modeling the Permafrost-Carbon Feedback -- 8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Forests -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Soils of Temperate Forests -- 9.3 Impact of Fire on Ecosystem Carbon Pool -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 9.5 Temperate Forests and the Missing/Unidentified Carbon Sink -- 9.6 Climate Change and Carbon Storage in Temperate Forests -- 9.7 Potential of Temperate Forests to Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Decarbonization of the Atmosphere: Role of the Boreal Forest Under Changing Climate -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Climate -- 10.1.2 Landscape and Plant Species -- 10.2 Carbon Balance of the Boreal Forest -- 10.2.1 Carbon Stocks -- 10.2.2 Carbon Fluxes -- 10.3 Carbon Balance of Boreal Peatlands -- 10.3.1 Forestation of Peatlands -- 10.4 Global Change and the Boreal Forest -- 10.4.1 Interaction with Climate Change -- 10.4.2 Effects of Disturbance -- 10.4.3 Land Use Change -- 10.5 Increasing C Sequestration in the Boreal Forest -- 10.5.1 Management -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Recarbonization of the Humid Tropics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Humid Tropical Forest -- 11.2 Current State of Knowledge of C Stocks and Fluxes in the Humid Tropics -- 11.2.1 C Pools -- 11.2.2 C Fluxes -- 11.3 Options for Recarbonizing the Humid Tropics -- 11.3.1 Protecting Existing Forest by Reducing Deforestation -- 11.3.2 Reducing Forest Degradation Through Reduced Impact Logging -- 11.3.3 Forest Rehabilitation Through Accelerated Natural Regeneration -- 11.3.4 Converting Degraded Non-forest Lands to Forests -- 11.3.4.1 Agroforestry -- 11.3.4.2 Monocultures in Short Rotations -- 11.3.4.3 Polycultures in Long Rotations -- 11.3.4.4 Restoration Plantings -- 11.3.5 Recarbonization Options Discussed -- 11.4 Recarbonizing Policies Under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) -- 11.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 12: Carbon Cycling in the Amazon -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Brazilian Amazon General Characterization -- 12.3 Scenarios of Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Amazon -- 12.3.1 Primary Forest (Avoided Deforestation) -- 12.3.2 Conversion of Forest to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.3 Conversion from Degraded to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.4 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Secondary Forest (Abandonment) and Existing Secondary Forest -- 12.3.5 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Agroforestry -- 12.4 Potential of Soil and Biomass Carbon Sequestration in the Brazilian Amazon -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Grassland Soil Organic Carbon Stocks: Status, Opportunities, Vulnerability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Grasslands Cover Broad Areas, Contribute Substantially to Livelihoods, and Are Vulnerable -- 13.2.2 Grasslands Are Intensively Used and Degradation Is Widespread -- 13.3 Opportunities for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Grasslands -- 13.3.1 Carbon Sequestration in Grasslands -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Emissions Through Reduced Grassland Degradation -- 13.3.3 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Often Enhance Productivity -- 13.3.4 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Can Enhance Adaptation to Climate Change -- 13.4 Challenges to Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Through Grassland Management -- 13.4.1 Challenges to Developing Workable Policies and Incentives -- 13.4.2 Demonstrating Additionality Is a Formidable Challenge -- 13.4.3 Carbon Sequestered in Grassland Systems Is Subject to Reversals -- 13.4.4 Well-Intentioned Policies Do Not Necessarily Lead to Good Practices -- 13.4.5 Land Tenure and Governance Issues Complicate Policy Implementation -- 13.4.6 Systems for Documenting Carbon Stocks Changes Have Not Been Agreed Upon -- 13.4.6.1 Practice-Based Estimates of Soil Carbon Sequestration. , 13.4.6.2 Combining Measurement with Mechanistic Modeling.