Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to "Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries" -- Abstract -- 1.1 Balkan Countries: A Brief Background -- 1.1.1 Romania -- 1.1.2 Slovenia -- 1.1.3 Croatia -- 1.1.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 1.1.5 Serbia -- 1.1.6 Bulgaria -- 1.1.7 North Macedonia -- 1.1.8 Greece -- 1.1.9 Montenegro and Albania -- 1.1.9.1 Montenegro -- 1.1.9.2 Albania -- 1.2 Technical Aspects of Chapters Water Resources in Balkan Countries -- 1.2.1 Danube Delta Biosphere -- 1.2.2 Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 1.2.3 Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 1.2.4 Water Resource Management in Bosna and Herzegovina -- 1.2.5 Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 1.2.6 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 1.2.7 Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 1.2.8 Water Resources Management in Greece -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve-Long-Term Assessment of Water Quality -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Pressures in the DDBR in the Last Half-Century -- 2.3 Legislation -- 2.4 Physical-Chemical Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.5 Biological Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 3 Water Resources in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Water -- 3.3 Groundwater -- 3.4 The Adriatic Sea -- 3.5 Hydrological Natural Hazards -- 3.6 Water Management -- 3.7 Further Insights and Some Views on the Future -- 3.8 Conclusion -- 3.9 Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Induced Riverbank Filtration (IRBF) for Managed Artificial Groundwater Recharge (MAR) in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vrbanski Plato-Deep Aquifer -- 4.2.1 General Information of the Vrbanski Plato Aquifer. , 4.2.2 Active Protection System (MAR) with Induced Riverbank Filtration -- 4.2.3 Implementation of a Groundwater Flow and Transport Model -- 4.2.4 Results of the Water Management Scenarios -- 4.3 Apače Field-Shallow Aquifer -- 4.3.1 General Information of the Apače Field Aquifer -- 4.3.2 Public Water Supply System for Pomurje-Sistem C -- 4.3.3 Pumping Station Segovci -- 4.3.4 Pumping Station Podgrad -- 4.3.5 Implementation of Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.3.6 Results of the Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 4.5 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 5 Groundwater Resources in Croatia -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hydrogeologic Characteristics -- 5.3 Renewable Groundwater Reserves -- 5.4 Groundwater Withdrawal -- 5.5 A Strategic View on Groundwater Reserves -- 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Water Quality Status of Croatian Surface Water Resources -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Water Quality Status of Croatian Rivers -- 6.1.2 Water Quality Status of Croatian Lakes -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Pressures -- 6.1.3.1 Point Pollution -- 6.1.3.2 Diffuse Pollution -- 6.2 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Danube River Basin -- 6.2.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.2.2 Large Rivers -- 6.2.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.3 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Adriatic Sea Basin -- 6.3.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.3.2 Large Rivers -- 6.3.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 6.5 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Surface Water Resources and Their Management in Croatia -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Water Balance Components -- 7.3 Rivers -- 7.4 Lakes -- 7.5 Water Resources Utilization -- 7.5.1 Communal Water Supply -- 7.5.2 Agriculture -- 7.5.3 Hydropower -- 7.5.4 Inland Waterways -- 7.6 Water Resources Management System. , 7.7 Flood Protection in Croatia -- 7.8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8 Water Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Abstract -- 8.1 Historical Overview of Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.2 Natural Features of B& -- H -- 8.3 Climate Characteristics of BiH -- 8.3.1 Air Temperature -- 8.3.2 Precipitation -- 8.4 Basic Characteristics of Waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.1 Introductory Considerations -- 8.4.2 Hydrographic Characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.3 Water Use -- 8.4.4 Water Quality Protection -- 8.5 Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.5.1 The Legal Framework for Water Management in BH -- 8.5.2 Legislation and Water Sector Policies -- 8.5.3 Basic Characteristics of Water Management and Goals -- 8.5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 9 Water Resources of Serbia and Its Utilization -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Legislation, Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 9.2 Key Facts About Water Resources -- 9.2.1 Natural Conditions -- 9.2.1.1 Climate Characteristics -- 9.2.1.2 Other Characteristics -- 9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Water Resources -- 9.2.2.1 Surface Water Resources -- 9.2.2.2 Groundwater Resources -- 9.2.2.3 Annual Pattern of Runoff -- 9.2.2.4 The Main Elements of Water Balance -- 9.3 Water Resources Utilization -- 9.3.1 Water Supply and Demand -- 9.3.1.1 Sources of Water Supply -- 9.3.1.2 Residential Water Supply -- 9.3.1.3 Industrial Water Supply -- 9.3.2 Agricultural Irrigation -- 9.3.3 River Navigation -- 9.3.4 Hydropower -- 9.3.5 Fishing and Aquaculture -- 9.3.6 Tourism and Recreation -- 9.3.6.1 Spa Tourism in Serbia -- 9.4 Assessment of Water Resources Quality -- 9.4.1 Pollution of Surface Waters -- 9.4.2 Groundwater Pollution. , 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water in Serbia: Risks to Food Safety -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Current Irrigation Practice in Serbia -- 10.2.1 Available Water Resources -- 10.2.2 Regulations -- 10.3 Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality from Different Water Sources -- 10.3.1 Methods for Microbiological Analysis -- 10.3.2 Microbiological Indicators in Water for Irrigation -- 10.4 Microbiological Quality of Irrigation Water and Bacterial Colonization of Plants -- 10.4.1 Colonization of Plants by E. Coli PBA28 (Gfp) -- 10.4.2 Colonization of Plants by Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium (LT2, S1, ATCC14028) -- 10.4.3 Colonization of Plants by Listeria Monocytogenes (EGD-E, SV4B) -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Precipitation and Drought Analysis in Serbia for the Period 1946-2017 -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Analysed Study Area and Its Characteristics -- 11.3 Rainfall Variability Index -- 11.4 Drought Analysis -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 12 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- Abstract -- 12.1 Essence and Importance of Water -- 12.2 Water Formation Factors -- 12.2.1 Climate Factors -- 12.2.2 Spreading Surface Factors -- 12.3 Rivers -- 12.4 Lakes -- 12.5 Groundwater in Bulgaria -- 12.6 Economic Assessment-Use and Protection -- 12.6.1 Use of Water -- 12.6.2 Water Protection -- 12.7 Water Management in Bulgaria -- 12.7.1 Legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria on Water Resources -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 River Systems Under the Anthropogenic and Climate Change Impacts: Bulgarian Case -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Bulgarian River Systems Specification -- 13.3 Legislation and Management Issues. , 13.4 Bulgarian River Systems Regime -- 13.5 Extreme and Risk Events -- 13.5.1 Flood Events -- 13.5.2 Droughts -- 13.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 14 Water Resources Management in Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction and Water Resources in the Country -- 14.2 Water Management Structure -- 14.3 Accumulated Water -- 14.4 Basic Characteristics and Classification of Artificial Lakes in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.4.1 Artificially Built Accumulations -- 14.4.2 Artificially Created Accumulations -- 14.5 Classification of the Artificial Accumulations by Their Usage -- 14.5.1 Hydropower -- 14.5.2 Water Supply -- 14.5.3 Irrigation -- 14.5.4 Supplying Industrial Facilities with Water -- 14.5.5 Watering Trough -- 14.5.6 Recreation Fishing and Fish Farming -- 14.5.7 Recreation -- 14.5.8 Retention -- 14.5.9 Lakes for Depositing Mining Waste (Tailings) -- 14.6 Classification of the Artificial Accumulation by Their Volume -- 14.6.1 Big Accumulation -- 14.6.2 Small Accumulations -- 14.6.3 Micro Accumulations -- 14.7 Institutional Responsibility for the Waters in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.8 Water Supply and Water Resources Demand -- 14.9 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources -- 14.10 Agricultural Irrigation -- 14.11 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.12 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Data and Methods -- 15.3 Study Area -- 15.4 Water Use and Wastewater -- 15.4.1 Drinking Water Supply -- 15.4.2 Industry and Mining -- 15.4.3 Agriculture -- 15.4.4 Reservoirs -- 15.4.5 Wastewater -- 15.4.5.1 Wastewater from Households -- 15.4.5.2 Wastewater from Industry and Mining -- 15.4.5.3 Impact from Agriculture. , 15.5 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Rivers.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- Introduction to "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Egypt" -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- 3.1 An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- 3.2 Land and Water Resources -- 3.3 Smart Farming -- 3.4 Livestock, Fishery, and Aquaculture -- 3.5 Socioeconomic Impacts -- References -- An Overview of Paleo-Climate Evidence in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Palaeoclimate Through Geological Time -- 3 Causes of and Consequences of Global Paleoenvironmental and Climatic Changes -- 4 Major Mass Extinction Events -- 4.1 The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction Event (Fig. 3) -- 4.2 Late Devonian (Frasnian-Fammenian) -- 4.3 Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction -- 4.4 Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction -- 4.5 Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction -- 5 Hyperthermal Events -- 6 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Egypt -- 7 Anthropocene Warming -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Governance and Institutional Structure of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Governance in Egypt -- 3 Environmental Policies and Legislation in Egypt -- 4 Role of Civil Society Organizations and Private Sector -- 5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies in Egypt -- 6 Engagement in Regional and Global Climate Change Governance -- 7 Challenges Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Science in the Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios -- 2.1 At the Global Level -- 2.2 At the Regional Level -- 3 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 3.1 Management of Water Resources. , 3.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance -- 3.3 Breeding for Heat Tolerance -- 3.4 Crop Simulation Models -- 4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under Expected Harsh Environment -- 5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate Changes in Egypt -- 6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate Change Related Impact on Egypt -- 7 Climate Change Modeling in Egypt -- 8 Improved Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds -- 9 Challenges of Innovation, Knowledge, and Scientific Research (SDS Egypt Vision 2030) -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations -- References -- Land and Water Resources -- Impact of Climate Change on Plant-Associated Fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relation Between Climate Change and Diversity of Soil Fungi -- 3 Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Effect of Climate Change on This Relationship -- 4 Effects of Climate Change on Saprophytic Fungi -- 5 Effects of Climate Change on the Pathogenic Fungi -- 6 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Mycobiomes -- 7 Direct Impact of Changing Temperatures on Fungi -- 8 The Need for Modern Tools for Monitoring Climate Changes and Some Closing Remarks -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change on Microbial Activity in Agricultural Egyptian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities -- 3 Response of Microbial Activity to Climate Change -- 3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2 Impact of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3 Impact of Soil Moisture Content -- 3.4 Impact of Soil Salinity -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural GHG Invention of Egypt -- 3 Drivers of Soil GHG Emissions -- 3.1 Soil Type and Composition -- 3.2 Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 3.3 Fertilization as a Source of NO2 Emission -- 3.4 Soil Miss-Management (Heavy Tillage). , 3.5 Rice Cultivation -- 3.6 Burning of Crop Residues -- 4 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Functions -- 4.1 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on Soils of Egypt -- 4.3 Impact of Rainfall Scenarios on Soils -- 4.4 Geographical Nature of Climate Changes Impacts in Egypt -- 4.5 History of Flooding Rainstorms in Egypt -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 1 Introduction: Climate Change and Carbon Cycle -- 2 Emissions of CO2: Reasons and Mitigation -- 3 Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Greenhouse Gases Reduction -- 4 Soil C Stock -- 4.1 Soil Organic C Stock -- 4.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon (SIC) Stock -- 5 Soil Nitrogen (N) Stock and Its Relation to Soil Organic C -- 6 Required Variables for Calculating Soil C and N Stocks -- 7 Factors Controlling of Carbon Stocks in the Soil -- 7.1 Soil Properties -- 7.2 Climate Conditions -- 7.3 Land Use -- 7.4 Topography -- 8 The Impact of Soil Carbon Sequestration on the Sustainability of Agroecosystem and Crop Productivity -- 9 Management Practices and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 10 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Arid and Mediterranean Sea Region -- 11 Implication of Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration on Egypt -- 11.1 Soil C and N in Nile Delta, Egypt in Current State and the Context of Climate Change -- 11.2 Influence of Changing Climate on Soil C and N Stocks and Sequestration -- 12 Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration in Egypt and Nile Delta -- 13 Sequestration Rate of Soil C and N Stocks in North Nile Delta Egypt -- 14 Summary -- References -- Mapping Egypt Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area: Nile Delta -- 3 Climate Change Observations and Potential Impacts. , 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 3.2 SLR and Agriculture in the Nile Delta -- 4 The Methodology of the Development of Interactive Web Enabled SLR Scenarios (SLRS) -- 5 SLRS Architecture -- 6 SLRS Main Components -- 7 Results -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Smart Farming -- Agricultural Production in Egypt: Assessing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of the Near East and North Africa Region to Climate Change -- 3 The Farming System in Egypt -- 4 Vulnerability of Egypt to Climate Change -- 4.1 Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change -- 4.2 Vulnerability of the Crop Production System -- 4.3 Vulnerability of the Livestock Production System -- 4.4 The Vulnerability of the Fishery Production System -- 4.5 Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Egypt -- 5 Climate Change Adaptation Efforts -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Vulnerability of Crop Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollination as an Essential Ecosystem Service -- 3 Role of Pollinators in Sustaining Agricultural Productivity -- 4 Climate Change and Crop Pollination -- 4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Diversity -- 4.2 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Flowering Time -- 5 Vulnerability of Pollinating Insects to Climate Change -- 5.1 Decline of Insect Pollinators in Egypt -- 5.2 Solitary Bees and Nest Fragmentation -- 5.3 Bees and Shortage of Foraging Resources -- 5.4 Honeybee Pests and Diseases -- 5.5 Honeybee and Pesticides -- 6 Newly Approaches for Bee and Other Pollinators Conservation -- 7 Potential Mitigation Measures of Climate Change Impacts on Pollinators -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendations -- References. , Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response to Climate Variability in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture -- 3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability of Egypt, Is There Any Change? -- 4 Crop Weather Calendar and Crop Activity Calendar -- 5 Data, Geographical Domain, and Satellite-Derived Phenology -- 6 Management and Adjusting of the Agricultural Calendar as a Coping Mechanism to Climate Variability -- 7 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 8 Challenges Still Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 9 Satellite Images, GIS, Mathematical Models in Studying Climate Change in 2030 -- 10 Impact of Climate Change on Field Crops' Production and Net Value -- 11 Overall Discussion -- 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Projected Crop Coefficients Under Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Climate Change Scenario -- 2.2 The Projected Value of ETo Using Hargreaves-Samani Equation -- 2.3 The Predicted Values of ETo Using Penman-Monteith Equation in 2030 -- 3 Kc Values for Field Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 3.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for Field Crops in 2016 and 2030 -- 3.4 The Projected Values of ETc for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 4 The Projected Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 4.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2016 and 2030. , 4.4 The Projected Value of ETc for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- 3.2 Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- 3.3 Hydrology and Water -- References -- The Egyptian Western Desert: Water, Agriculture and Culture of Oasis Communities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background of the Oasis Community in the Western Desert -- 3 Population -- 4 Migration -- 5 Economic Activities in Oases -- 5.1 Agriculture -- 5.2 Mining -- 5.3 Pottery -- 6 Women's Life and Activities -- 7 Impact of Tourism on Agriculture -- 8 Problems of Environment -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- Geology of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphology -- 2.1 The Dakhla-Abu Minqar Plateau -- 2.2 The Scarp Face -- 2.3 The Dakhla Depression -- 3 Stratigraphy -- 3.1 Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Rock Units -- 3.2 Taref Formation -- 3.3 Paleocene-Lower Eocene Rock Units -- 3.4 The Quaternary Deposits -- 4 Geologic Structures -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Geomorphology of Dakhla Depression -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geomorphology -- 3 Principal Geomorphological Units -- 3.1 Plateau and Escarpment -- 3.2 Depression Floor -- 3.3 Sand Dunes -- 3.4 North: (El Dakar Dune Filed) -- 3.5 West: (Great Sand Sea) -- 3.6 East: (Dune Free-Zone) -- 3.7 South -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Deir al-Hagar Temple -- 2.2 Deir al-Hagar Ancient Water Supply System -- 2.3 Qaret al-Muzawaka Tombs -- 2.4 Al-Qasr Islamic Village. , 2.5 Darb al-Ghabari Inscriptions -- 2.6 Bashandi Village -- 2.7 Balat Village -- 2.8 The Pharaonic Tombs in Balat -- 3 Gilf Kebir Area -- 3.1 Abu Ballas Area -- 3.2 The Rock Art Inscriptions -- 3.3 Gilf Kebir National Park (GKNP) -- 3.4 The Silica Glass Area -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Climate Features of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic History of the Western Desert of Egypt -- 3 Overview of the Climate in Egypt Today -- 4 Climatic Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 4.1 Sunshine Duration, Precipitation, and Aridity -- 4.2 Temperature -- 4.3 Wind Conditions -- 4.4 Humidity -- 4.5 Climatic Differences Between the Dakhla and Kharga Oases -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- Aeolian Sand Transport Potential and Its Environmental Impact in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sand Dunes in Africa -- 2.1 Sahara Dunes -- 2.2 Kalahari Dunes -- 2.3 Namib Sand Dunes -- 2.4 Topography of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.5 Geology of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.6 Land Use and Land Cover in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.7 Types of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.8 Grain Size of Sand Dunes of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.9 Sand Grain Morphology in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.10 Mineral Composition of Dune Sands of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Movement of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 4 Sand Drift Potential (SDP) in Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Dune Movement Threat in Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Conditions of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Location of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Geomorphology of Dakhla Oasis -- 3.1 Escarpment -- 3.2 Sandy Plain -- 3.3 River Terraces -- 3.4 Sand Dune -- 3.5 Sand Sheet -- 3.6 Inselbergs -- 3.7 Pavement Plain -- 3.8 Playa -- 3.9 Footslope -- 4 Climate Data of Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Soil Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Soil Classification of Dakhla Oasis. , 7 Land Evaluation of Dakhla Oasis -- 7.1 Land Capability -- 7.2 Land Suitability -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendation -- References -- Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location -- 2.2 Demographic Trend -- 2.3 Climate -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Main Land Use/Land Cover Classes -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Crop Diversification and Its Efficiency in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversification of Farming Practices in Rashda Village -- 2.1 Crops in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.2 Different Cultivations by Type of Well -- 2.3 Crop Rotation in the Government Well Irrigation Districts -- 2.4 Diversification Strategy According to Land Size -- 3 Model and Data -- 3.1 Model -- 3.2 Data -- 4 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Empirical Results -- 4.2 Discussion -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrological Aspects and Water Resources -- Hydrologeological and Hydrological Conditions of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate -- 3 Geologic Setting -- 4 Hydrologeological Conditions -- 4.1 The Aquifer Geometry -- 4.2 Aquifer Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Potentiometry and Pattern for Groundwater Flow -- 4.4 Groundwater Quality -- 4.5 Nubian Sandstone Age Dating -- 5 Irrigation and Drainage System in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.1 Drainage Network in the Depression -- 5.2 Drainage Ponds in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.3 Usage of Drainage Water -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- History of Wells in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Modern Wells in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Wells and Boring Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 2.2 Deep-Well Boring Since the Mid-Twentieth Century. , 3 Wells in Rashda Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 4 Wells in Rashda Since the Mid-Twentieth Century -- 4.1 End of the 1950s to the 1970s: Government Wells -- 4.2 Since the 1980s: Investment Wells and Surface Springs -- 5 Change in the Human-and-Water Relationship -- 5.1 Years of Well Construction -- 5.2 Continuous Well Drilling -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Development of Land Use and Groundwater in Rashda Village (Dakhla Oasis), 1960s-2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Site -- 2.1 Demographic Features -- 2.2 Topographic Features -- 3 Methods and Data Used -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Land Use/Cover Classifications -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover in 1968 -- 4.3 Land Use/Land Cover in 1988 -- 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover in 2003 -- 4.5 Land Use/Land Cover in 2018 -- 4.6 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 4.7 Land Use Change Detection from 1968 to 1988 -- 4.8 Land Use Change Detection from 1988 to 2003 -- 4.9 Land Use Change Detection from 2003 to 2018 -- 4.10 Land Use Change and Development of Wells in the Northern Section of Rashda Village -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Detecting and Controlling the Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Kharga-Dakhla-Farafra Depressions -- 2.2 New Valley Project -- 3 Case 1: Kharga Oasis -- 4 Case 2: Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Case 3: Farafra Oasis -- 6 Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations and Potential for Future -- References -- Hydrogeophysical Investigations Using DC Resistivity Survey to Assess the Water Potentialities of the Shallow Aquifer Zone in East of Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Aquifer Characterizations -- 4.2 Faults and Recharge of NSAS. , 4.3 Resistivity and Water Quality of the Upper Aquifer Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations of "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Update -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Aswan High Dam and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 1 Overview of the Nile River -- 2 Brief Description of Aswan High Dam -- 3 Impacts of Aswan High Dam -- 4 Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 5 Brief Description of GERD Project -- 6 The Historical Development of GERD -- 6.1 Lakes Border Dam -- 6.2 Project X -- 6.3 Grand Millennium Dam -- 6.4 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 7 GERD Benefits, Disadvantages, and the Major Threats to Egypt -- 7.1 GERD and the Threat of Egyptian Water Resources -- 7.2 GERD and the Threat of the Egyptian Agricultural Sector -- 7.3 GERD and the Threat of Electricity Generation Sector in Egypt -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt Between the Last and the Following 50 Years -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dam Description and Difficulties Associated with the AHD Execution -- 3 Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt -- 3.1 Identification of Positive vs. Negative Impacts -- 3.2 Positive Impacts -- 3.2.1 Stability of Water Resources -- 3.2.2 Land Reclamation -- 3.2.3 Increase the Yield of the Agricultural Lands -- 3.2.4 Reduced Climate Change -- 3.2.5 Improved Navigation and Tourism -- 3.2.6 Protection Against Floods -- 3.2.7 AHD Generate Our Electricity -- 3.3 Negative Impacts -- 3.3.1 Increased in Soil Salinity and Water Logging of Agricultural Land -- 3.3.2 Development of Land Drainage -- 3.3.3 Human Issues and Resettlement of the Nubians -- 3.3.4 Changes to the Egyptian Fishing Industry -- 3.3.5 Erosion of the Delta -- 3.3.6 Riverbed Degradation and Coastal Erosion -- 3.3.7 Water Quality Changes -- 3.3.8 Decreasing the Fertility of the Agricultural Lands -- 4 Synthesis of AHD Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability. , 4.1 Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability -- 4.2 Complex Issues with No Single Answer -- 5 Mitigation of the Negative Impacts -- 5.1 Toshka Flood Escape -- 5.2 Potential Fear of GERD Construction -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Importance of Aswan High Dam to Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Is Hydropower the Most Attractive Option? -- 3 Egypt Before Aswan High Dam -- 4 Collective Benefits of AHD -- 4.1 Increase Water Share of Egypt and Sudan -- 4.2 Control River Floods and Protect Infrastructure -- 4.3 Protects Egypt from Frequent Drought -- 4.4 Increase Agricultural Productivity -- 4.5 Regulate the Nile River Stream -- 4.6 Prevent Siltation of the Irrigation Canal Net System -- 4.7 Increase the Agriculture Extension and Greening the Desert -- 4.8 Cultivate the Nile Valley and Delta Lands All Around the Year -- 4.9 Doubling the Cultivation Areas of Rice and Sugar Cane -- 4.10 Increase the Access to Electricity -- 4.11 Improving Navigation and Enhance Tourism -- 4.12 Restructuring the Agriculture Pattern to More Cash Crops -- 4.13 Increase Fishery and Fish Production -- 4.14 Save the Nile Water from Being Wasted in the Mediterranean -- 4.15 Economic Value of the High Aswan Dam -- 4.16 Infrastructure and Drinking Water -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Impacts of Constructing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Models -- 3.1 ArcGIS Data -- 3.2 HEC-RAS Data -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Hydrological Impacts Assessment of the Dam -- 4.1.1 Dam Storage Reservoir -- 4.1.2 Reservoir Filling Scenarios -- 4.1.3 Dam Failure Scenarios -- 4.2 Environmental Impacts of the Dam -- 4.2.1 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Host Country -- People Resettlement -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 4.2.2 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Downstream Countries. , 4.3 Post-construction Assessment of the Dam -- 4.4 Policy Implications -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Stochastic Investigation of the GERD-AHD Interaction Through First Impoundment and Beyond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stochastic Simulation of GERD-AHD System -- 2.1 Generation of Synthetic Flow Data -- 2.2 Flow Simulation Model -- 3 Impact Assessment -- 4 Short-Term Impacts: GERD First Impoundment -- 5 Medium-Term Impacts -- 6 Long-Term Impacts -- 7 Some Economic Implications -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Model-Based Optimization for Operating the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Simulation Model Description -- 5.1 Models and Applications -- 5.2 System Description -- 5.3 Assessment Scope -- 5.4 Assessment Criteria and Measures -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Analysis of Model Results -- 6.2 Best Regulation Policies Under Category A (Normal Flood) -- 6.2.1 Results of Energy-Target Regulation Policy -- 6.2.2 Results of 20 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.2.3 Results of 10 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.3 Best Regulation Policies Under Categories B and C -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- GERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Simulation Methodology -- 3 Hydraulic Simulation Reaches -- 4 Calibration of Hydraulic Simulation -- 5 Hydraulic Simulation Results and Discussions -- 6 Impacts of GERD Failure on AHD -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of the GERD Project on Egypt´s Aswan High Dam Lake and Mitigation and Adaptation Options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Southern Egypt´s Lakes -- 2.1 Toshka Lake -- 2.2 High Dam Lake -- 2.2.1 Soils Surrounding Lake Nasser -- 3 Impact of GERD Project on AHD. , 3.1 Reduction in the Water Share of Egypt -- 3.2 Reduction in Power Generated at Aswan High Dam -- 3.3 Increased Salinization of Egypt´s Agricultural Lands -- 3.4 Increase in Seawater Intrusion -- 3.5 Environmental Degradation -- 3.6 Infilling Lake Nasser/Lake Nubia with Sediment -- 4 Recommendations to Minimize the Water Scarcity Problem -- 4.1 Reducing Evaporation Losses from Lake Nasser -- 4.2 Maximizing the Use of Groundwater Wells and Rainwater in Egypt -- 4.3 Seawater Desalination -- 4.4 Sewage Treatment and Reusing Irrigation Water -- 4.5 Maximizing Water Use Efficiency -- 4.6 Starting Giant Projects Out of the Narrow Valley and Delta -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Agriculture, and the Rural Poor in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Agricultural Sector and Food Self-Sufficiency in Egypt -- 2.1 Importance of the Agricultural Sector -- 2.2 Egypt´s Food Self-Sufficiency -- 3 The GERD Reservoir Filling Scenarios and Macro-Micro Implications -- 3.1 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Macro Level -- 3.2 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Micro Level -- 4 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework -- 4.1 Farmers´ Livelihood Assets -- 4.1.1 Human Assets -- 4.1.2 Natural Assets -- 4.1.3 Physical Assets -- 4.1.4 Social Assets -- 4.1.5 Financial Assets -- 4.2 Farmers´ Livelihood Strategies -- 4.2.1 Agricultural Intensification -- 4.2.2 Diversification -- 4.2.3 Migration -- 4.3 Farmers´ Livelihood Outcomes -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex -- References -- Assessment of Sediment Deposition in Aswan High Dam Reservoir During 50 Years (1964-2014) -- 1 Statement of the Problem -- 2 Types of Reservoir Sedimentation -- 2.1 Backwater Deposition -- 2.2 Delta Formation -- 2.3 Bottom-Set Bed Depositions -- 2.4 Depress Flow -- 3 Sedimentation in Nile Basin -- 4 The Aswan High Dam Reservoir Sedimentation Rate. , 5 Relation Between Discharges and Sedimentation in Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 6 Previous Sedimentation Studies in AHDR -- 7 Different Techniques for Calculating Sedimentation in AHDR -- 7.1 GIS Method -- 7.1.1 Algorithm of DTM -- 7.1.2 Spatial Analysis -- 7.1.3 Volumetric Calculations -- 7.2 Traditional Method -- 8 Percentage of Volume of Sedimentation for Every Cross Section to All Cross Sections of the AHDR -- 9 The Thickness of Sedimentation on the Lowest Point at All Cross Sections During 1964-2012 -- 10 Results and Analysis -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Merowe Dam´s Effect on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia, Sudan Using RS/GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Merowe Dam in Brief -- 2.2 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing (RS) Data -- 3.3 Water Level Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Building 3D Profiles -- 4.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5 Results and Discussions -- 5.1 Created 3D Profiles -- 5.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5.3 Estimating Total Amount and Annual Rate of Sediment -- 5.4 Comparisons -- 5.5 Effect of Other Sudanese Eastern Dams -- 5.5.1 Khashm el-Gibra Dam -- 5.5.2 Sennar Dam -- 5.5.3 Roseires Dam -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of GERD on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia Using Machine Learning and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 Nile River Basin -- 2.2 Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) -- 2.3 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 2.4 The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Brief -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric (Geometric) Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.2.1 Old Longitudinal Section of AHDL -- 3.2.2 Sediment Rate -- 3.2.3 Lake Bed Material Samples. , 3.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Data.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to the "Waste Management in MENA Regions" -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.2.1 Morocco -- 1.2.2 Tunisia -- 1.2.3 Egypt -- 1.2.4 Palestine -- 1.2.5 Lebanon -- 1.2.6 Syria -- 1.2.7 Jordon -- 1.2.8 Yemen -- 1.2.9 MENA Countries -- References -- 2 Management of Solid Waste in Morocco -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Car Industry -- 2.1.2 Aeronautics Sector -- 2.1.3 Textile and Leather -- 2.1.4 Food Industry -- 2.1.5 Mineral Industry -- 2.1.6 Solid Waste -- 2.1.7 Strategies of SW Management -- 2.2 Background Information About Morocco -- 2.2.1 Geographic and Demographic Information -- 2.2.2 Environmental Issue -- 2.2.3 Solid Waste Issue -- 2.3 Potential of SW in Morocco -- 2.3.1 Domestic Waste -- 2.3.2 Properties of Domestic Wastes -- 2.3.3 Industrial and Dangerous Wastes -- 2.3.4 Medical and Pharmaceutical Waste -- 2.3.5 Agricultural Waste -- 2.3.6 Food Losses and Waste (FLW) -- 2.3.7 Collection of SW -- 2.3.8 Attempts of Modeling Collection Phase -- 2.3.9 Waste of Obsolete Pesticides and POPs -- 2.3.10 Treatment of SW -- 2.3.11 Valorization and Recycling -- 2.3.12 Some Local Actions -- 2.4 Institutional and Legislative Aspects -- 2.4.1 Plastic Waste -- 2.4.2 National Solid Waste Program (PNDM) 2008-2022 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Waste Management in Tunisia-What Could the Past Bring to the Future? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General Insight into Waste Management -- 3.2.1 Facts and Figures -- 3.2.2 Classification of Solid Waste -- 3.3 Micropollutants in Wastes -- 3.3.1 Wastewater -- 3.3.2 Leachate -- 3.4 Solid Waste Management -- 3.4.1 Institutional Framework -- 3.4.2 Policy and Strategies -- 3.4.3 Regulatory and Legal Framework -- 3.4.4 Financing and Economic -- 3.4.5 Communication and Sensitization -- 3.4.6 Technologies and Innovations -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 3.6 Recommendations. , References -- 4 Detection and Prediction of Geo-environmental Hazards in Urban Areas and Desert Lands Using an Integrated Structural and Geophysical Approach: Cases from Egypt -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Waste Hazards and Chapter Objectives -- 4.3 Structural Geology -- 4.4 Remote Sensing (RS) -- 4.5 Airborne Geophysics (Magnetic and Radiometric Methods) -- 4.6 Near-Surface Geophysics (DC Resistivity Method) -- 4.7 Structural Geophysics Integration Strategy -- 4.8 Case Studies -- 4.9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Phytomanagement in Egypt: A Sustainable Approach for Clean Environment Coupled with Meeting Future Energy Demand -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Soil and Water Pollution -- 5.3 Soil and Water Treatment -- 5.4 Phytoremediation -- 5.4.1 Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation) -- 5.4.2 Phytoextraction -- 5.4.3 Phytostabilization -- 5.4.4 Phytovolatilization -- 5.4.5 Phytofiltration -- 5.4.6 Phytomining -- 5.4.7 Rhizodegradation -- 5.5 Harvested Biomass for Energy Production -- 5.5.1 Direct Combustion -- 5.5.2 Gasification -- 5.5.3 Pyrolysis -- 5.5.4 Biological Conversion -- 5.5.5 Bioenergy Plants for Phytoremediation: Case Studies -- 5.6 Phytomanagement in Egypt -- 5.7 Summary -- 5.8 Recommendations -- References -- 6 The Technical Efficiency of Organic Herbs: The Case of Egypt -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 State-of-the-Art Review -- 6.3 Industry Analysis -- 6.4 Methodology -- 6.5 Results -- 6.6 Conclusions -- 6.7 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Biogas Production from Kitchen Wastes: Special Focus on Kitchen and Household Wastes in Egypt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biogas Definition -- 7.3 Advantages of Biogas Production -- 7.4 Appropriate Wastes for Biogas Production -- 7.5 Mechanism of Biogas Production -- 7.6 Biogas Digesters -- 7.7 Kitchen Wastes (KWs) in Biogas Production -- 7.8 Composition of Kitchen Wastes. , 7.9 Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production -- 7.10 Affecting Factors on Biogas Production -- 7.11 Pretreatment for Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion for Kitchen Wastes -- 7.12 Digestate and Plant Nutrition -- 7.13 Proposed Roadmap for Egypt -- 7.14 Conclusions -- 7.15 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Agricultural Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Agricultural Waste Definition -- 8.3 Obstacles of Utilizing of Agricultural Waste -- 8.4 Agricultural Waste Sources -- 8.5 Agricultural Waste Composition -- 8.6 Wastes and Climate Change -- 8.7 Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation -- 8.8 Traditional Uses of Agricultural Wastes -- 8.9 Modern Uses of Agricultural Wastes -- 8.10 Agricultural Wastes: Some Implications to Egypt -- 8.11 Conclusions -- 8.12 Recommendations -- References -- 9 Logistics of Waste Management with Perspectives from Egypt -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Waste Management and Reverse Logistics -- 9.2.1 Strategic Level -- 9.2.2 Tactical Level -- 9.2.3 Operational Level -- 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management and Green Logistics -- 9.4 Logistics of Waste Management in Egypt -- 9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 10 Solid Waste Management in Palestine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Current Status of SWM in the West Bank -- 10.1.2 JSCs for SWM -- 10.2 Data Comparison of the 12 JSC -- 10.2.1 Service Coverage -- 10.2.2 Amount of Collected Waste -- 10.2.3 Collection Vehicles' Capacity -- 10.2.4 Workers' Performance -- 10.2.5 Transferred Quantities -- 10.2.6 Disposal System -- 10.2.7 SWM Cost -- 10.2.8 Tariff System and Fee Collection Data -- 10.2.9 Institutional Aspect -- 10.3 Solid Waste Management Capacity in 2022 -- 10.3.1 Waste Collection Plan in 2022 -- 10.3.2 Required Capacity for Vehicles in 2022. , 10.4 Summary of National Strategy for Solid Waste in Palestine -- 10.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 11 Waste Management in Lebanon-Tripoli Case Study -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Tripoli Case Study -- 11.2.1 Solid Waste Management in Tripoli -- 11.2.2 Landfill Operations -- 11.2.3 Sorting and Composting Plant -- 11.2.4 New Maritime Sanitary Landfill -- 11.3 Future Management Policy of Solid Waste -- 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Reducing Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills by Using Mechanical, Biological Treatment (Case Study Wady Alhaddeh (MBT) Plant, in Tartous) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 The Importance of the Study -- 12.1.2 The Objects of the Study -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 The Selection of Emission Factors Used as Input Constituents of the Equation to Calculate Landfill Methane Production -- 12.2.2 The Calculation of Methane Amount After Mechanical and Biological Treatment -- 12.3 Results and Discussions -- 12.3.1 Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills -- 12.3.2 Methane Emissions Resulted from Mechanical and Biological Treatment -- 12.3.3 Achieved Reduction of Methane Emissions -- 12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 13 Thermal Sewage Sludge Disposal in Stationary Fluidized Bed Combustion DN 400 by Using Fuel BRAM (Fuel from Solid Waste) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Study Materials -- 13.2.2 Methods of Analysis -- 13.3 Characterization of the Process and the Fuels -- 13.3.1 Fuel from Garbage-BRAM -- 13.3.2 Sewage Sludge from Different Countries -- 13.4 Results and Discussions -- 13.4.1 Operating Characteristics -- 13.4.2 Harmful Gas Binding -- 13.4.3 Automation -- 13.4.4 Sampling of Process Residues Fly Ash and Bedding Material -- 13.5 Summary and Recommendations. , 13.6 Recommendation of the Thermal Sewage Sludge Disposal Option in Syria -- References -- 14 Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling in Syrian Refugees Hosting Communities in Jordan -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Institutional Framework -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Discussions -- 14.3.1 Urbanization Index of the Targeted Municipalities -- 14.3.2 Waste Generation and Composition -- 14.3.3 Solid Waste Recycling -- 14.3.4 MSW Recycling Approach -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Innovation Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Cost-Effective Solution-Jordan Case Study -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Overview-IWRM Projects in Jordan and Short Description of Some Projects Activities in the Region -- 15.2.1 SWIM Project -- 15.2.2 NICE Project -- 15.2.3 SMART Research Project -- 15.2.4 ACC Project -- 15.3 Successful Case Studies-SMART Facility-Jordan -- 15.3.1 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.2 Short Description of Several Technologies from SMART Site -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.5 Conclusions -- 15.6 Recommendations -- References -- 16 Biomass Waste in Yemen: Management and Challenges -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Biomass Resources -- 16.2.1 Urban Wastes and Other Wastes -- 16.3 Solid Waste Management in Yemen -- 16.3.1 Legislations -- 16.3.2 MSWM-The Case of Sana'a City -- 16.4 Biomass Conversion Technologies in Yemen -- 16.4.1 Thermal Conversion Processes -- 16.4.2 Environmental Impact -- 16.4.3 Socioeconomic Implications -- 16.5 Yemen Water Issues -- 16.5.1 Water Resources -- 16.5.2 Wastewater Assessment -- 16.5.3 Wastewater Reuse -- 16.5.4 Treatment Plant Issues -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Toward Three R's Agricultural Waste in MENA: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Description. , 17.3 Agricultural Waste Components.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq" -- 1.1 Iraq: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 1.3 Proximal Soil Sensing -- 1.4 RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 1.5 Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 2 Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data -- 2.2.3 Approaches and Procedures -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Correlation -- 2.3.2 Soil Salinity Models and Maps -- 2.3.3 Assessment of the Developed Approaches -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case Studies -- 3.2.1 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Forms -- 3.2.2 Prediction of Soil Salinity -- 3.2.3 Physical Properties -- 3.2.4 Prediction of Some Soil Water Properties -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology of the Study Area -- 4.2.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Phenomena of the Study Area -- 4.2.2 Classification of Iraqi Alluvial Soils -- 4.2.3 Remote Sensing -- 4.2.4 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Image Classification -- 4.2.5 Applications of RS in the Field of Iraqi Environment and Soils -- 4.2.6 Soil Surveying and Classification Studies of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 The Geographical Location of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3.2 FieldWork -- 4.3.3 Office Work -- 4.3.4 Accuracy Assessment for Digitalmap Classification. , 4.3.5 Preparation of GIS Database -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Classification and Distribution of Soil Units in the Study Area -- 4.4.2 Digital Image Classification Using Remote Sensing Techniques -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Classification -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Proximal Soil Sensing -- 5 Proximal Soil Sensing for Soil Monitoring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) -- 5.1.2 Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.1.3 Acquiring Reflectance Information from Soil -- 5.2 Background of Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Properties Monitoring -- 5.2.2 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Contamination Monitoring -- 5.3 Spectroscopic Preprocessing and Calibration -- 5.3.1 Preprocessing -- 5.3.2 Calibration -- 5.4 Accuracy and Uncertainty in Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.5 Soil Spectroscopy for Iron Oxide Prediction: A Case Study in Sulaimani, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region -- 5.5.1 Materials and Methods -- 5.5.2 Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations and Future Aspects -- References -- 6 Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Historical Review -- 6.2.1 The Potential of Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Soil Analysis -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Study Site Description and Soil Sampling -- 6.3.2 Soil Spectra Measurements -- 6.3.3 Data Analysis: Calibration -- 6.3.4 Evaluation of the Prediction Power -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Vis-NIR Spectra of Soils -- 6.4.2 Nutrients Prediction by PLS Analysis -- 6.4.3 Nutrients Prediction by GIS-Kriging -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 Recommendations -- References -- RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 7 Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data and Pre-processing -- 7.2.3 LULC Classification -- 7.2.4 LULC Mapping: Post Classification Change Detection -- 7.2.5 Accuracy and Area Assessment -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 LULC Analysis -- 7.3.2 LULC Patterns Change in the Study Area Between 1989 and 2017 -- 7.3.3 LULC Conversions for the Last 28 Years (1989-2017) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Changes in the World -- 8.3 Rainfall and Temperature -- 8.4 eMODIS NDVI V6 -- 8.5 Land Cover -- 8.6 Vegetation Distribution in Iraq -- 8.7 Vegetation Change Detection in Iraq -- 8.8 Relationship Between Vegetation Distribution, Precipitation and Elevation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- 8.10 Recommendation -- References -- 9 Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study Duhok Sub-basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Cover and Land Use -- 9.1.2 Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 9.2 Methodology and Data -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Climate Conditions -- 9.2.3 Satellite and Rainfall Data -- 9.2.4 Images Classification -- 9.2.5 SCS-CN Model and the Proposed Method -- 9.2.6 Estimate Runoff Depth -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Changes in Land Cover -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Variable in Time -- 9.3.3 Changes in Potential Runoff -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 10 Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq Using Remote Sensing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Salinity -- 10.2.1 Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.2 Dynamic Salinity Changes -- 10.2.3 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.4 Salinity Changes in Mesopotamia. , 10.2.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Vegetation Changes in Mesopotamia Plain -- 10.3 Land Cover/Land Use -- 10.3.1 Land Cover/Land Use Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.2 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping LULC Changes in Iraq -- 10.4 Sand Dunes -- 10.4.1 Dynamic Changes for Sand Dunes Areas During 2006-2016 -- 10.5 Monitoring the Expansion of Urban Land -- 10.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization -- 10.5.2 Causes of Urbanization -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Agricultural Drought Monitoring Over Iraq Utilizing MODIS Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Selection of the Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection and Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Type of Aeolian Sand Dunes and Their Distribution in the World -- 12.3 Climate and Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 12.4 Landsat, Sentinel-SAR Data -- 12.5 Aeolian Sand Dunes Distribution in Iraq -- 12.6 Aeolian Sand Dunes Monitoring in Iraq -- 12.7 Sand Dunes Movement in the Center of Mesopotamia -- 12.7.1 Preparing SAR Data for DInSAR -- 12.7.2 Results and Discussion of DInSAR -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Drought Monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq Using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Drought as a Concept and Definition -- 13.2.2 Impact of Drought on Soil Properties -- 13.2.3 Drought Monitoring -- 13.2.4 Remote Sensing and GIS: Their Relation to Drought Issues -- 13.2.5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -- 13.2.6 Drought Mitigation: Options and Implementation -- 13.3 Materials and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 13.3.3 Pre-processing of Satellite Images -- 13.3.4 NDVI Calculations. , 13.3.5 Software Used -- 13.4 Result and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Drought Classification Based on Meteorological Data -- 13.4.2 Drought Classification Based on Remote Sensing Data -- 13.4.3 NDVI-Rainfall Relationship -- 13.4.4 Agricultural Drought Risk Based on NDVI Anomaly -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing and GIS for Dust Storm Studies in Iraq -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Remote Sensing for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.2.1 Dust Sources Identification -- 14.2.2 Dust Detection Using Satellite Imagery -- 14.2.3 Atmospheric Patterns of Dust Storms -- 14.2.4 Climate Regimes of Dust Storms -- 14.2.5 Dust Storm Tracking Model -- 14.2.6 Dust Emission (Soil Erosion) Assessment using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.7 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.8 Morphological Unite Maps -- 14.2.9 Drought and Dust Storms Studies using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.10 Remote Sensing Change Detection -- 14.3 GIS for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.3.1 Dust Sources Modeling with GIS -- 14.3.2 Knowledge-Based Approaches -- 14.3.3 GIS for Modeling the Effect of Dust Storms on Health -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- 15 Drought Monitoring Using Spectral and Meteorological Based Indices Combination: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Soil Samples Preparations -- 15.3.2 Remotely Sensed Datasets -- 15.3.3 Preprocessing of the Landsat Images -- 15.3.4 Drought Indices -- 15.3.5 SPI -- 15.3.6 Remote Sensing Based Drought Indices -- 15.3.7 NDVI -- 15.3.8 LST -- 15.3.9 NDWI -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.4.1 NDVI -- 15.4.2 NDWI -- 15.4.3 LST -- 15.4.4 SPI -- 15.4.5 The Combined NDVI-SPI Drought Maps -- 15.4.6 The Statistical Analysis -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- RS and GIS for Natural Resources. , 16 Geo-Morphometric Analysis and Flood Simulation of the Tigris River Due to a Predicted Failure of the Mosul Dam, Mosul, Iraq.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- Introduction to "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- References -- Evaluation of the Groundwater Resources in the Nile Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources -- 2.1 Renewable Water Resources -- 2.2 Non-renewable Water Resources -- 3 Groundwater Usage -- 4 Groundwater Quality -- 5 The Nile Valley and Delta Aquifers -- 6 Geomorphology and Main Characteristics of the Nile Valley -- 7 Hydrological Settings -- 8 Discharge and Recharge -- 9 Vulnerability Assessment -- 10 Proposed Scenarios and Solutions -- 11 Conclusions -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Modeling -- Fundamentals of Groundwater Modeling Methods and a Focused Review on the Groundwater Models of the Nile Valley Aquifer -- 1 Background -- 2 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining the model's Objectives -- 2.3 Conceptual Model -- 2.4 Types of Models -- 2.5 Solution of Mathematical Formulation -- 2.6 Model Calibration -- 2.7 Model Validation: Acceptance or Rejection -- 2.8 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.9 Uncertainty Analysis -- 2.10 Modeling Software/Codes -- 2.11 Limitations of Modeling Techniques -- 3 Application of Numerical Groundwater Modeling in the Nile Valley -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- Contamination Sources Along the Nile Valley, Egypt and Its Impact on Groundwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Surface Water System in the Nile Valley -- 4 Contamination Sources -- 4.1 Domestic Sources -- 4.2 Agricultural Sources -- 4.3 Industrial Sources -- 4.4 Dewatering Water -- 4.5 Colling Water -- 4.6 Impact of Contamination on Groundwater. , 4.7 Protection and Legislations -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contaminates on Groundwater Quality in the Nile River Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminants Seepage Between Groundwater and Surface Water -- 3 Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contamination -- 4 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nile River Valley -- 5 Groundwater Assessment Methodologies -- 6 Investigations of Groundwater Contamination in Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 6.1 Case Study: Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Nearby the Main Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 7 Summary -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemistry and Hydrogeology Aspects of Alluvial Aquifer in Aswan City, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Methodology -- 3.1 Geomorphology -- 3.2 Geology -- 3.3 Hydrogeology -- 3.4 Water Chemistry -- 4 Numerical Groundwater Model -- 4.1 Model Setup -- 4.2 Calibration and Validation -- 4.3 Groundwater Head and Water Budget -- 5 Groundwater Table Rise Solutions -- 5.1 Bank Infiltration -- 5.2 Reduce the Water Losses from the Water Supply Network -- 5.3 Increase the Extraction Rates -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater in the Area Northwest of El-Sadat City, West Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Overview -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Geological Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Settings -- 4.1 Quaternary Aquifer -- 4.2 Pliocene Aquifer -- 4.3 Miocene Aquifer -- 4.4 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Numerical Water Quality Indicators -- 5.2 Groundwater Hydrochemical Analysis -- 5.3 Water Quality Graphical Representation -- 6 Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes -- 6.1 Sodium Content (SC) -- 6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 6.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) -- 6.4 Permeability Index (PI). , 6.5 EC and SAR Relationship -- 6.6 Magnesium Hazard (MH) -- 6.7 Kelly's Ratio (KI) -- 6.8 Chloride Classification -- 6.9 Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI) -- 6.10 Corrosively Ratio (CR) -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- As a Water Resources Management Tool, Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation in the Young Alluvial Plain of Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Groundwater Sampling and Parameters Analytical Procedure -- 3.2 Groundwater Quality Calculations -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Individual Parameter -- 4.2 Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQ) -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater -- Agricultural Drainage Strategies in Egypt as a Protection Tool Against Groundwater Contamination by Fertilizers: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Drainage Practices -- 2.1 What Is Agricultural Drainage? -- 2.2 Agricultural Drainage Systems -- 3 Poor Drainage Conditions and Their Adverse Impacts on Groundwater Quality and the Surrounding Environment -- 3.1 Waterlogging -- 3.2 Salinity -- 4 Effect of Practicing Agricultural Drainage on Groundwater Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Surrounding Environment -- 4.1 Conventional Drainage Practices -- 4.2 Controlled Drainage Practices -- 4.3 Summary of Subsurface Drainage Practices' impacts on Groundwater -- 5 Agricultural Drainage in Egypt -- 5.1 Brief History and Authorities -- 5.2 Responsibilities and Targets -- 5.3 Exploring Ways of Practicing Agriculture Drainage Strategies in the Nile Valley: A Case Study of El-Minia Governorate -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Pliocene Aquifer Characterization Using TEM and VES Geophysical Techniques: Case Study at the Area to the East of Wadi El-Natrun City, West Nile Delta, Egypt. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological and Topographic Settings and Climatic Conditions -- 3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Background -- 5 Literature Review -- 6 Geophysical Surveys -- 6.1 Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Rocks -- 6.2 Resistivity Survey -- 6.3 Transient Electromagnetic Survey -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Electrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemistry in West Tahta Region, Upper Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology and Hydrology of the Study Area -- 3 Sampling, Data, and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Geoelectrical Analysis -- 4.2 Hydrogeochemical Analysis -- 4.3 Assessment of the Collected Groundwater for Different Purposes -- 4.4 Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Mapping Groundwater Recharge Potential in the Nile Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting of the Nile Basin -- 3 Case Studies -- 4 Analytical Approach: Developing Thematic Maps -- 5 Wadis -- 5.1 Wadi Qena -- 5.2 Wadi Matula -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile River Valley: Is It Possible After the Construction of GERD? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 3 GERD Impacts on the Groundwater in the Nile River Valley -- 4 Impact of Filling GERD Reservoir in 10 years on Groundwater Level -- 4.1 Study Area and Groundwater Model -- 4.2 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Update -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality. , 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.