Publication Date:
2022-05-26
Description:
© The Author(s), 2019. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clark, S., Hubbard, K. A., Anderson, D. M., McGillicuddy, D. J.,Jr, Ralston, D. K., & Townsend, D. W. Pseudo-nitzschia bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Maine: 2012-2016. Harmful Algae, 88, (2019): 101656, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2019.101656.
Description:
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia is a growing presence in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), where regionally unprecedented levels of domoic acid (DA) in 2016 led to the first Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning closures in the region. However, factors driving GOM Pseudo-nitzschia dynamics, DA concentrations, and the 2016 event are unclear. Water samples were collected at the surface and at depth in offshore transects in summer 2012, 2014, and 2015, and fall 2016, and a weekly time series of surface water samples was collected in 2013. Temperature and salinity data were obtained from NERACOOS buoys and measurements during sample collection. Samples were processed for particulate DA (pDA), dissolved nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, silicic acid, and phosphate), and cellular abundance. Species composition was estimated via Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), a semi-quantitative DNA finger-printing tool. Pseudo-nitzschia biogeography was consistent in the years 2012, 2014, and 2015, with greater Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and P. plurisecta dominance in low-salinity inshore samples, and lower Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and P. delicatissima and P. seriata dominance in high-salinity offshore samples. During the 2016 event, pDA concentrations were an order of magnitude higher than in previous years, and inshore-offshore contrasts in biogeography were weak, with P. australis present in every sample. Patterns in temporal and spatial variability confirm that pDA increases with the abundance and the cellular DA of Pseudo-nitzschia species, but was not correlated with any one environmental factor. The greater pDA in 2016 was caused by P. australis – the observation of which is unprecedented in the region – and may have been exacerbated by low residual silicic acid. The novel presence of P. australis may be due to local growth conditions, the introduction of a population with an anomalous water mass, or both factors. A definitive cause of the 2016 bloom remains unknown, and continued DA monitoring in the GOM is warranted.
Description:
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant Numbers OCE-1314642 and OCE-1840381), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant Numbers P01 ES021923-01 and P01 ES028938-01), the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, the Academic Programs Office of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ecology and Oceanography of HABs (ECOHAB) project (contribution number ECO947), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s HAB Event Response Program (Grant numbers NA06NOS4780245 and NA09NOS4780193). We thank Maura Thomas at the University of Maine for support with nutrient collection and analysis. We also thank Kohl Kanwit at the Maine Department of Marine Resources, Anna Farrell, Jane Disney, and Hannah Mogenson at the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Steve Archer at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean sciences, and Bruce Keafer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for their work collecting samples and data used in the study. We also thank Maya Robert, Christina Chadwick, Laura Markley, Stephanie Keller Abbe, Karen Henschen, Emily Olesin, Steven Bruzek, Sheila O'Dea, April Granholm, Leanne Flewelling, and Elizabeth Racicot at the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute for processing samples for DA, DNA-based analyses, and cellular abundance.[CG]
Keywords:
Pseudo-nitzschia australis
;
Pseudo-nitzschia plurisecta
;
Domoic acid
;
ARISA
;
Gulf of Maine
;
Silicic acid
Repository Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Type:
Article
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