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  • 11
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    Benthic protists and fungi of Mediterranean deep hypsersaline anoxic basin redoxcline sediments (2015)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2014): 605, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00605.
    Beschreibung: Some of the most extreme marine habitats known are the Mediterranean deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs; water depth ∼3500 m). Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB water-column haloclines and brines, the existence and activity of benthic DHAB protists have rarely been explored. Here, we report findings regarding protists and fungi recovered from sediments of three DHAB (Discovery, Urania, L’ Atalante) haloclines, and compare these to communities from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Halocline sediments, where the redoxcline impinges the seafloor, were studied from all three DHABs. Microscopic cell counts suggested that halocline sediments supported denser protist populations than those in adjacent control sediments. Pyrosequencing analysis based on ribosomal RNA detected eukaryotic ribotypes in the halocline sediments from each of the three DHABs, most of which were fungi. Sequences affiliated with Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota were the most abundant eukaryotic signatures detected. Benthic communities in these DHABs appeared to differ, as expected, due to differing brine chemistries. Microscopy indicated that only a low proportion of protists appeared to bear associated putative symbionts. In a considerable number of cases, when prokaryotes were associated with a protist, DAPI staining did not reveal presence of any nuclei, suggesting that at least some protists were carcasses inhabited by prokaryotic scavengers.
    Beschreibung: K. Kormas was partially supported by the University of Thessaly through a sabbatical in 2013. Supported by NSF grants OCE-0849578 to Virginia P. Edgcomb and Joan M. Bernhard and OCE-1061391 to Joan M. Bernhard and Virginia P. Edgcomb.
    Schlagwort(e): Eukaryote ; DHABs ; Discovery ; Urania, L’ Atalante ; Diversity ; rRNA
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Eukaryotic parasites are integral to a productive microbial food web in oxygen-depleted waters (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022]. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Suter, E. A., Pachiadaki, M., Taylor, G. T., & Edgcomb, V. P. Eukaryotic parasites are integral to a productive microbial food web in oxygen-depleted waters. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, (2022): 764605, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.764605.
    Beschreibung: Oxygen-depleted water columns (ODWCs) host a diverse community of eukaryotic protists that change dramatically in composition over the oxic-anoxic gradient. In the permanently anoxic Cariaco Basin, peaks in eukaryotic diversity occurred in layers where dark microbial activity (chemoautotrophy and heterotrophy) were highest, suggesting a link between prokaryotic activity and trophic associations with protists. Using 18S rRNA gene sequencing, parasites and especially the obligate parasitic clade, Syndiniales, appear to be particularly abundant, suggesting parasitism is an important, but overlooked interaction in ODWC food webs. Syndiniales were also associated with certain prokaryotic groups that are often found in ODWCs, including Marinimicrobia and Marine Group II archaea, evocative of feedbacks between parasitic infection events, release of organic matter, and prokaryotic assimilative activity. In a network analysis that included all three domains of life, bacterial and archaeal taxa were putative bottleneck and hub species, while a large proportion of edges were connected to eukaryotic nodes. Inclusion of parasites resulted in a more complex network with longer path lengths between members. Together, these results suggest that protists, and especially protistan parasites, play an important role in maintaining microbial food web complexity, particularly in ODWCs, where protist diversity and microbial productivity are high, but energy resources are limited relative to euphotic waters.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants (OCE-1336082 to VE and OCE-1335436 and OCE-1259110 to GT). The Cyverse infrastructure and resources are supported by the NSF under Award Numbers DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442 (www.cyverse.org). Support was also provided by the Faculty Scholarship and Academic Advancement Committee at Molloy College.
    Schlagwort(e): 18S (SSU) rRNA gene ; Oxygen-depleted environment ; Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) ; Protist ; Syndiniales ; Parasite ; Eukaryotes ; Network analysis
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  • 13
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    The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy: addressing global challenges in the deep sea through collaboration (2022)
    Marine Technology Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-11
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Smith, L., Cimoli, L., LaScala-Gruenewald, D., Pachiadaki, M., Phillips, B., Pillar, H., Stopa, J., Baumann-Pickering, S., Beaulieu, S., Bell, K., Harden-Davies, H., Gjerde, K., Heimbach, P., Howe, B., Janssen, F., Levin, L., Ruhl, H., Soule, A., Stocks, K., Vardaro, M.F., Wright, D. The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy: addressing global challenges in the deep sea through collaboration. Marine Technology Society Journal, 56(3), (2022): 50–66, https://doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.3.11.
    Beschreibung: The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) is an international, community-driven initiative that facilitates collaboration across disciplines and fields, elevates a diverse cohort of early career researchers into future leaders, and connects scientific advancements to societal needs. DOOS represents a global network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, and modeling experts, focusing community efforts in the support of strong science, policy, and planning for sustainable oceans. Its initiatives work to propose deep-sea Essential Ocean Variables; assess technology development; develop shared best practices, standards, and cross-calibration procedures; and transfer knowledge to policy makers and deep-ocean stakeholders. Several of these efforts align with the vision of the UN Ocean Decade to generate the science we need to create the deep ocean we want. DOOS works toward (1) a healthy and resilient deep ocean by informing science-based conservation actions, including optimizing data delivery, creating habitat and ecological maps of critical areas, and developing regional demonstration projects; (2) a predicted deep ocean by strengthening collaborations within the modeling community, determining needs for interdisciplinary modeling and observing system assessment in the deep ocean; (3) an accessible deep ocean by enhancing open access to innovative low-cost sensors and open-source plans, making deep-ocean data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, and focusing on capacity development in developing countries; and finally (4) an inspiring and engaging deep ocean by translating science to stakeholders/end users and informing policy and management decisions, including in international waters.
    Beschreibung: Funding for the DOOS comes from the U.S. National Science Foundation AccelNet program, Award #2114717.
    Schlagwort(e): FAIR data principles ; deep ocean ; multi-disciplinary ; ocean observing ; science policy and planning
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 14
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    Anomalous delta C-13 in particulate organic carbon at the chemoautotrophy maximum in the Cariaco Basin (2020)
    Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences 125(2), (2020): e2019JG005276, doi:10.1029/2019JG005276.
    Beschreibung: A chemoautotrophy maximum is present in many anoxic basins at the sulfidic layer's upper boundary, but the factors controlling this feature are poorly understood. In 13 of 31 cruises to the Cariaco Basin, particulate organic carbon (POC) was enriched in 13C (δ13CPOC as high as −16‰) within the oxic/sulfidic transition compared to photic zone values (−23 to −26‰). During “heavy” cruises, fluxes of O2 and [NO3− + NO2−] to the oxic/sulfidic interface were significantly lower than during “light” cruises. Cruises with isotopically heavy POC were more common between 2013 and 2015 when suspended particles below the photic zone tended to be nitrogen rich compared to later cruises. Within the chemoautotrophic layer, nitrogen‐rich particles (molar ratio C/N〈 10) were more likely to be 13C‐enriched than nitrogen‐poor particles, implying that these inventories were dominated by living cells and fresh detritus rather than laterally transported or extensively decomposed detritus. During heavy cruises, 13C enrichments persisted to 1,300 m, providing the first evidence of downward transport of chemoautotrophically produced POC. Dissolved inorganic carbon assimilation during heavy cruises (n = 3) was faster and occurred deeper than during light cruises (n = 2). Metagenomics data from the chemoautotrophic layer during two cruises support prevalence of microorganisms carrying RuBisCO form II genes, which encode a carbon fixation enzyme that discriminates less against heavy isotopes than most other carbon fixation enzymes, and metatranscriptomics data indicate that higher expression of form II RuBisCO genes during the heavy cruises at depths where essential reactants coexist are responsible for the isotopically heavier POC.
    Beschreibung: We thank the captain and crew of the B/O Hermano Gines and the staff of Estación de Investigaciones Marinas, Fundación de la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Margarita Island, Venezuela, for their field and laboratory assistance. We are also indebted to the many students, colleagues, and technicians who have participated in this project, in particular, L. Medina Faull for contour plots, E. Tappa (USC) for POC and δ13CPOC data measured in Robert Thunell's lab, and K. Fanning and K. Buck and W. Abbott (USF) for nutrient data. Digna‐Rueda‐Roa, Laura Lorenzoni, and Matt Biddle assisted greatly in getting the data into a format suitable for submission to the BCO‐DMO database. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. This research was supported by grants from NSF (OCE‐1259110 awarded to M. I. S. and G. T. T.; OCE‐1258991 to R. C. T.; OCE‐0326268, OCE‐0963028, OCE‐1259043, and OCE‐1649626 to F. M. K.; and OCE‐1336082 and OCE‐1335436 awarded to V. P. E. and G. T. T., respectively), from Venezuela's FONACIT (2000001702 and 2011000353 to Y. A.), and a WHOI subaward A101259 to M. G. P. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office Metadata landing page for the Cariaco Time series Niskin bottle data is/https://www.bco‐dmo.org/dataset/3093. For the data from our biogeochemistry cruises the BCO‐DMO Metadata landing page is https://ww.bco‐dmo.org/dataset/3120 and for the Time series CTD data is https://www.bco‐dmo.org/dataset/3092. δ13CDIC data are presented in Table S1. Metagenome and metatranscriptome data are available from SRA (accession number PRJNA544741). δ13CPOC data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8214470.v1.
    Beschreibung: 2020-07-30
    Schlagwort(e): Cariaco Basin ; Chemoautotrophy ; Metagenomics ; Carbon isotopes
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  • 15
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    Ciliates along oxyclines of permanently stratified marine water columns (2014)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 61 (2014): 434-445, doi:10.1111/jeu.12122.
    Beschreibung: Studies of microbial communities in areas of the world where permanent marine water column oxyclines exist suggest they are ‘hotspots’ of microbial activity, and that these water features and the anoxic waters below them are inhabited by diverse protist taxa, including ciliates. These communities have minimal taxonomic overlap with those in overlying oxic water columns. Some ciliate taxa have been detected in multiple locations where these stable water column oxyclines exist, however, differences in such factors as hydrochemistry in the habitats that have been studied suggest local selection for distinct communities. We compare published data on ciliate communities from studies of deep marine water column oxyclines in Caricao Basin, Venezuela, and the Black Sea, with data from coastal, shallower oxycline waters in Framvaren and Mariager fjords, and from several deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Putative symbioses between Bacteria, Archaea, and ciliates observed along these oxyclines suggests a strategy of cooperative metabolism for survival that includes chemosynthetic autotrophy and exchanges of metabolic intermediates or end products between hosts and their prokaryotic partners.
    Beschreibung: Edgcomb’s Cariaco work was a collaboration with G. Taylor (Stony Brook U.) and S. Epstein (Northeastern U.) (MCB-0348407 to VE), her DHAB work was a collaboration with J.M. Bernhard (WHOI), K. Kormas (U. Thessaly), M. Yakimov (CNRS), and T. Stoeck (U. Kaiserslautern) (NSF OCE-0849578 to VE and JMB).
    Beschreibung: 2015-05-07
    Schlagwort(e): Ciliate ; Oxycline ; Marine ; Water column ; Permanently-stratified
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 16
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    Fungal and prokaryotic activities in the marine subsurface biosphere at Peru Margin and Canterbury Basin inferred from RNA-based analyses and microscopy (2016)
    Fromtiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 7 (2016): 846, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00846.
    Beschreibung: The deep sedimentary biosphere, extending 100s of meters below the seafloor harbors unexpected diversity of Bacteria, Archaea, and microbial eukaryotes. Far less is known about microbial eukaryotes in subsurface habitats, albeit several studies have indicated that fungi dominate microbial eukaryotic communities and fungal molecular signatures (of both yeasts and filamentous forms) have been detected in samples as deep as 1740 mbsf. Here, we compare and contrast fungal ribosomal RNA gene signatures and whole community metatranscriptomes present in sediment core samples from 6 and 95 mbsf from Peru Margin site 1229A and from samples from 12 and 345 mbsf from Canterbury Basin site U1352. The metatranscriptome analyses reveal higher relative expression of amino acid and peptide transporters in the less nutrient rich Canterbury Basin sediments compared to the nutrient rich Peru Margin, and higher expression of motility genes in the Peru Margin samples. Higher expression of genes associated with metals transporters and antibiotic resistance and production was detected in Canterbury Basin sediments. A poly-A focused metatranscriptome produced for the Canterbury Basin sample from 345 mbsf provides further evidence for active fungal communities in the subsurface in the form of fungal-associated transcripts for metabolic and cellular processes, cell and membrane functions, and catalytic activities. Fungal communities at comparable depths at the two geographically separated locations appear dominated by distinct taxa. Differences in taxonomic composition and expression of genes associated with particular metabolic activities may be a function of sediment organic content as well as oceanic province. Microscopic analysis of Canterbury Basin sediment samples from 4 and 403 mbsf produced visualizations of septate fungal filaments, branching fungi, conidiogenesis, and spores. These images provide another important line of evidence supporting the occurrence and activity of fungi in the deep subseafloor biosphere.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by Deep Carbon Observatory subaward #48550 to VE, and NSF Center for Deep Energy Biosphere Investigations (CDEBI) grant OCE-0939564 to VE and GB. GB was also supported by the European project MaCuMBA (Marine Microorganisms: Cultivation Methods for Improving Their Biotechnological Applications, FP7, Grant agreement number 311975).
    Schlagwort(e): Metatranscriptome ; iTAG ; Fungi ; Calcofluor white ; Sediment ; rRNA operon ; mRNA ; DNA
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  • 17
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    Single cell genomics-based analysis of gene content and expression of prophages in a diffuse-flow deep-sea hydrothermal system (2019)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Labonte, J. M., Pachiadaki, M., Fergusson, E., McNichol, J., Grosche, A., Gulmann, L. K., Vetriani, C., Sievert, S. M., & Stepanauskas, R. Single cell genomics-based analysis of gene content and expression of prophages in a diffuse-flow deep-sea hydrothermal system. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, (2019): 1262, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01262.
    Beschreibung: Phage–host interactions likely play a major role in the composition and functioning of many microbiomes, yet remain poorly understood. Here, we employed single cell genomics to investigate phage–host interactions in a diffuse-flow, low-temperature hydrothermal vent that may be reflective of a broadly distributed biosphere in the subseafloor. We identified putative prophages in 13 of 126 sequenced single amplified genomes (SAGs), with no evidence for lytic infections, which is in stark contrast to findings in the surface ocean. Most were distantly related to known prophages, while their hosts included bacterial phyla Campylobacterota, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Proteobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Spirochaetes, and Thermotogae. Our results suggest the predominance of lysogeny over lytic interaction in diffuse-flow, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, despite the high activity of the dominant Campylobacteria that would favor lytic infections. We show that some of the identified lysogens have co-evolved with their host over geological time scales and that their genes are transcribed in the environment. Functional annotations of lysogeny-related genes suggest involvement in horizontal gene transfer enabling host’s protection against toxic metals and antibacterial compounds.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity Program [OCE-1136488 (to RS), OCE-1136727 (to SMS) and OCE-1136451 (to CV)], as well as DEB-1441717 and OCE-1335810 (to RS), and the DOE JGI CSP project 1477.
    Schlagwort(e): prophages ; single cell genomics ; phage life cycle ; hydrothermal vent ; lysogeny
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 18
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    Hiding in plain sight: the globally distributed bacterial candidate phylum PAUC34f (2020)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chen, M. L., Becraft, E. D., Pachiadaki, M., Brown, J. M., Jarett, J. K., Gasol, J. M., Ravin, N. V., Moser, D. P., Nunoura, T., Herndl, G. J., Woyke, T., & Stepanauskas, R. Hiding in plain sight: the globally distributed bacterial candidate phylum PAUC34f. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, (2020): 376, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00376.
    Beschreibung: Bacterial candidate phylum PAUC34f was originally discovered in marine sponges and is widely considered to be composed of sponge symbionts. Here, we report 21 single amplified genomes (SAGs) of PAUC34f from a variety of environments, including the dark ocean, lake sediments, and a terrestrial aquifer. The diverse origins of the SAGs and the results of metagenome fragment recruitment suggest that some PAUC34f lineages represent relatively abundant, free-living cells in environments other than sponge microbiomes, including the deep ocean. Both phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns, as well as genome content analyses suggest that PAUC34f associations with hosts evolved independently multiple times, while free-living lineages of PAUC34f are distinct and relatively abundant in a wide range of environments.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the United States National Science Foundation grants 1460861 (REU site at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), 1441717, 1335810, and 1232982 to RS, and the Simons Foundation (Life Sciences Project Award ID 510023) to RS. NR was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia. GH was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project ARTEMIS (P28781-B21) and the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC (Grant Agreement No. 268595). JG was supported by Spanish project RTI2018-101025-B-I00. TW and JJ were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
    Schlagwort(e): microbial ecology ; uncultivated bacteria ; microbial genomics ; dark ocean ; host-association
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  • 19
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    Impacts of deep-sea mining on microbial ecosystem services (2020)
    Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Orcutt, B. N., Bradley, J. A., Brazelton, W. J., Estes, E. R., Goordial, J. M., Huber, J. A., Jones, R. M., Mahmoudi, N., Marlow, J. J., Murdock, S., & Pachiadaki, M. Impacts of deep-sea mining on microbial ecosystem services. Limnology and Oceanography, 65(7), (2020): 1489-1510, doi:10.1002/lno.11403.
    Beschreibung: Interest in extracting mineral resources from the seafloor through deep‐sea mining has accelerated in the past decade, driven by consumer demand for various metals like zinc, cobalt, and rare earth elements. While there are ongoing studies evaluating potential environmental impacts of deep‐sea mining activities, these focus primarily on impacts to animal biodiversity. The microscopic spectrum of seafloor life and the services that this life provides in the deep sea are rarely considered explicitly. In April 2018, scientists met to define the microbial ecosystem services that should be considered when assessing potential impacts of deep‐sea mining, and to provide recommendations for how to evaluate and safeguard these services. Here, we indicate that the potential impacts of mining on microbial ecosystem services in the deep sea vary substantially, from minimal expected impact to loss of services that cannot be remedied by protected area offsets. For example, we (1) describe potential major losses of microbial ecosystem services at active hydrothermal vent habitats impacted by mining, (2) speculate that there could be major ecosystem service degradation at inactive massive sulfide deposits without extensive mitigation efforts, (3) suggest minor impacts to carbon sequestration within manganese nodule fields coupled with potentially important impacts to primary production capacity, and (4) surmise that assessment of impacts to microbial ecosystem services at seamounts with ferromanganese crusts is too poorly understood to be definitive. We conclude by recommending that baseline assessments of microbial diversity, biomass, and, importantly, biogeochemical function need to be considered in environmental impact assessments of deep‐sea mining.
    Beschreibung: The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C‐DEBI, funded by the US National Science Foundation award OIA‐0939564) and the Deep Carbon Observatory at the Carnegie Institution of Washington (funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, CIW subaward 10693‐03) are gratefully acknowledged for their funding support for the workshop and development and publication of this article.
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  • 20
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    A review of protist grazing below the photic zone emphasizing studies of oxygen-depleted water columns and recent applications of in situ approaches (2017)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 4 (2017): 105, doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00105.
    Beschreibung: Little is still known of the impacts of protist grazing on bacterioplankton communities in the dark ocean. Furthermore, the accuracy of assessments of in situ microbial activities, including protist grazing, can be affected by sampling artifacts introduced during sample retrieval and downstream manipulations. Potential artifacts may be increased when working with deep-sea samples or samples from chemically unique water columns such as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). OMZs are oxygen-depleted regions in the ocean, where oxygen concentrations can drop to 〈20 μM. These regions are typically located near eastern boundary upwelling systems and currently occur in waters occupying below about 8% of total ocean surface area, representing ~1% of the ocean's volume. OMZs have a profound impact not only on the distribution of marine Metazoa, but also on the composition and activities of microbial communities at the base of marine food webs. Here we present an overview of current knowledge of protist phagotrophy below the photic zone, emphasizing studies of oxygen-depleted waters and presenting results of the first attempt to implement new technology for conducting these incubation studies completely in situ (the Microbial Sampling- Submersible Incubation Device, MS-SID). We performed 24-h incubation experiments in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ. This preliminary study shows that up to 28% of bacterial biomass may be consumed by protists in waters where oxygen concentrations were down to ~4.8 μM and up to 13% at a station with nitrite accumulation where oxygen concentrations were undetectable. Results also show that shipboard measurements of grazing rates were lower than rates measured from the same water using the MS-SID, suggesting that in situ experiments help to minimize artifacts that may be introduced when conducting incubation studies using waters collected from below the photic zone, particularly from oxygen-depleted regions of the water column.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the Agouron Institute, grant AI-M010.16.1 WHO to OU, M. Sullivan, and VE, and the Millenium Science Initiative, grant IC 120019. Ship time was provided the Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) grant AUB 150006/12806.
    Schlagwort(e): OMZ ; Phagotrophy ; In situ technology ; Incubation studies ; ETSP ; Eastern Tropical South Pacific OMZ
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