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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
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    A Composite Life Cycle of Nonsquall Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Tropical Ocean. Part I: Kinematic Fields
    American Meteorological Society ; 1985
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 42, No. 8 ( 1985-04), p. 823-838
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 42, No. 8 ( 1985-04), p. 823-838
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042〈0823:ACLCON〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 1985
    ZDB Id: 218351-1
    ZDB Id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
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    Observations of SST-Induced Perturbations of the Wind Stress Field over the Southern Ocean on Seasonal Timescales
    American Meteorological Society ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 16, No. 14 ( 2003-07-15), p. 2340-2354
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 16, No. 14 ( 2003-07-15), p. 2340-2354
    Kurzfassung: The surface wind stress response to sea surface temperature (SST) over the latitude range 30°–60°S in the Southern Ocean is described from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's QuikSCAT scatterometer observations of wind stress and Reynolds analyses of SST during the 2-yr period August 1999 to July 2001. While ocean–atmosphere coupling at midlatitudes has previously been documented from several case studies, this is the first study to quantify this relation over the entire Southern Ocean. The spatial structures of the surface wind perturbations with wavelengths shorter than 10° latitude by 30° longitude are closely related to persistent spatial variations of the SST field on the same scales. The wind stress curl and divergence are shown to be linearly related, respectively, to the crosswind and downwind components of the SST gradient. The curl response has a magnitude only about half that of the divergence response. This observed coupling is consistent with the hypothesis that SST modification of marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) stability affects vertical turbulent mixing of momentum, inducing perturbations in the surface winds. The nonequivalence between the responses of the curl and divergence to the crosswind and downwind SST gradients suggests that secondary circulations in the MABL may also play an important role by producing significant perturbations in the surface wind field near SST fronts that are distinct from the vertical turbulent transfer of momentum. The importance of the wind stress curl in driving Ekman vertical velocity in the open ocean implies that the coupling between winds and SST may have important feedback effects on upper ocean processes near SST fronts.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2780.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2003
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
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  • 3
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    The Amplification of East Pacific Madden–Julian Oscillation Convection and Wind Anomalies during June–November
    American Meteorological Society ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 16, No. 21 ( 2003-11), p. 3482-3497
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 16, No. 21 ( 2003-11), p. 3482-3497
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016〈3482:TAOEPM〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2003
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
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  • 4
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    Numerical Simulation of Boundary Layer Structure and Cross-Equatorial Flow in the Eastern Pacific*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 62, No. 6 ( 2005-06-01), p. 1812-1830
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 62, No. 6 ( 2005-06-01), p. 1812-1830
    Kurzfassung: Recent observations from spaceborne microwave sensors have revealed detailed structure of the surface flow over the equatorial eastern Pacific in the boreal fall season. A marked acceleration of surface wind across the northern sea surface temperature (SST) front of the cold tongue is a prominent feature of the regional climate. Previous studies have attributed the acceleration to the effect of enhanced momentum mixing over the warmer waters. A high-resolution numerical model is used to examine the cross-frontal flow adjustment. In a comprehensive comparison, the model agrees well with many observed features of cross-equatorial flow and boundary layer structure from satellite, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moorings, and the recent Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes (EPIC) campaign. In particular, the model simulates the acceleration across the SST front, and the change from a stable to unstable boundary layer. Analysis of the model momentum budget indicates that the hydrostatic pressure gradient, set up in response to the SST gradient, drives the surface northward acceleration. Because of thermal advection by the mean southerly flow, the pressure gradient is located downstream of the SST gradient and consequently, divergence occurs over the SST front, as observed by satellite. Pressure gradients also act to change the vertical shear of the wind as the front is crossed. However, the model underpredicts the changes in vertical wind shear across the front, relative to the EPIC observations. It is suggested that the vertical transfer of momentum by mixing, a mechanism described by Wallace et al. may also act to enhance the change in shear in the observations, but the model does not simulate this effect. Reasons for this are discussed.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS3433.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2005
    ZDB Id: 218351-1
    ZDB Id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    The Dynamics of the ENSO–Atlantic Hurricane Teleconnection: ENSO-Related Changes to the North African–Asian Jet Affect Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclogenesis
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 22, No. 9 ( 2009-05-01), p. 2458-2482
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 22, No. 9 ( 2009-05-01), p. 2458-2482
    Kurzfassung: The nature of the teleconnection linking ENSO variability with Atlantic basin tropical storm formation is investigated. Solutions of the linearized barotropic vorticity equation forced with August–October El Niño event divergence produce upper-tropospheric vorticity anomalies over the Sahel and at the mouth of the North African–Asian (NAA) jet over the tropical Atlantic. These responses are similar in magnitude and orientation to observed ENSO vorticity variability for this region. Further investigation reveals that the vorticity anomalies over the subtropical Atlantic develop primarily in response to very low wavenumber, westward-propagating stationary Rossby waves excited by El Niño–related convective activity over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. However, the dynamics of this teleconnection change as the Atlantic basin hurricane season progresses. In August and September the response is dominated by the westward-propagating stationary Rossby waves that alter vorticity within the NAA jet and to its south. The upper-tropospheric nondivergent zonal wind anomalies produced by these vorticity anomalies are similar in pattern to observed zonal wind and vertical zonal wind shear anomalies, which suppress Atlantic basin tropical cyclogenesis. By October, eastward-propagating signals also develop over the tropical Atlantic Ocean in response to El Niño conditions. Over the main development region of Atlantic basin tropical cyclogenesis, these eastward-propagating Rossby waves appear to destructively interfere with the vorticity changes produced by the westward-propagating Rossby waves within the NAA jet. In addition, the NAA jet has shifted south by October. Consequently, the resultant upper-tropospheric nondivergent zonal wind perturbations for October are weak and suggest that ENSO should have little effect on rates of Atlantic basin tropical cyclogenesis during October. Statistical analyses of monthly ENSO-related changes in Atlantic basin tropical storm formation support this hypothesis.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2360.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2009
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
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  • 6
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    Covariability of Surface Wind and Stress Responses to Sea Surface Temperature Fronts
    American Meteorological Society ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 25, No. 17 ( 2012-09-01), p. 5916-5942
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 25, No. 17 ( 2012-09-01), p. 5916-5942
    Kurzfassung: The responses of surface wind and wind stress to spatial variations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using satellite observations of the surface wind from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. This analysis considers the 7-yr period June 2002–May 2009 during which both instruments were operating. Attention is focused in the Kuroshio, North and South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Since scatterometer wind stresses are computed solely as a nonlinear function of the scatterometer-derived 10-m equivalent neutral wind speed (ENW), qualitatively similar responses of the stress and ENW to SST are expected. However, the responses are found to be more complicated on the oceanic mesoscale. First, the stress and ENW are both approximately linearly related to SST, despite a nonlinear relationship between them. Second, the stress response to SST is 2 to 5 times stronger during winter compared to summer, while the ENW response to SST exhibits relatively little seasonal variability. Finally, the stress response to SST can be strong in regions where the ENW response is weak and vice versa. A straightforward algebraic manipulation shows that the stress perturbations are directly proportional to the ENW perturbations multiplied by a nonlinear function of the ambient large-scale ENW. This proportionality explains why both the stress and ENW depend linearly on the mesoscale SST perturbations, while the dependence of the stress perturbations on the ambient large-scale ENW explains both the seasonal pulsing and the geographic variability of the stress response to SST compared with the less variable ENW response.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2012
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Air–Sea Heat Exchange along the Northern Sea Surface Temperature Front in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
    American Meteorological Society ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2002-12), p. 3361-3378
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2002-12), p. 3361-3378
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015〈3361:ASHEAT〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2002
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Enhancement of Tropical Ocean Evaporation and Sensible Heat Flux by Atmospheric Mesoscale Systems
    American Meteorological Society ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 2307-2325
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 2307-2325
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009〈2307:EOTOEA〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 1996
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
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  • 9
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    Observations of Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
    American Meteorological Society ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2001-04), p. 1479-1498
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2001-04), p. 1479-1498
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014〈1479:OOCBSW〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2001
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    High-Resolution Satellite Measurements of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to SST Variations along the Agulhas Return Current
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2005-07-15), p. 2706-2723
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2005-07-15), p. 2706-2723
    Kurzfassung: The marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) response to sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations with wavelengths shorter than 30° longitude by 10° latitude along the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) is described from the first year of SST and cloud liquid water (CLW) measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite and surface wind stress measurements from the QuikSCAT scatterometer. AMSR measurements of SST at a resolution of 58 km considerably improves upon a previous analysis that used the Reynolds SST analyses, which underestimate the short-scale SST gradient magnitude over the ARC region by more than a factor of 5. The AMSR SST data thus provide the first quantitatively accurate depiction of the SST-induced MABL response along the ARC. Warm (cold) SST perturbations produce positive (negative) wind stress magnitude perturbations, leading to short-scale perturbations in the wind stress curl and divergence fields that are linearly related to the crosswind and downwind components of the SST gradient, respectively. The magnitudes of the curl and divergence responses vary seasonally and spatially with a response nearly twice as strong during the winter than during the summer along a zonal band between 40° and 50°S. These seasonal variations closely correspond to seasonal and spatial variability of large-scale MABL stability and surface sensible heat flux estimated from NCEP reanalysis fields. SST-induced deepening of the MABL over warm water is evident in AMSR measurements of CLW. Typical annual mean differences in cloud thickness between cold and warm SST perturbations are estimated to be about 300 m.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3415.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2005
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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