Note: Intro -- Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The Role of Nitrous Oxide on Climate Change -- Chapter 2: Global Nitrogen Cycle -- Chapter 3: Formation and Release of Nitrous Oxide from Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems -- Chapter 4: Nitrous Oxide Fluxes Measurement -- Chapter 5: Global Sources of Nitrous Oxide -- Chapter 6: Land Use and Land Management Effects on Nitrous Oxide Fluxes -- Chapter 7: Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Fields -- Chapter 8: Nitrous Oxide Sources and Mitigation Strategies -- Chapter 9: Mitigation Options for Livestock and Pasture Lands -- Chapter 10: The Role of Fertilizer Management in Mitigating Nitrous Oxide Emissions -- Chapter 11: Conclusions: Towards Managing Agricultural Soils for Mitigating Nitrous Oxide Emissions -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Environmental Stressand Ameliorationin Livestock Production -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1…Economic Importance of Livestock -- 1.1.1 Heat Stress in Livestock -- 1.1.2 Economic Losses by Heat Stress -- 1.2…Stress and Reproduction -- 1.3…Significance of Optimum Nutrition to Livestock Production -- 1.4…Climate Change and Multiple Stresses Concept -- 1.5…Ameliorative Measures to Counter Environmental Stresses -- 1.6…Adaptive Mechanisms of Livestock -- 1.7…Livestock and Climate Change -- 1.8…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I Stress and Livestock Productivity -- 2 Factors Influencing Livestock Productivity -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Climate Influence on Livestock Productivity -- 2.3…Diseases and Parasites: Influence on Livestock Productivity -- 2.3.1 Diseases and Parasites: Influence on Livestock Productivity: Case Studies of Adaptation -- 2.4…Nutritional Influences on Livestock Productivity: The Problem of SWL -- 2.4.1 Nutritional Influences on Livestock Productivity: Adaptation to Poor Quality Diets in Ruminants at the Oral Cavity Level: Browsers vs. Grazers -- 2.5…Final Considerations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Heat Stress Impact on Livestock Production -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Feed Intake and Nutrient Utilization -- 3.3…Body Growth -- 3.4…Milk Production -- 3.5…Semen Production and Sperm Characteristics -- 3.6…Immune Response and Endocrine System -- 3.7…Blood Parameters -- 3.8…Egg Production -- 3.9…Incubation, Embryonic Development and Hatchability -- 3.10…Conclusion -- References -- 4 Walking Stress Influence on Livestock Production -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Significance of Livestock Walking -- 4.3…Effect of Walking on Energy Balance in Dairy Cow -- 4.3.1 Calorimetric Methods to Estimate Energy Costs. , 4.3.2 Mathematical Method to Estimate Energy Cost -- 4.4…Effect of Walking Stress on Growth and Feeding Behavior -- 4.5…Physiological Adaptability of Livestock to Walking Stress -- 4.6…Blood Biochemical Responses to Walking Stress -- 4.7…Endocrine Responses of Livestock to Exercise Stress -- 4.8…Effect of Walking Stress on Reproductive Efficiency of Animals -- 4.9…Effect of Walking Stress on Milk Yield on Animals -- 4.10…Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Environmental Stresses and Livestock Reproduction -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Probable Mechanisms of Stress Affecting Reproduction -- 5.3…Environmental Stresses and Female Reproduction -- 5.3.1 Effect on Superovulation -- 5.3.2 Estrus Intensity and Duration -- 5.3.3 Sexual Behavior -- 5.3.4 Oocyte Maturation -- 5.3.5 Nuclear Damage -- 5.3.6 Molecular Changes -- 5.3.7 Fertilization and Embryo Development -- 5.4…Mechanisms of Nutritional Stress in Livestock Reproduction -- 5.5…Effect of Nutritional Stress on Livestock Reproduction -- 5.6…Effect of Heat and Nutritional Stress on the Circulating Reproductive Hormones -- 5.7…Environmental Stresses and Male Reproduction -- 5.7.1 Scrotal and Testicular Morphology -- 5.7.2 Spermatogenesis -- 5.7.3 Seminal Attributes -- 5.7.4 Sperm Capacitation and Fertilization -- 5.7.5 Testosterone Concentration -- 5.7.6 Expression Profile of Male Reproductive Genes During Heat Stress -- 5.7.7 Heat Shock Protein Genes -- 5.8…Conclusion -- References -- 6 Concept of Multiple Stresses and Its Significance on Livestock Productivity -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Environmental Stresses and Its Consequences on Livestock Economy -- 6.3…Significance of Multiple Stresses Experiments -- 6.4…Concept of Multiple Stresses and Its Mechanism -- 6.5…Experimental Findings on Multiple Stresses in Ewe -- 6.6…Concluding Remarks -- 6.7…Future Perspective. , References -- Part II Management of Stresses -- 7 Ameliorative Measures to Counteract Environmental Stresses -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Measurement of Severity of Heat Stress -- 7.3…Measurement of Thermal Adaptability -- 7.4…Approaches for Alleviating Thermal Stress -- 7.4.1 Importance of Livestock Housing -- 7.4.2 Animal Shelter Design for Comfort -- 7.4.2.1 Protective Methods: Using Shades -- 7.4.2.2 Cooling Methods -- Direct Methods -- Indirect Cooling Methods -- 7.4.3 Nutritional Modification to Combat Heat Stress -- 7.4.3.1 Feed Requirement -- 7.4.3.2 Concept of Cold Diets -- 7.4.3.3 Fiber Feeding -- 7.4.3.4 The Role of Effective Fiber -- 7.4.3.5 Feeding Fats and Concentrates -- 7.4.4 Water Balance and Water Requirements -- 7.4.5 Biotechnology Options -- 7.4.5.1 Livestock Diversity -- 7.4.5.2 Embryo Transfer -- 7.4.5.3 Genomics/Proteomics -- 7.4.6 Improved Health Service -- 7.5…Conclusions -- References -- 8 Nutritional Manipulations to Optimize Productivity During Environmental Stresses in Livestock -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Basic Concept of Thermoneutral Zone and Thermoregulation of Livestock -- 8.3…Different Stresses Encountered in Livestock Production -- 8.3.1 Cold Stress -- 8.3.1.1 Feed Intake -- 8.3.1.2 Digestibility of Nutrients -- 8.3.1.3 Milk Production -- 8.3.1.4 Body Condition -- 8.3.2 Heat Stress -- 8.3.2.1 Feed Intake -- 8.3.2.2 Digestibility -- 8.3.2.3 Growth Rate -- 8.3.2.4 Milk Yield -- 8.3.2.5 Egg Production and Meat Quality -- 8.3.2.6 Metabolism -- 8.3.3 Nutritional Stress -- 8.3.4 Walking Stress -- 8.3.5 Transportation Stress -- 8.4…Nutritional Management of Heat Stress in Domestic Animals -- 8.4.1 Dairy Cows -- 8.4.2 Sheep and Goat -- 8.4.3 Pigs -- 8.4.4 Poultry -- 8.5…Nutritional Management of Cold Stress -- 8.6…Nutritional Management of Transportation Stress -- 8.7…Conclusion -- References. , 9 Role of Pineal Gland in Relieving Environmental Stress -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Pineal Gland and its Significance -- 9.3…Pineal Gland Secretions -- 9.4…Pineal-Adrenal Relationship -- 9.5…Pineal-Adrenal-Immune System Relationship -- 9.6…Experimental Findings for Pineal-Adrenal-Immune Relationship Under Thermal Stress -- 9.6.1 Chemical Adrenalectomy and Melatonin Administration -- 9.6.2 Chemical Adrenalectomy and Pineal Protein Administration -- 9.6.3 Pinealectomy and Hydrocortisone Administration -- 9.7…Conclusions -- 9.8…Future Scope of Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Livestock Adaptation -- 10 Basic Principles Involved in Adaption of Livestock to Climate Change -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Defining Climate Change: With Livestock in Mind -- 10.3…Effect of Changing Climate on Animal Performance -- 10.4…Animal Response to Environmental Stressors -- 10.5…Defining Adaptation -- 10.6…Processes of Thermal Adaptation -- 10.7…Mechanisms of Adaptation -- 10.7.1 Morphological Adaptations -- 10.7.2 Behavioural Adaptations -- 10.7.3 Biochemical Adaptations -- 10.7.4 Physiological Adaptations to Heat -- 10.8…Conclusions -- References -- 11 Neuroendocrine Regulation of Adaptive Mechanisms in Livestock -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Evaluating Stress and its Impact on Livestock -- 11.3…The Stress Axis and its Organization -- 11.3.1 The Stress Axis: A Historical Perspective -- 11.3.2 Short-Term vs Long-Term Activation of the HPA Axis -- 11.3.3 Negative Feedback Inhibition of the Stress Axis and its Impact -- 11.3.4 Adaptation of the Stress Axis in Livestock to Stress -- 11.4…Reproductive Axis and its Adaptations to Stress -- 11.4.1 Organization of the Reproductive Axis in Animals -- 11.4.2 Stress and Reproductive Functions -- 11.4.3 Undernutrition and its Effects on Reproduction. , 11.4.4 Thermal Stress and its Effects on Neuroendocrine Systems Governing Reproduction -- 11.4.5 Immune Stress and How it Impacts the HPG Axis -- 11.5…Stress Axis and Development/Developmental Programming -- 11.6…Stress and Milk Production -- 11.7…Effects of Stress on Growth Hormone -- 11.7.1 Organization of the Somatotrophic Axis -- 11.7.2 Effect of Thermal and Undernutrition Stress on Growth Hormone Secretion -- 11.8…Stress and the Thyroid Axis -- 11.9…Stress and Feeding: Implications for Livestock Production -- 11.9.1 Feeding Responses to Cold Stress -- 11.10…Stress Axis and its Influence on the Immune System -- 11.11…Molecular Adaptations to Stress, Learning, and Memory -- 11.12…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Molecular Mechanisms of Livestock Adaptation -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Yeast Models of the Effects of the Environment on Genome Expression -- 12.3…Common Environmental Response Genes Repressed -- 12.4…General response of cells to heat stress -- 12.5…Heat Shock Factors -- 12.6…Heat Shock Proteins -- 12.6.1 Chaperonin Activity -- 12.6.2 Regulation of Cellular Redox State -- 12.6.2.1 Regulation of Protein Turn-Over -- 12.7…Adaptive Responses of Organism to Heat Stress -- 12.7.1 The Heat Shock Response -- 12.7.2 Heat Acclimation -- 12.8…Effect of Thermal Extremes on the Function of Protein -- 12.9…Conclusions -- References -- 13 Genetic Adaptability of Livestock to Environmental Stresses -- Abstract -- 13.1…Understanding Adaptability -- 13.1.1 Why Variation in Adaptability Exists -- 13.1.2 Heat Tolerance and Critical Temperatures -- 13.1.3 Characterization of Farm Animal Performance -- 13.1.4 Genetic Manipulation in Livestock Production -- 13.1.5 Farming System Evolution and Industry Trends -- 13.2…Genetics and Adaptive Traits for Harsh Environment -- 13.2.1 Climatic Stress Resistance. , 13.2.2 Selection of Heat Tolerant/Genetic Traits for Adaptation.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Foreword -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Basic Concepts: Degradation, Resilience, and Rehabilitation -- Soil Quality and Sustainability -- Methodologies for Assessment of Soil Degradation Due to Water Erosion -- Modeling Erosion by Water and Wind -- Soil Crusting -- Hardsetting -- Assessment, Prevention, and Rehabilitation of Soil Structure Caused by Soil Surface Sealing, Crusting, and Compaction -- Soil Compaction -- The Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter Relative to Nutrient Cycling -- Soil Processes and Greenhouse Effect -- Acidification -- Estimating Nutrient Balances in Agro-Ecosystems at Different Spatial Scales -- Salt Buildup as a Factor of Soil Degradation -- Sodic Soils -- Soil Pollution and Contamination -- Acid Sulfate Soils -- Long-Term Characterization: Monitoring and Modeling -- Scaling and Extrapolation of Soil Degradation Assessments -- Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Soil Degradation Assessments -- Remote Sensing Applications to Soil Degradation Assessments -- Mapping Soil Degradation -- Revisiting the Glasod Methodology -- Desertification Assessment -- Agronomic Impact of Soil Degradation -- Methods of Economic Assessment of On-Site and Off-Site Costs of Soil Degradation -- The On-Farm Economic Costs of Erosion -- Methods for Assessing the Impacts of Soil Degradation on Water Quality -- Research and Development Priorities -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors Biographies -- Part I: Introduction -- Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability Under Changing Climate in Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Productivity and Population Growth -- 3 Soil and Water Resources -- 4 Impact of Climate Change -- 5 Value Addition for Smallholders -- 6 Innovative Technologies on Smallholder Farms -- 7 Transformative Thinking in Agriculture -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Conservation Agriculture, Carbon Sequestration, and Soil and Water Management -- The Prospects for Conservation Agriculture in Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction to Conservation Agriculture (CA) -- 2 Conservation Agriculture in Africa -- 3 The Ox-Plough System in Ethiopia -- 4 Effect of CA on Soil Properties, Soil Erosion and Yields in Ethiopia -- 5 Effect of CA on Labour Use and Economic Return -- 6 Adoption of CA in Ethiopia -- 7 Practical Experiences of CA -- 8 Upscaling of CA in Ethiopia -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Land Use Changes and Sustainable Land Management Practices for Soil Carbon Sequestration in Sub-Saharan African Agro-ecosystems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of SOC -- 2.1 Components of SOC -- 2.2 Dynamics of SOC -- 2.3 Functions of SOC -- 2.4 Soil C Sequestration -- 3 SOC Stocks in SSA -- 4 Impact of Land Use Changes on SOC Stocks in SSA -- 5 Sustainable Land Management Options for Soil C Sequestration in SSA -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Gendered Adaptation and Coping Mechanisms to Climate Variability in Eastern Uganda Rice Farming Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Gender Dynamics, Climate Change, and Food Security -- 1.2 Rice Production in Uganda -- 1.3 Problem Statement and Rationale for the Study -- 1.4 The Overall Objective -- 1.5 Specific Objectives of the Study -- 1.6 Research Questions Addressed -- 2 Methodology. , 2.1 Rationale for the Selection of the Study Area -- 2.2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.3 Map of the Study Area -- 2.4 Sampling Procedure -- Identification of Respondents -- 2.5 Data Collection Methods and Tools -- 2.6 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Existing Gender Differences and Livelihood Strategies Employed Within the Upland and Lowland Rice Farming Systems -- Land Ownership Under Upland and Lowland Rice Production Systems -- Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents -- Community Profile and Livelihoods -- Rice Production and Gender Roles in the Zone -- Current Status of Rice Production in the Zone -- 3.2 Effects of Climate Variability (ECV) and Their Consequences on Women and Men Rice Farmers -- Effects of Climate Variability on Crop Production Sequence and Yields -- Effects of Climate Variability on Main Crop Yields -- Effect of Climate Variability on Cultivable Crop Area -- Effect of Climate Variability on Livestock Production -- Other Effects of ECV on Livelihoods -- 3.3 Coping Strategies Employed Under Different Consequences of ECV -- 3.4 Decisions on Choice of Coping Strategies Employed by Households -- Decisions on Factors to Consider when Changing Rice Varieties -- Factors to Consider when Changing Cropping Patterns -- Factors to Consider when Adopting Technologies -- Varietal Characteristics That Influence Adoption of a Technology -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Integrated Soil Fertility Management Based on Pigeon Pea and Cowpea Cropping Systems Influences Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Yields and Quality of Subsequent Maize on Alfisols in Central Malawi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description and Characterization -- 2.2 Initial Soil Fertility Status at the Start of the Experiment -- 2.3 Soil Sampling and Analysis -- 2.4 Treatments and Residue Quality Determination. , 2.5 Soil Mineral N Assessment During the Growing Season -- 2.6 Harvesting and Determination of Yields, Harvest Indices and Plant Analysis to Determine Grain Protein Content -- 2.7 Determination of N Uptake and Nitrogen Use Efficiency -- 2.8 Rainfall Data Collection -- 2.9 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Monthly Rainfall at the Lilongwe and Dowa Sites in the 2014/2015 Cropping Season -- 3.2 Selected Post-harvest Soil Properties from the Previous Legume-Based Cropping Systems for Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.3 Stover Quality from Previous Cropping Systems for Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.4 Field Soil Mineral N Patterns as Influenced by the Previous Season at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.5 Nitrogen Uptake by Maize Plants as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.6 Maize Grain and Total Dry Matter Yields and Harvest Indices as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.7 Maize Grain Protein Content as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 3.8 Nitrogen Use Efficiency as Influenced by the Previous Cropping System at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- A Hydrological Assessment of Wetlands in Lilongwe Peri-urban Areas: A Case of Njewa Catchment, Lilongwe, Malawi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology and Study Area -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 The Method -- 2.3 Remote Sensing Data -- 2.4 Meteorological Data and Hydrological Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Part III: Sustainable Crop/Livestock/Aquaculture/Fish Production -- Productivity and Chemical Composition of Maize Stover and Rice Straw Under Smallholder Farming Systems Intensification in Tanzania -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Importance of Maize and Rice on Food Security in Tanzania. , 1.2 Importance of Maize and Rice on Livestock Feed in Tanzania -- 1.3 Addressing Sustainable Intensification of Maize and Rice Crops as Food and Feed in Tanzania -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites and Crops -- 2.2 Treatments -- 2.3 Crop Harvesting and Crop Residues Chemical Analysis -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Crop Residues Productivity -- 3.2 The Chemical Composition of the Maize Stover from Different Demonstration Sites -- 3.3 The Chemical Composition of the Rice Straw from Different Demonstration Sites -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Intensification of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Production in the Sahel-Sudanian Climatic Zones of Mali -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Effect of Drying Time on Primed Seed Germination -- Measurements and Data Analysis (Common to the Two Experimental Series) -- Fertilizer Use Efficiency -- Analysis of Environmental Conditions on the Response to Seed Priming and Microdosing -- Economic Analysis -- Cumulative Probability for Gross Margin -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Yield Increase in Sorghum and Millet -- 3.2 Effects of Storage Time of Primed Seeds on Sorghum and Millet Plant Establishment and Yield -- 3.3 Environmental Conditions on the Response to Seed Priming and Microdosing -- 3.4 Risk of Seed Priming and Microdosing -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Climate Variability on the Use and Exposure of Pesticides in Sugarcane Production in Malawi -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Importance of Sugarcane -- 1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Sugarcane Production -- 2 Properties of Pesticides Used in Sugarcane Production in Malawi -- 3 Ways Through Which Climate Influences Pesticide Use and Exposure -- 3.1 Pest Occurrence -- 3.2 Pesticide Toxicity -- 3.3 Pesticide Degradation -- 3.4 Pesticide Transport -- 3.5 Pesticide Sorption -- 4 Conclusion. , References -- Yield and Profitability of Cotton Grown Under Smallholder Organic and Conventional Cotton Farming Systems in Meatu District, Tanzania -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Site Description -- 2.2 Experimental Plot Initial Soil Properties -- 2.3 Weather Data -- 2.4 Field Experimental Design and Treatments -- 2.5 Determination of Yield -- 2.6 Assessment of the Profitability -- 2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Weather Conditions in the Growing Seasons -- 3.2 Yield and Economic Performance -- 3.3 Yield Compared to Potential Yield -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Yield and Economic Performance -- Current Practices -- Higher-Input Scenario -- Innovative Practices -- Manure-Fertiliser Combination -- Three Sprays of Neem-Leaf Extract and Cow Urine -- Cotton-Legume Intercrop -- 4.2 Yield as Compared to Potential Yield -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- In Search of Climate-Smart Feeds: The Potential of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum, L.) to Replace Maize as an Energy Feed Ingredient in Broiler Diets in Malawi -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Pearl Millet as an Alternative Energy Feed Ingredient -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Feed Ingredients and Chemical Analysis -- 2.2 Dietary Treatments -- 2.3 Broiler Management and Experimental Design -- Determination of Feed Intake, Body and Carcass Weight, and Mortality Rates -- Digestibility -- Ethical Considerations -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Nutrient Composition of Pearl Millet and Maize -- 3.2 Effects of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Growth Performance of Broilers -- 3.3 Effect of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Carcass Characteristics of Broilers -- 3.4 Effect of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Feed Digestibility -- 3.5 Effect of Pearl Millet on Productivity Cost -- 4 Discussion. , 4.1 Comparative Nutrient Composition of Pearl Millet and Maize.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Table of Contents -- Section 1: The Extent, General Characteristics, and Carbon Dynamics of U.S. Forest Soils -- Chapter 1 Introduction and General Description of U.S. Forests -- Chapter 2 Current and Historical Trends in Use, Management, and Disturbance of U.S. Forestlands -- Chapter 3 Carbon Trends in U.S. Forestlands: A Context for the Role of Soils in Forest Carbon Sequestration -- Chapter 4 Quantifying the Organic Carbon Held in Forested Soils of the United States and Puerto Rico -- Chapter 5 Techniques to Measure and Strategies to Monitor Forest Soil Carbon -- Section 2: Soil Processes and Carbon Dynamics -- Chapter 6 Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems with an Emphasis on Belowground Processes -- Chapter 7 Forest Soil Ecology and Soil Organic Carbon -- Chapter 8 Global Change and Forest Soils -- Chapter 9 Processes Affecting Carbon Storage in the Forest Floor and in Downed Woody Debris -- Chapter 10 Impacts of Natural Disturbance on Soil Carbon Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- Section 3: Management Impacts on U.S. Forest Soils -- Chapter 11 Soil Erosion in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Dynamics -- Chapter 12 Impact of Soil Restoration, Management, and Land-Use History on Forest-Soil Carbon -- Chapter 13 Fire and Fire-Suppression Impacts on Forest-Soil Carbon -- Chapter 14 Soil Carbon Sequestration and Forest Management: Challenges and Opportunities -- Chapter 15 Management Impact on Compaction in Forest Soils -- Section 4: Specific Forest Ecosystems -- Chapter 16 Soil Carbon in Permafrost-Dominated Boreal Forests -- Chapter 17 Soil Carbon Distribution in High-Elevation Forests of the United States -- Chapter 18 Soil Carbon in Arid and Semiarid Forest Ecosystems -- Chapter 19 Carbon Cycling in Wetland Forest Soils. , Chapter 20 Carbon Storage in North American Agroforestry Systems -- Chapter 21 Soil Carbon in Urban Forest Ecosystems -- Chapter 22 Soil Organic Carbon in Tropical Forests of the United States of America -- Section 5: Synthesis and Policy Implications -- Chapter 23 The Potential of U.S. Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon -- Chapter 24 Economic Analysis of Soil Carbon in Afforestation and Forest Management Decisions -- Chapter 25 Research and Development Priorities for Carbon Sequestration in Forest Soils -- Index.

Note: 190499_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Anchor 1 -- Anchor 2 -- Anchor 3 -- Anchor 4 -- Anchor 5 -- 190499_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- 1.1 Forest Ecosystems -- 1.2 Historic Development of Forest Ecosystems -- 1.3 The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change -- 1.4 Carbon Sequestration -- 1.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 2 -- The Natural Dynamic of Carbon in Forest Ecosystems -- 2.1 Carbon Input into Forest Ecosystems -- 2.1.1 Carbon Assimilation -- 2.1.1.1 Eukaryotic Photosynthesis -- Photosynthesis by C3 Plants -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by C3 Plants -- Photosynthesis by C4 Plants -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by C4 Plants -- Photosynthesis by Crassulacean Acid Metabolism -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by CAM Plants -- Photosynthesis by Woody Plant Stems -- 2.1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide Uptake by Plants -- 2.1.1.3 Prokaryotic Carbon Assimilation -- Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Microorganisms -- Bacterial Methane Oxidation -- Bacterial Carbon Monoxide Oxidation -- Climate Change and Prokaryotic Carbon Assimilation -- 2.1.2 Influx of Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- 2.1.3 Deposition of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon -- 2.1.3.1 Climate Change and Carbon Deposition -- 2.2 Carbon Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 2.2.1 Carbon Dynamics in Trees -- 2.2.1.1 Carbon Storage in Chloroplasts -- 2.2.1.2 Transport of Assimilated Carbon -- 2.2.1.3 Carbon Storage in Foliage -- 2.2.1.4 Carbon Storage in Stems -- 2.2.1.5 Carbon Partitioning for Reproduction -- 2.2.1.6 Carbon Partitioning to Roots -- 2.2.1.7 Climate Change and Carbon Partitioning in Trees -- 2.2.2 Carbon Dynamics Outside of Trees -- 2.2.2.1 Fluxes of Dissolved Carbon -- Climate Change and Fluxes of Dissolved Carbon -- 2.2.2.2 Litter Input -- Climate Change and Litter Input. , 2.2.2.3 Non-gaseous Carbon Efflux from Roots -- Climate Change and Carbon Efflux from Roots -- 2.2.2.4 Decomposition -- Climate Change and Decomposition -- 2.2.2.5 Soil Organic Matter -- Climate Change and Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2.2.6 Soil Inorganic Carbon -- Climate Change and Soil Inorganic Carbon -- 2.3 Carbon Efflux from Forest Ecosystems -- 2.3.1 Gaseous Carbon Efflux from Plants -- 2.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide Release During Photosynthesis -- Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide Release During Photosynthesis -- 2.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Release Due to Respiration by Autotrophs -- Climate Change and Respiration by Autotrophs -- 2.3.1.3 Efflux of Other Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- Climate Change and Release of Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- 2.3.2 Carbon Efflux from Organic Matter -- 2.3.2.1 Gaseous Carbon Efflux During Organic Matter Decomposition -- Climate Change and Efflux of Gaseous Carbon Compounds During Decomposition -- 2.3.2.2 Dissolved and Particulate Carbon Efflux -- Climate Change and Efflux of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon -- 2.3.3 Carbon Efflux from Soil Carbonates -- 2.3.3.1 Climate Change and Carbon Efflux from Carbonates -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 3 -- Effects of Disturbance, Succession and Management on Carbon Sequestration -- 3.1 Effects of Natural Disturbances on Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 3.1.1 Natural Disturbances -- 3.1.1.1 Major (Stand-Replacing) Disturbances -- Wildfires -- Mechanical Forces -- Biotic Factors -- 3.1.1.2 Minor Disturbances -- 3.2 The Natural Successional Cycle of Forest Stand Development and Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2.1 Initiation Stage -- 3.2.2 Stem Exclusion Stage -- 3.2.3 Understory Reinitiation Stage -- 3.2.4 Old-Growth Stage -- 3.3 Forest Management and Carbon Sequestration. , 3.3.1 Management Activities in Natural Forests -- 3.3.1.1 Fire Management -- 3.3.1.2 Management of Herbivores and Diseases -- 3.3.1.3 Silvicultural Management -- 3.3.1.4 Management of Tree Species and Genotypes -- 3.3.1.5 Management of Forest Regeneration -- 3.3.1.6 Management of Forest Operations -- 3.3.2 Management Activities in Forest Plantations -- 3.4 Effects of Peatland, Mining and Urban Land Uses on Forest Carbon Sequestration -- 3.4.1 Forested Peatlands -- 3.4.2 Mining Activities in Forests -- 3.4.3 Urbanization and Forest Ecosystems -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 3.6 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 4 -- Carbon Dynamics and Pools in Major Forest Biomes of the World -- 4.1 Boreal Forests -- 4.1.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.1.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.2 Temperate Forests -- 4.2.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.2.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.3 Tropical Forests -- 4.3.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 4.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 5 -- Nutrient and Water Limitations on Carbon Sequestration in Forests -- 5.1 Nitrogen -- 5.1.1 Nitrogen Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.1.2 Nitrogen Impacts on Biomass Carbon Sequestration -- 5.1.3 Nitrogen Impacts on Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration -- 5.1.4 Conclusions -- 5.2 Phosphorus -- 5.2.1 Phosphorus Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.2.2 Phosphorus Impacts on Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.2.3 Conclusions -- 5.3 Water -- 5.3.1 Water Cycle in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.3.2 Water and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.3.3 Conclusions -- 5.4 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 6 -- The Importance of Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 6.1 Bioenergy from Tree Plantations. , 6.1.1 Bioenergy and Biofuels from the Forest Sector -- 6.1.2 Genetic Modification of Dedicated Biomass Trees by Biotechnology -- 6.2 Forest Carbon Sequestration Under the United Nations Framework on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and Post-Kyoto Agre -- 6.2.1 Current Commitments for Forest Carbon Sequestration -- 6.2.2 Future Forest-Based Systems for Carbon Sequestration -- 6.2.2.1 Carbon Monitoring in Forestry Projects -- 6.2.2.2 Monitoring the Soil Organic Carbon Pool -- 6.2.2.3 Remote Sensing of Forest Carbon Pools -- 6.2.2.4 Modeling Forest Carbon Pools and Fluxes -- 6.2.2.5 Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation -- 6.2.2.6 Accounting for Forest Carbon Offsets -- 6.3 Major Constraints on the Importance of Forest Carbon Sequestration: Tropical Deforestation, Perturbations in Peatlands a -- 6.3.1 Tropical Deforestation -- 6.3.2 Perturbations in Peatland Forests -- 6.3.3 Perturbations in Old-Growth Forests -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Transformative Agriculture: Science and Policy Interfaces -- Agricultural Food Crop Production and Management Challenges Under Variable Climatic Conditions in Rungwe District, Tanzania -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Climate Variability Perceptions and Trends -- 3.2 Local Perceptions of Other Stressors with Regard to Climate Variability -- 3.3 Perceived Climate Variability Implications on Food Crop Production -- 3.4 Agricultural Food Crop Production Trends -- 3.5 Food Security in the Climate Variability Perspective -- 3.6 Crop Management Challenges in Smallholder Farming -- 3.7 Policy and Agricultural Food Crop Production Changes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Constraints to Agricultural Transformation in Yumbe District, Uganda -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Study Problem -- 1.2 The General Objective and the Specific Objectives -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 The Rate of Adoption of Modern Farming Technologies -- 3.2 Analysis of the Socio-economic Factors Affecting Adoption of Modern Farming Technologies by Farmers -- 3.3 Membership to Farmer Organisations -- 3.4 Level of Education and Adoption of Modern Farming Technologies -- 3.5 Extension Services -- 3.6 Land Tenure (Ownership) -- 3.7 Farm Size -- 3.8 Household Income -- 3.9 The Cost of Inputs/Technology -- 3.10 Access to Credit -- 3.11 The Most Important Factors Influencing Farmers Adoption of Modern Farming Technologies -- 3.12 Discussion of Econometric Model Estimations -- 3.13 Conclusions -- References -- Indigenous Grasses for Rehabilitating Degraded African Drylands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reseeding: Common Indigenous Grasses for Reseeding -- 2.1 Reseeding -- 2.2 Indigenous Grasses for Reseeding -- African Foxtail Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). , Bush Rye Grass (Enteropogon macrostachyus A. Rich. Munro ex Benth.) -- Maasai Lovegrass (Eragrostis superba Peyr.) -- 3 Ecological Indicator I: Vegetation Characteristics -- 4 Ecological Indicator II: Soil Hydrological Properties -- 5 Challenges of Rehabilitating Degraded Drylands Using Reseeding -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Adoption of Recommended Maize Production Practices and Productivity Among Farmers in Morogoro District, Tanzania -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Conceptual Framework -- 1.2 Conceptualization of Key Concepts -- Adoption -- Farmer Field School (FFS) -- Productivity -- 2 Research Methodology -- 2.1 Description of Study Area -- Climate and Soil -- Agroecological Zones -- Economic Activities -- 2.2 Research Design -- 2.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size -- 2.4 Data Collection -- Quantitative Data -- Qualitative Data -- 2.5 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents and Their Participation in FFS -- 3.2 Recommended Farmer Field Schools Maize Production Practices in the Study Area -- 3.3 Socio-economic Factors Influencing Adoption of Recommended Maize Farming Practices -- Age and Adoption of FFS Recommended Practices -- Marital Status and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Practices -- Farmers' Education and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- Occupation and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- Farm Sizes and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- Household Income and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- Household Size and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- Household Head's Sex and Adoption of FFS Recommended Maize Production Practices -- 3.4 A Comparison of Maize Production and Productivity Between FFS and Non-FFS Participants -- 3.5 Contribution of Maize Sales to Household Income. , 4 Conclusions -- References -- Nitrate-Nitrogen Pollution and Attenuation Upstream of the Okavango Delta in Angola and Namibia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Irrigated Agriculture Development and Urbanization Trends and Driver Upstream of the Okavango Delta -- 2.2 Historic Okavango River Nitrate-Nitrogen Pollution and Attenuation -- 3 Determinants of Nitrate-Nitrogen Load from Urban and Agricultural -- 3.1 Biological Fixation as an N Input in Cereal-Cropped Fields -- 3.2 Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen in Fields -- 3.3 Nitrogen Credit in Irrigation Water and Soil Organic Matter -- 3.4 Agricultural Crops and Fertigation Scheduling -- 3.5 Sources and Sinks of Nitrogen Nutrients in the Cropped Fields -- 3.6 Gaseous N Loss Estimates in the Field -- 3.7 Leached Water and Nitrate Leachate Estimation -- 3.8 Estimating Wheat and Maize Crop Nitrogen Uptake -- 3.9 Hydrological Properties and Denitrification in the River Mainstream -- 3.10 Biological Processes and Mainstream Nitrate Concentration -- 4 Simulation Modelling of Nitrate Levels in the Okavango -- 4.1 Projected Changes in Water Demands and Predicting Nitrate Pollution from ORB Riparian Settlements and Irrigated Agriculture -- 4.2 Model Calibration and Validation -- 4.3 Scenario 0: Irrigated Area in Namibia in 2016 and No Irrigated Area in Angola -- 4.4 Scenario 1: High Irrigation Development (15,659 ha) in Namibia and No Irrigation in Angola -- 4.5 Scenario 2: High Irrigation and Urban Water Demand (1694.88 Mm3/year) as a Worst-Case Scenario -- 5 Comparison with Other Studies -- 5.1 Wheat and Maize Nitrogen Demands, Irrigation Water and the Gross Nitrate Mass Balance (GNB) in the Simulation Model -- 6 Sustainability Options Under Increasing Urbanization and Irrigated Agriculture Upstream of the Okavango Delta -- 7 Conclusions -- References. , Biochar Application to Soil for Increased Resilience of Agroecosystems to Climate Change in Eastern and Southern Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of Eastern and Southern Africa Agriculture to Climate Change -- 3 Effect of Biochar to Soil Physical Properties -- 4 Effect of Biochar on Soil Chemical Properties -- 5 Effect of Biochar on Crop Yields -- 6 Biochar and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 7 Incorporation of Biochar in Climate-Resilient Farming System: Conservation Agriculture -- 8 Production and Application of Biochar Formulations in Agriculture -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- The Efficacy of the Soil Conservation Technologies Adopted in Mountain Agro-Ecosystems in Uganda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 The Study Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 The Efficiency of Terraces on the Upland Peasant Farms -- 4.2 The Efficiency of Trash Bunds in Controlling Erosion -- 4.3 The Efficiency of the Water Diversion Channels in Controlling Erosion -- 4.4 The Efficiency of Water Collection Ditches in Controlling Erosion -- 4.5 The Efficiency of Mulching in Controlling Erosion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Consequences of Land Tenure on Biodiversity in Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve in Kenya: Towards Responsible Land Management Outcomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bringing "Responsible Land Management" into Focus -- 3 Identifying Critical Issues Related to Land in Kenya -- 3.1 The Legal Frameworks Guiding Land -- 3.2 Renewed Efforts Are Being Made But the Land Challenges Persist -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 4.1 Study Area -- 4.2 Methods -- 5 Consequences of Land Tenure on Biodiversity in ASFR -- 5.1 Tenure Arrangement Consequences on Biodiversity -- 6 Towards "Responsible Land Management" in Biodiversity Protection -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Abundance and Diversity of Wetland Birds: The Case of Dinder National Park, Sudan. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection -- Sampling Period and Localities -- Sampling Methods -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Species Composition and Distribution across the Four Sites -- 3.2 Species Richness and Diversity (Alpha and Beta Diversity) of Birds in the Four Sites -- Species Richness -- 3.3 Bird Species Alpha and Beta Diversity (Species Turnover) between the Four Sites -- 3.4 Species Rank and Abundance Curves Across the Four Selected Habitats in Dinder National Park -- The Overall Rank Abundance Curve Showed that Few Bird Species Were Dominant and the Majority Were Uncommon (Fig. 5) -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Characterising the Hydrological Regime of a Tropical Papyrus Wetland in the Lake Kyoga Basin, Uganda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Description of Instrumentation at Wetland Site -- 2.3 Estimation of Water Balance Components -- Conceptual Model of Water Balance for the Wetland Section -- Groundwater Gradient and Direction -- Estimation of Flow in the Main Channel -- Estimation of Evapotranspiration -- Independent Estimates of Wetland Storage -- 2.4 Wetland Flow Dynamics and Velocity -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Precipitation Patterns -- 3.2 Groundwater Gradient and Direction -- 3.3 Wetland Water Balance -- 3.4 Independent Estimates of Wetland Storage -- 3.5 Water Flow Patterns -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Ecological Sustainability: Miombo Woodland Conservation with Livestock Production in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Opportunities of Livestock Production in Miombo Woodlands -- 2.1 Food Security -- 2.2 Pastoralism, Animal Genetic Resources, and Biodiversity Conservation -- 2.3 Forage Diversity and Composition -- 2.4 Grazing Potential. , 3 Challenges of Livestock Production in Miombo Woodlands.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editor -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 The Soil-Human Health-Environment Trinity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Soil Organic Matter in Relation to the Health of Soil and the Environment -- 1.3 Historic Depletion of the Terrestrial C Stock -- 1.4 Soil Organic Matter Depletion and Soil/Environment Degradation -- 1.5 The Soil-Human Health Nexus -- 1.6 Interconnected Vicious Cycles Prevalent in Degraded Soils of Agroecosystems -- 1.7 Choice of Entry Points for Breaking the Vicious Circles -- 1.8 Enhancing Human Nutrition by Soil Management -- 1.9 Research and Development Priorities -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Health of Soil, Plants, Animals, and People -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 One Health -- 2.3 Soil Health -- 2.3.1 Soil and Life -- 2.3.2 Soil Health -- 2.3.3 Soil Health and Human Health -- 2.3.4 Soil Management and Human Health -- 2.4 Plant Health -- 2.4.1 Soil Health and Its Indicators in Agriculture System -- 2.4.2 Plant Pathogens and Their Caused Destructive Diseases on Plants -- 2.4.3 Agricultural Practices Affect Plant and Soil Health -- 2.4.4 Plant- and Soil-Associated Microbiomes for Plant Growth and Health -- 2.5 Animal Health -- 2.5.1 Livestock Production-Soil and Plant Health -- 2.5.2 Effects of Soil on Animal Health -- 2.5.3 Effects of Plants on Animal Health -- 2.5.4 Effect of Animals on Soil and Plant Health -- 2.6 Human Health -- 2.6.1 Human Activity Impacts Soil Health -- 2.6.2 Soil Impact Physically -- 2.6.3 Soil Impact on Human Nutrition -- 2.6.4 Toxic Compounds in Soil Impact Human Health -- 2.6.5 Soil Pathogens -- 2.6.6 Soil as Source of Modern Antibiotics and Other Benefits -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Transport of Mineral Elements from Soil and Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Transport of Essential Mineral Elements in Rice -- 3.2.1 Transport of Fe in Rice -- 3.2.2 Transport of Zn in Rice -- 3.3 Transport of Toxic Elements -- 3.3.1 Transport of As in Rice -- 3.3.2 Transport of Cd in Rice -- 3.4 Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Soils and Human Health: Communication between Soil Scientists and Health Care Providers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Brief Overview of Soils and Human Health Connections -- 4.1.1.1 Writings by Soil Scientists and Geologists -- 4.1.1.2 Writings by Human Health Professionals -- 4.1.2 Soil Health (As Defined) Represents a Key Life Sustaining "Factor" Just as Clean Air and Clean and Abundant Water -- 4.2 Soils Knowledge Useful to the Practitioner -- 4.2.1 Basic Soil Physical and Chemical Properties -- 4.2.2 Basic Soil Biological Properties -- 4.2.3 Soil Health -- 4.2.4 Soil and Climate Connections -- 4.3 Ways to Facilitate Communication -- 4.3.1 Publications in Jointly Read Journals -- 4.3.2 Facilitating Joint Conferences -- 4.3.3 University Education That Crosses Disciplines -- 4.4 Concluding Statements -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Soil and Cancer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carcinogenesis -- 5.3 Carcinogens -- 5.4 Soil Health -- 5.4.1 Soil Composition -- 5.4.1.1 Selenium -- 5.4.1.2 Lead -- 5.4.1.3 Arsenic -- 5.4.1.4 Trichloroethylene -- 5.4.1.5 Perfluorooctanoic Acid -- 5.4.1.6 1,2-Dichloropropane -- 5.4.1.7 Dichloromethane -- 5.4.1.8 1,3-Propane Sultone -- 5.4.1.9 Fibrous Glaucophane -- 5.4.1.10 Radon -- 5.4.2 Pollution -- 5.4.3 Pesticides -- 5.4.3.1 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma -- 5.4.3.2 Leukemia -- 5.4.3.3 Brain Cancer -- 5.4.3.4 Breast Cancer -- 5.4.3.5 Kidney Cancer -- 5.4.3.6 Pancreatic Cancer -- 5.4.3.7 Prostate Cancer -- 5.4.3.8 Lung Cancer -- 5.4.3.9 Stomach Cancer -- 5.5 Nutrition -- 5.6 Possible Interventions -- 5.6.1 Selenium -- 5.6.2 Phenols. , 5.6.3 Outside-the-Box Therapies -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 Addressing Urban Mal- and Undernourishment through Sustainable Home Gardens -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Malnutrition -- 6.3 Micronutrient Deficiency in Diet and Human Health -- 6.4 Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables -- 6.5 Heavy Metal and Contaminants in Urban Soil and Human Health -- 6.6 Home Gardens for Fruits and Vegetables -- 6.7 Yields of Fruits and Vegetables in the Home Gardens -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7 Improving Human Health by Remediating Polluted Soils -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil Pollutant Problems -- 7.2.1 Prevention -- 7.2.1.1 Combustibles (Organics) -- 7.2.1.2 Inorganic Toxins (Metals) -- 7.2.1.3 Biotoxins -- 7.3 Already Polluted Soil Remediation -- 7.3.1 Phytoremediation -- 7.3.2 "Treatment" with Powdered Basalt -- 7.3.3 Desalinated Water Soil Washing -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Managing Soil for Global Peace by Eliminating Famines and Pandemics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 State-of-the-World Soils -- 8.1.2 Soil and Human Health -- 8.2 Population -- 8.2.1 Global Trends -- 8.2.2 Urbanization -- 8.3 Famines -- 8.3.1 Global History -- 8.3.2 Causes of Famines -- 8.4 Pandemics and Hunger -- 8.4.1 Global History -- 8.4.2 Population and Pandemics -- 8.5 Achieving Zero Hunger and Malnutrition by 2030 -- 8.6 The Soil-Peace-Famine-Pandemic Nexus -- 8.7 Lessons Learned from Historic Pandemics and Famines -- 8.7.1 Knowledge Gaps -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Illustrating a Disjoint in the Soil-Plant-Human Health Nexus with Potassium -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.3 Potassium as an Indicator for Health Outcomes -- 9.4 Review -- 9.4.1 Search Process -- 9.4.2 Soil Health and Potassium -- 9.4.2.1 Potassium Status in Global Croplands -- 9.4.3 Plant Health and Potassium. , 9.4.3.1 Potassium for Yield Building -- 9.4.3.2 Potassium for Quality Improvement -- 9.4.3.3 Potassium for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management -- 9.4.4 Human Health and Potassium -- 9.4.4.1 Dietary Potassium Requirement in Humans -- 9.4.4.2 Food Sources for Dietary Potassium -- 9.4.4.3 Dietary Potassium Intake in Different Countries/Regions -- 9.4.4.4 Potassium and Disease Incidence -- 9.4.4.5 Potassium in Immune System Disorders -- 9.4.4.6 Potassium in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases -- 9.4.4.7 Potassium and Infectious Diseases -- 9.5 Interactions among Health Components -- 9.5.1 Case Study -- 9.5.1.1 Potato as a Source of Nutrients and Energy -- 9.5.1.2 Linking Soil and Potato Plant Health to Human Health -- 9.5.1.3 Postharvest Fate of Tuber Nutrients -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Soil Aquaphotomics for Understanding Soil-Health Relation through Water-Light Interaction -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Foundations of Aquaphotomics -- 10.3 Soil Health and Aquaphotomics -- 10.4 Aquaphotomics in Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring -- 10.5 Aquaphotomics in Microbiology -- 10.6 Aquaphotomics and Plant-Soil System Health -- 10.7 Implications to Human Health and Future Perspectives -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 Healthy Soils-Healthy People: Soil and Human Health-The Reality of the Balkan Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Natural Characteristics of the Region -- 11.2.1 Geomorphological Characteristics -- 11.2.2 Climate Characteristics -- 11.2.3 Forests -- 11.2.4 Water Resources -- 11.2.5 Biodiversity Conservation and Management -- 11.3 Soils of the Region -- 11.4 State of the Soil and the Main Degradation Drivers -- 11.4.1 Climate Change -- 11.4.2 Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods -- 11.4.3 Agriculture and Land Degradation -- 11.4.3.1 Loss of SOC -- 11.4.3.2 Acidification and Salinization -- 11.4.4 Forestry. , 11.4.5 Urbanization -- 11.4.6 Mass Movements on Slopes -- 11.4.7 Waste Management -- 11.4.8 Energetics, Mining, and Industry -- 11.5 Soil Pollution and Human Health -- 11.6 Land Use Changes and Land Degradation Neutrality -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12 Heavy Metals Bioavailability in Soils and Impact on Human Health -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sources of Heavy Metals -- 12.2.1 Parent Material -- 12.2.1.1 Black Shales -- 12.2.1.2 Limestones -- 12.2.1.3 Phosphorites -- 12.2.1.4 Sedimentary Ironstones -- 12.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals -- 12.2.2.1 Fertilizers -- 12.2.2.2 Sewage Effluents and City Wastes -- 12.2.2.3 Industrial Wastes -- 12.2.2.4 Vehicle Transport -- 12.3 Soil Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Mobility and Bioavailability in Soils -- 12.3.1 Soil pH -- 12.3.2 Soil Texture -- 12.3.3 Soil Organic Matter Content and Its Form -- 12.3.4 Oxidation-Reduction Potential -- 12.3.5 Ionic Strength -- 12.3.6 Chemical Speciation and Nature of Contamination -- 12.3.7 Iron and Manganese Oxides -- 12.4 Pathways of Metal Transfer to Humans -- 12.4.1 Media Serving as Carriers of Heavy Metals -- 12.4.2 Avenues of Transfer of the Heavy Metals from the Carriers to Humans -- 12.4.3 Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Plants to Humans -- 12.4.4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health -- 12.5 Measures to Reduce Bioavailability of Heavy Metals -- 12.5.1 Regulation of pH of the Holding Medium Such as Soil -- 12.5.2 Agricultural Measures to Reduce Metal Transfer to the Food Chain -- 12.5.3 Extraction of the Metals from the Soil -- 12.5.4 Use of Chemical Stabilizers to Prohibit Bioavailability -- 12.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Managing Soil Biology for Multiple Human Benefits -- 13.1 Introduction: The Many Benefits That Humans Obtain from Soil Biodiversity. , 13.2 Promoting Specific Ecosystem Functions with Targeted Introductions of Soil Biota.

Note: Intro -- Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors Personal Profiles -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source and Sink of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Loss of Carbon from the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.3 Recarbonization of the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.4 Policy Implications -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Climate Change Mitigation by Managing the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principal World Biomes -- 2.2.1 Low-Latitude Biomes -- 2.2.1.1 Tropical Forests -- 2.2.1.2 Tropical Savannas and Grasslands -- 2.2.1.3 Deserts and Semi-deserts -- 2.3 Mid-latitude Biomes -- 2.3.1 Temperate Grasslands and Shrublands -- 2.3.2 Temperate Forests -- 2.4 High Latitude Biomes -- 2.4.1 Boreal Forests -- 2.4.2 Tundra -- 2.4.3 Alpine Biome -- 2.5 Principal Soils and Their Carbon Pools -- 2.6 Anthromes -- 2.7 Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source of Carbon -- 2.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 2.9 Priority Land Uses and Biomes for Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 2.9.1 Peatlands -- 2.9.2 Degraded Soils and Desertified Ecosystems -- 2.9.3 Agricultural Soils -- 2.9.4 Urban Ecosystems -- 2.10 Conclusions and Priorities -- References -- Chapter 3: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Changes in the Biosphere -- 3.3 Human Alterations of Global Biogeochemical Cycles -- 3.4 Atmospheric Chemistry -- 3.5 Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.6 The Evidence of Climate Change -- 3.7 Mitigating Climate Change -- 3.7.1 Reductions in Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.7.2 Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Production -- 3.8 Climate Engineering -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Historic Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 The Global Carbon Budget 1850-2005. , 4.2 Direct Human Effects on De- and Re-carbonization -- 4.2.1 Losses Before 1850 -- 4.2.2 Losses Between 1850 and 2005 -- 4.2.2.1 Deforestation -- 4.2.2.2 Degradation -- 4.2.2.3 Reforestation and Management -- 4.3 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.3.1 The Past -- 4.3.2 The Future -- References -- Chapter 5: Soil Erosion and Soil Organic Carbon Storage on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Material and Methods -- 5.3.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.3.2 Differential Global Positioning System Measurements -- 5.3.3 Map Analysis -- 5.3.4 Expert Interviews -- 5.3.5 Quantification of Water Erosion and Mass Balances -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.4.2 Results of the DGPS Measurements, Expert Interviews and Map Analysis -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Case Study Results -- 5.5.1.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.5.1.2 DGPS Measurements, Map Analysis and Expert Interviews -- 5.6 Soil Erosion Rates and the Soil Carbon Balance on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Methane Emissions from China's Natural Wetlands: Measurements, Temporal Variations and Influencing Factors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Wetland Area and Changes in China -- 6.3 Methane Emissions from China's Wetlands -- 6.3.1 Peatlands -- 6.3.2 Coastal Wetlands -- 6.3.3 Lakes -- 6.3.4 Reservoirs -- 6.3.5 Geographical Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4 Temporal Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4.1 Diel Variation -- 6.4.2 Seasonal Variation -- 6.4.3 Inter-annual Variation -- 6.5 Environmental Variables and Their Effects on Methane Emissions -- 6.5.1 Solar Radiation -- 6.5.2 Temperature -- 6.5.3 Hydrology -- 6.5.4 Vegetation -- 6.5.5 Other Factors -- 6.6 Regional and National Estimates of Methane Emission -- 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References. , Chapter 7: Accounting More Precisely for Peat and Other Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Peat Formation -- 7.3 Ecological Characteristics of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.4 Predominant Soils of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.5 Distribution of Peatland and Hydromorphic Soils -- 7.6 Differences Between Wetland and Non Wetland Soils -- 7.6.1 A Case Study South Africa -- 7.7 Global Soil Carbon Hot Spots: Potential Sources for Atmospheric CO 2 -- 7.8 Peatland Conversion to Agricultural Use -- 7.9 Interaction with the Climate System -- 7.10 Climate Change and the C Cycle in Peatlands -- 7.11 Distribution of Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.12 Peat Extraction -- 7.13 Peat Restoration -- 7.14 Feedbacks to Climate Change -- 7.15 Remote Sensing Possibilities to Capture Peat- and Wetland More Precisely -- 7.16 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Permafrost - Physical Aspects, Carbon Cycling, Databases and Uncertainties -- 8.1 Permafrost: A Phenomenon of Global Significance -- 8.2 Permafrost: Definition, Distribution and History -- 8.3 Physical Factors Affecting the Permafrost Thermal Regime -- 8.3.1 Permafrost Temperatures -- 8.3.2 Active Layer Dynamics -- 8.3.3 Land Cover -- 8.3.4 Surface Energy Balance -- 8.4 Carbon Stocks and Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.1 Carbon Stocks of Soils and Deeper Permafrost -- 8.4.2 Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.3 Arctic Coasts, Subsea Permafrost, and Gas Hydrates -- 8.5 Modeling Permafrost and Carbon Cycling Under a Changing Climate -- 8.5.1 Modeling Permafrost and Implementing Physical Permafrost Processes in Global Models -- 8.5.2 Permafrost-Atmosphere Feedback Through a Modified Surface Energy Balance -- 8.5.3 Modeling the Permafrost-Carbon Feedback -- 8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Forests -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Soils of Temperate Forests -- 9.3 Impact of Fire on Ecosystem Carbon Pool -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 9.5 Temperate Forests and the Missing/Unidentified Carbon Sink -- 9.6 Climate Change and Carbon Storage in Temperate Forests -- 9.7 Potential of Temperate Forests to Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Decarbonization of the Atmosphere: Role of the Boreal Forest Under Changing Climate -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Climate -- 10.1.2 Landscape and Plant Species -- 10.2 Carbon Balance of the Boreal Forest -- 10.2.1 Carbon Stocks -- 10.2.2 Carbon Fluxes -- 10.3 Carbon Balance of Boreal Peatlands -- 10.3.1 Forestation of Peatlands -- 10.4 Global Change and the Boreal Forest -- 10.4.1 Interaction with Climate Change -- 10.4.2 Effects of Disturbance -- 10.4.3 Land Use Change -- 10.5 Increasing C Sequestration in the Boreal Forest -- 10.5.1 Management -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Recarbonization of the Humid Tropics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Humid Tropical Forest -- 11.2 Current State of Knowledge of C Stocks and Fluxes in the Humid Tropics -- 11.2.1 C Pools -- 11.2.2 C Fluxes -- 11.3 Options for Recarbonizing the Humid Tropics -- 11.3.1 Protecting Existing Forest by Reducing Deforestation -- 11.3.2 Reducing Forest Degradation Through Reduced Impact Logging -- 11.3.3 Forest Rehabilitation Through Accelerated Natural Regeneration -- 11.3.4 Converting Degraded Non-forest Lands to Forests -- 11.3.4.1 Agroforestry -- 11.3.4.2 Monocultures in Short Rotations -- 11.3.4.3 Polycultures in Long Rotations -- 11.3.4.4 Restoration Plantings -- 11.3.5 Recarbonization Options Discussed -- 11.4 Recarbonizing Policies Under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) -- 11.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 12: Carbon Cycling in the Amazon -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Brazilian Amazon General Characterization -- 12.3 Scenarios of Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Amazon -- 12.3.1 Primary Forest (Avoided Deforestation) -- 12.3.2 Conversion of Forest to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.3 Conversion from Degraded to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.4 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Secondary Forest (Abandonment) and Existing Secondary Forest -- 12.3.5 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Agroforestry -- 12.4 Potential of Soil and Biomass Carbon Sequestration in the Brazilian Amazon -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Grassland Soil Organic Carbon Stocks: Status, Opportunities, Vulnerability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Grasslands Cover Broad Areas, Contribute Substantially to Livelihoods, and Are Vulnerable -- 13.2.2 Grasslands Are Intensively Used and Degradation Is Widespread -- 13.3 Opportunities for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Grasslands -- 13.3.1 Carbon Sequestration in Grasslands -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Emissions Through Reduced Grassland Degradation -- 13.3.3 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Often Enhance Productivity -- 13.3.4 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Can Enhance Adaptation to Climate Change -- 13.4 Challenges to Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Through Grassland Management -- 13.4.1 Challenges to Developing Workable Policies and Incentives -- 13.4.2 Demonstrating Additionality Is a Formidable Challenge -- 13.4.3 Carbon Sequestered in Grassland Systems Is Subject to Reversals -- 13.4.4 Well-Intentioned Policies Do Not Necessarily Lead to Good Practices -- 13.4.5 Land Tenure and Governance Issues Complicate Policy Implementation -- 13.4.6 Systems for Documenting Carbon Stocks Changes Have Not Been Agreed Upon -- 13.4.6.1 Practice-Based Estimates of Soil Carbon Sequestration. , 13.4.6.2 Combining Measurement with Mechanistic Modeling.

Note: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Biophysical Environment -- CHAPTER 1 Principal biomes of Central Asia -- CHAPTER 2 Forests in Central Asia: Current status and constraints -- CHAPTER 3 C3/C4 plants in the vegetation of Central Asia, geographical distribution and environmental adaptation in relation to climate -- Water Resources of Central Asia -- CHAPTER 4 Water resources of the Central Asia under conditions of climate change -- CHAPTER 5 Climate change and water resource alteration in Central Asia: The case of Uzbekistan -- CHAPTER 6 Problems and management of the efficient use of soil-water resources in Central Asia with specific reference to Uzbekistan -- CHAPTER 7 Underground and surface water resources of Central Asia, and impact of irrigation on their balance and quality -- Agricultural and Soil and Environmental Degradation -- CHAPTER 8 Addressing the challenges for sustainable agriculture in Central Asia -- CHAPTER 9 Soil and environmental degradation in Central Asia -- CHAPTER 10 Land degradation by agricultural activities in Central Asia -- CHAPTER 11 Salinity effects on irrigated soil chemical and biological properties in the Aral Sea basin of Uzbekistan -- Soil Management and Carbon Dynamics -- CHAPTER 13 Dynamics of soil carbon and recommendations on effective sequestration of carbon in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan -- CHAPTER 14 Carbon dynamics in Saskatchewan soils: Implications for the global carbon cycle -- CHAPTER 15 Conservation agriculture: Environmental benefits of reduced tillage and soil carbon management in water-limited areas of Central Asia -- CHAPTER 16 Conservation agriculture for irrigated agriculture in Asia -- CHAPTER 17 Syria's long-term rotation and tillage trials: Potential relevance to carbon sequestration in Central Asia. , CHAPTER 18 Potential for carbon sequestration in the soils of Afghanistan and Pakistan -- CHAPTER 19 Improvement of soil physical and chemical conditions to promote sustainable crop production in agricultural areas of Kazakhstan -- CHAPTER 20 Technological options to enhance humus content and conserve water in soils of the Zarafshan valley, Uzbekistan -- CHAPTER 21 Eliminating summer fallow on black soils of Northern Kazakhstan -- CHAPTER 22 Dynamics of water and soil organic matter under grain farming in Northern Kazakhstan - Toward sustainable land use both from the agronomic and environmental viewpoints -- CHAPTER 23 Conservation agriculture in the steppes of Northern Kazakhstan: The potential for adoption and carbon sequestration -- CHAPTER 24 Cover crops impacts on irrigated soil quality and potato production in Uzbekistan -- Forest Management and Carbon Dynamics -- CHAPTER 25 Forest carbon sequestration and storage of the Kargasoksky Leshoz of the Tomsk Oblast, Russia - Current status and the investment potential -- CHAPTER 26 Soil and vegetation management strategies for improved carbon sequestration in Pamir mountain ecosystems -- Economic Analysis -- CHAPTER 27 An economic comparison of conventional tillage and conservation tillage for spring wheat production in Northern Kazakhstan -- Methodological and Technological Challenges -- CHAPTER 28 An assessment of the potential use of SRTM DEMs in terrain analysis for the efficient mapping of soils in the drylands region of Kazakhstan -- CHAPTER 29 Potential for soil carbon sequestration in Central Kazakhstan -- CHAPTER 30 Application of GIS technology for water quality control in the Zarafshan river basin -- CHAPTER 31 Remote sensing application for mapping terrestrial carbon sequestration in Kazakhstan. , CHAPTER 32 Possible changes in the carbon budget of arid and semi-arid Central Asia inferred from landuse/landcover analyses during 1981 to 2001 -- CHAPTER 33 Western Siberian peatlands: Indicators of climate change and their role in global carbon balance -- Research and Development Priorities -- CHAPTER 34 Researchable priorities in terrestrial carbon sequestration in Central Asia -- Subject index -- Author index.