Note: Front Cover -- EARTHWORM TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT -- EARTHWORM TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- 1 - Earthworm-associated bacterial community and its role in organic waste decomposition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Earthworms -- 3. Pollutant degradation mechanisms in vermicomposting -- 4. Bacterial diversity in the alimentary canal -- 5. Vermicast -- 5.1 Physical properties -- 5.2 Microbial properties -- 6. Vermiwash -- 7. Molecular techniques to detect earthworm gut microbes -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 - How do earthworms affect the microbial community during vermicomposting for organic waste recycling? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Earthworm-microorganism interactions: Selectivity and diet -- 2.1 Bacteria -- 2.2 Fungi -- 2.3 Protozoa -- 3. Microbial abundance and diversity changes during vermicomposting -- 4. Microbial structural changes during vermicomposting -- 5. Microbial functional changes during vermicomposting -- 6. Substate effects on bacterial community during vermicomposting -- 7. Physicochemical properties affecting microbial changes during vermicomposting -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Exploring the transfer and transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in vermifiltration for domestic w ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and methods -- 2.1 Experimental setup and operation -- 2.2 Chemical analysis and sludge yield coefficient calculation -- 2.3 Sample pretreatment and extraction -- 2.4 Sequential solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 2.5 GC/MS analysis -- 2.6 FT-IR spectrum analysis -- 2.7 Three-dimensional fluorescence analyses for water-extractable organic matter -- 2.8 Data analysis -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Determination of 16 EPAs originating in sewage. , 3.2 Total removal performance of 16 PAHs by vermifiltration -- 3.3 Transferring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during vermifiltration treatment -- 3.4 Insights into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal based on molecular weight -- 3.5 Stabilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste sludge -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Vermiremediation of organic wastes: vermicompost as a powerful plant growth promoter -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vermicompost and its production -- 2.1 Factors influencing vermicomposting -- 2.1.1 pH -- 2.1.2 Moisture -- 2.1.3 C:N ratio -- 2.1.4 Temperature -- 2.2 Microbial community in vermicomposting -- 3. Vermicompost as a plant growth promoter -- 3.1 Stimulation of plant growth using vermicompost infused with beneficial microbes -- 3.2 Stimulation of plant growth by humic substances -- 4. Vermicompost as a plant disease suppression and pest control -- 5. Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Vermiremediation of plant agro waste to recover residual nutrients and improve crop productivity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vermiremediation technology -- 2.1 Basic process -- 2.1.1 Vermiaccumulation and vermiextraction -- 2.1.2 Vermitransformation -- 2.1.3 Drilodegradation -- 2.2 Vermiremediation for a cleaner environment and sustainable agriculture (nutrient amendment and degradation of toxins throug ... -- 3. Activity of suitable earthworm species and their associated microbes in composting and remediation -- 3.1 Earthworm species (Perionyx ceylanensis, Metaphire posthuma, Perionyx excavatus, Polypheretima elongata, Eudrilus eugeniae, ... -- 3.2 Structural and functional profiling of microbial diversity in the compost -- 4. Vermiremediation of different plant agro waste -- 4.1 Green manure amended pressmud -- 4.2 Patchouli bagasse mixed with cow dung. , 4.3 Jute mill waste -- 4.4 Lantana camara biomass -- 4.5 Vegetable waste and tree leaves -- 4.6 Pineapple waste -- 4.7 Waste biomass of medicinal herbs mixed with cow dung -- 4.8 Coir pith -- 4.9 Spent mushroom substrate combined with agro-residues -- 4.10 Leafy waste of cauliflower and cabbage -- 4.11 Distillation waste of Citronella plant -- 4.12 Lignocellulosic green waste of Saccharum spontaenum -- 4.13 Cassava peel waste -- 4.14 Banana crop waste -- 4.15 Sugarcane trash -- 4.16 Wetland plant waste -- 4.17 Crop residues -- 4.18 Coffee pulp -- 4.19 Oil palm empty fruit bunch -- 4.20 Water hyacinth and Salvinia sp -- 5. Different properties of plant agro waste compost -- 5.1 Biocidal properties of plant compost -- 5.1.1 Bacterial pathogen inhibition by Lantana compost -- 5.1.2 Tea-based compost inhibits the growth of Rhizoctonia solani in potato plants -- 5.2 Vermicompost's impact on various crop yields -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 6 - Biochemical alterations of vermicompost produced from Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and cattle dung -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and methods -- 2.1 Work site -- 2.2 Setting up units -- 2.3 Data collection and analyses -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Electrical conductivity -- 3.2 pH -- 3.3 Organic carbon -- 3.4 Nitrogen -- 3.5 Phosphate -- 3.6 Potassium -- 3.7 Calcium -- 3.8 Magnesium -- 3.9 Economic analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 7 - Use of vermicompost and vermiwash for the growth and production of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): A ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Vermicompost -- 1.2 Vermiwash -- 1.3 Soil properties and impact of vermicompost and vermiwash -- 1.4 Impact of vermicompost and vermiwash on plant growth parameters and productivity -- 1.5 Cultivation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) -- 2. Materials and methods. , 2.1 Vermiwash production -- 2.1.1 Earthworm collection -- 2.1.2 Establishment of vermiwash units -- 2.1.3 Experimental design -- 2.1.4 Observation and measurements -- 2.1.5 Physicochemical analysis -- 2.2 Crop cultivation (tomatoes) -- 2.2.1 Experimental design -- 2.2.2 Sowing to transplanting -- 2.2.3 Fertilization -- 2.2.4 Data collection -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Vermicompost: physicochemical properties -- 3.2 Vermiwash: physicochemical properties -- 3.3 Cultivation of tomato plants -- 3.3.1 Climatic conditions -- 3.4 Soil: physicochemical properties -- 3.5 Greenhouse experiment -- 3.5.1 Plant height -- 3.5.2 Stem thickness -- 3.5.3 Biomass and root length -- 3.5.4 Production -- 3.6 Field trials -- 3.6.1 Plant height -- 3.6.2 Stem thickness -- 3.7 Biomass and root length -- 3.7.1 Production -- 4. Overall discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 8 - Earthworm mediated amelioration of heavy metals from solid organic waste: an ecotechnological approach toward v ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of heavy metals in organic waste -- 2.1 Agricultural sources -- 2.1.1 Fertilizer -- 2.1.2 Pesticides -- 2.2 Biosolids -- 2.3 Industrial sources -- 3. Different methods applied for heavy metal removal from solid organic waste: a review of phytoremediation -- 3.1 Phytoextraction -- 3.2 Phytostabilization/phytoimmobilization -- 3.3 Phytovolatilization -- 3.4 Phytodegradation -- 3.5 Rhizodegradation -- 4. Role of vermitechnology in reduction of heavy metal load: a case study using paper mill wastes -- 5. Role of microbes in remediation of heavy metals -- 6. Mechanisms involved in combating heavy metal stress in earthworms -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 9 - Vermicomposting as a tool for removal of heavy metal contaminants from soil and water environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vermicomposting process and raw materials used. , 2.1 Composting -- 2.2 Harvesting of the product -- 3. Importance of vermicomposting -- 4. Vermicomposting for removal of metal ions from- -- 4.1 Detoxification of industrial wastes/sludges using earthworms -- 4.2 Removal of metals by vermicomposting from municipal solid waste -- 4.3 Vermicomposting to remove metal ions from polluted soil -- 4.4 Vermicomposting for wastewater sludge treatment -- 5. Vermicomposting for breaking down of heavy metal in organic pollutants -- 5.1 Immobilization -- 5.2 Reduction -- 5.3 Volatilization -- 5.4 Modification of the rhizosphere -- 6. Safe disposal of metal-enriched compost -- 6.1 Vermiaccumulation -- 6.2 Vermitransformation -- 6.3 Vermidegradation -- 7. Strategies for improving vermiremediation -- 8. Precaution to be taken during vermiremediation -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Earthworms and microplastics: Transport from sewage sludge to soil, antibiotic-resistant genes, and soil remed ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Microplastics in sewage sludge and soil -- 1.2 Presence of antibiotic resistance genes in soil -- 1.3 Earthworms as targets of exposure to contamination and as tools for soil remediation -- 2. Microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes -- 2.1 Co-transport from sewage sludge to and within the soil -- 2.2 Effects on soil systems -- 2.2.1 Effects on earthworms and other soil invertebrates -- 2.2.2 Effects on plants -- 2.2.3 Effects on the soil microbiome -- 3. Impact of earthworms on microplastics and antibiotic resistance -- 3.1 Earthworm-mediated microplastic degradation -- 3.2 Impact of vermicomposting on antibiotic resistance genes -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 - Instrumental characterization of matured vermicompost produced from organic waste -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Characteristic of mature vermicompost: a brief overview. , 3. Traditional methods for understanding vermicompost maturity.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Introduction to Wastewater and Remediation Technologies -- 1. Wastewater Pollution, Toxicity Profile, and Their Treatment Approaches: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Unique Properties of Water Available Globally -- 1.2.1 Biological Properties and Clinical Benefits of Water -- 1.2.2 Physical Properties of Water -- 1.2.3 The Chemical Properties of Water -- 1.3 World's Water Resources and Their Distribution -- 1.4 Water Pollution -- 1.5 The Global Water Pollution -- 1.6 Water Pollution in India -- 1.7 Major Water Pollutants -- 1.8 An Understanding of Wastewater Treatment Methods -- 1.9 Waste Water Pollutants and Their Treatment Approaches with Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials -- 1.10 Role of Nanoparticles in Water Decontamination -- 1.11 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2. Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach Towards Clean Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Toxicity of the Pollutants to Living Beings and the Environment -- 2.3 Bioremediation -- 2.4 Approaches of Bioremediation -- 2.4.1 In-Situ Bioremediation -- 2.4.1.1 Biosparging -- 2.4.1.2 Bioslurping -- 2.4.1.3 Bioventing -- 2.4.1.4 Biostimulation -- 2.4.1.5 Bioaugmentation -- 2.4.1.6 Biopiling -- 2.4.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation -- 2.4.2.1 Composting -- 2.4.2.2 Land Farming -- 2.4.2.3 Biopiles -- 2.5 Phytoremediation -- 2.5.1 Phytoextraction/Phytoaccumulation -- 2.5.2 Phytostabilization -- 2.5.2.1 Biochar -- 2.5.3 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation -- 2.5.4 Phytovolatization -- 2.5.5 Phytofiltration/Rhizofiltration -- 2.5.6 Phytorestauration -- 2.5.6.1 Advantages of Using Phytoremediation -- 2.6 Microorganisms in Bioremediation -- 2.6.1 Biomining -- 2.6.2 Biooxidation. , 2.6.3 Enzyme Mediated Bioremediation -- 2.7 Bioreactor-Based Bioremediation -- 2.8 Role of Biosurfactants in Bioremediation -- 2.9 Application of Metagenomics in Bioremediation -- 2.10 Constraints in Bioremediation -- 2.11 Conclusion -- 2.12 Future Scope -- References -- 3. Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell Technology During Wastewater Treatment: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cells' Operational Mechanism -- 3.3 Various Designs and Operations of Constructed Wetlands -- 3.4 Factors Affecting the Operational Mechanisms -- 3.4.1 Electrode Material and Separators -- 3.4.2 Anode Materials -- 3.4.3 Cathode Materials -- 3.4.4 Separator -- 3.4.5 Types of Substrates -- 3.4.6 Constructed Wetland Plants -- 3.5 Application of Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cells -- 3.6 Advancement in Constructed Wetlands by Integration of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 3.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) for a Sustainable Environment: A Promising Biotechnological Tool -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microbial Bioremediation Is Influenced by a Variety of Factors -- 4.2.1 Biological Factors -- 4.2.1.1 Environmental Factors -- 4.3 Types of Bio-Remediation -- 4.3.1 Bio-Stimulation -- 4.3.2 Bioaugmentation -- 4.3.3 Biovent -- 4.3.4 Biopiles -- 4.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioremediation -- 4.4.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 4.4.2 Laccase -- 4.4.3 Dehydrogenase -- 4.4.4 Hydrolase -- 4.5 Examples of Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms and Biodegradation -- 4.5.1 Branched-Chain Aromatics -- 4.5.1.1 Pseudomonas Putida Plasmid TOL Pathway -- 4.5.2 Chlorinated Compounds -- 4.5.2.1 Chlorobenzoate -- 4.5.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Chlorinated Biphenyls -- 4.5.2.3 Trichlorethylene (TCE). , 4.6 Recombinant DNA (r DNA) Technology for Microorganisms in Bioremediation -- 4.7 Bioremediation Potential -- 4.8 Bioremediation Impact on Human and Environmental Health -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5. Performance of Anammox in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Recent Advances and Future Prospects -- 5.1 Introduction of Anammox -- 5.2 Contribution of Anammox in the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) -- 5.3 Industrial Wastewater Characteristic -- 5.3.1 Biological Nitrogen Removal Treatments in Industrial Wastewater -- 5.3.1.1 Conventional Nitrification-Denitrification Process -- 5.3.1.2 Nitritation-Denitritation Process -- 5.3.1.3 Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process -- 5.4 Anammox in Industrial Wastewater -- 5.5 Challenges -- 5.6 The Opportunity and Future Prospects -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6. Vermifiltration Technology: Earthworm Assisted Green Technology for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Vermifiltration Technology -- 6.2.1 Earthworms: Earth's Trash Managers -- 6.2.2 Design of the Vermifilter -- 6.2.3 Types of Earthworms -- 6.2.4 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) -- 6.3 Mechanism of Vermifiltration Technology for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Integration of Earthworms in Other Nature-Based Solutions -- 6.5 Case Studies -- 6.5.1 Integration of Constructed Wetlands with Vermifilter to Treat Feedlot Runoff Wastewater - A Case Study in the US -- 6.5.2 Integration of Vermifiltration and Hydroponic System for Swine Wastewater Treatment - A Case Study in Portugal (Ispolnov et al., 2021) -- 6.5.3 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bhubaneshwar on Macrophyte Assisted Vermifilter for Dairy Wastewater (Samal et al., 2018) -- 6.5.4 Earthworms Help in Dealing with the Clogging Issue of HSFCWs - A Case Study of Australia. , 6.5.5 Potential Effects of Applying Earthworms Into Constructed Wetlands Ecosystem - A Case Study in Thailand -- 6.5.6 INNOQUA Project (2020) -- 6.6 Advantages of the Integration -- References -- 7. Amalgamation of Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell Systems as a Sustainable Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell -- 7.2.1 Constructed Wetlands and Its Removal Mechanism -- 7.2.1.1 Removal Mechanism in CW -- 7.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell and Its Removal Mechanism -- 7.2.3 Integration of CW-MFC -- 7.3 Design Considerations in Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell -- 7.3.1 Vegetation in CWs -- 7.3.2 Substrate -- 7.3.3 Materials of Electrode -- 7.3.4 Impacts of Vegetation and Media on Electricity Production -- 7.4 Current Scenario and Advancement in CW-MFCs -- 7.4.1 Use of Integrated CW-MFC for Various Wastewater Treatment -- 7.4.2 Resource Recovery Options from Integrated CW-MFCs -- 7.4.3 Comparison of CW-MFC with Other Treatment Technologies -- 7.5 Future Scope and Challenges -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Abbreviation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Indigenous Microorganisms: An Effective In-Situ Tool to Mitigate Organic Pollutants from Contaminated Sites -- 8.1 Occurrence of Organic Contaminants -- 8.2 Conventional Techniques for Remediation -- 8.3 Indigenous Microorganisms for Remediation -- 8.4 Bioremediation Prospects: In-Situ and Ex-Situ -- 8.4.1 Bioattenuation: Natural Method of Degradation -- 8.4.2 Biostimulation: Input of Correct Nutrient Ratio -- 8.4.3 Bioaugmentation: When Locals Take Up the Task? -- 8.5 Advanced Technologies to Improve In-Situ Remediation -- 8.5.1 Genetically Modified Microbes (GEMs) -- 8.5.2 Biofilm/Bio-Surfactants Formation -- 8.5.2.1 Biofilm Formation -- 8.5.2.2 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.5.3 Nano-Bioremediation. , 8.5.4 Metagenomics Approach -- 8.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9. Bioaugmentation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bioaugmentation -- 9.3 Biochemistry of Bioaugmentation Technique -- 9.3.1 Dehalogenation -- 9.3.2 Fragmentation -- 9.3.3 Mineralization -- 9.3.3.1 Aerobic Mode of Degradation -- 9.3.3.2 Anaerobic Mode of Degradation -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Bioaugmentation -- 9.4.1 Water Quality -- 9.4.2 Temperature -- 9.4.3 pH -- 9.4.4 Organic Matter -- 9.4.5 Redox Potential and Oxygen Content -- 9.4.6 Nutrients -- 9.4.7 Plant Root Exudates -- 9.5 Bioaugmentation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 9.5.1 Bioaugmentation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 9.5.1.1 Bacterial Mechanisms of PAH Metabolism -- 9.5.1.2 Fungal Mechanisms of PAH Metabolism -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10. Microbial Biofilms for Efficient Biological Wastewater Treatment: Mechanisms, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation -- 10.2.1 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) -- 10.2.2 Quorum Sensing in Biofilm Formation -- 10.2.3 Different Approaches for Studying Biofilm Development -- 10.3 Factors Influencing Biofilm Development -- 10.3.1 Abiotic Factors -- 10.3.2 Surface Topography -- 10.3.3 Velocity and Turbulence -- 10.3.4 Biotic Factors -- 10.4 Biofilm Technologies in Wastewater Treatment -- 10.4.1 Trickling Filters -- 10.4.2 Rotating Biological Contactor -- 10.4.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor -- 10.4.4 Biofilm Airlift Suspension Reactors -- 10.4.5 Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor -- 10.4.6 Biofilm-Based Membrane Bioreactors -- 10.5 Nutrient Removal in Wastewater Treatment System by Biofilm Technologies -- 10.5.1 Nitrogen Removal -- 10.5.2 Phosphorous Removal. , 10.6 High Strength, Recalcitrant Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Technologies.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Comprehensive Array of Ample Analytical Strategies for Characterization of Nanomaterials -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Overview of Physiochemical Characteristics of Nanomaterials -- 1.3 Size -- 1.3.1 Morphology -- 1.3.2 Surface Properties -- 1.3.3 Composition and Purity -- 1.3.4 Stability -- 1.4 Techniques for Physicochemical Characterization of NPs -- 1.4.1 Microscopic Techniques -- 1.4.1.1 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) -- 1.4.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 1.4.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 1.4.1.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) -- 1.4.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 1.4.2 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.4.2.1 Optical Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.2 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) -- 1.4.2.5 Confocal Correlation Spectroscopy (CCS) -- 1.4.2.6 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.7 Raman Scattering (RS) -- 1.4.2.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 1.4.2.9 Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 1.4.2.10 Circular Dichroism (CD) -- 1.4.3 Miscellaneous Techniques -- 1.4.3.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) -- 1.4.3.2 Zeta Potential -- 1.4.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 1.4.3.4 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 1.4.3.5 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) -- 1.4.3.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 1.4.3.7 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) -- 1.4.3.8 Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUG) -- 1.4.3.9 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Facile Chemical Fabrication of Designer Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization -- 2.4 Coupling Strategies -- 2.4.1 Covalent Coupling. , 2.4.1.1 Click-Chemistry Approach -- 2.4.2 Noncovalent Coupling -- 2.5 Affinity Interactions -- 2.5.1 Poly(ethylene glycol) -- 2.5.2 Bioconjugation Using Biomolecules -- 2.5.3 Biotin-Avidin -- 2.5.4 DNA/Nucleic Acids -- 2.5.5 Proteins and Peptides -- 2.5.6 Carbohydrates -- 2.5.7 Phospholipids -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Functionalized Nanogold: Its Fabrication and Needs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fabrication of Functionalized Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.1 Physical Techniques of Fabrication -- 3.2.2 Chemical Synthesis Methods for Functionalized Gold -- 3.2.2.1 Citrate Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2.2.2 Thiol-Protected Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.2.3 Polymer-Stabilized Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.2.4 Anisotropic Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.3 Electrochemical and Photochemical Synthesis -- 3.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Properties of Gold Nanostructures -- 3.4 Application of Gold Nanostructures -- 3.4.1 Chemical Sensing -- 3.4.2 Biosensing -- 3.4.3 Catalysis -- 3.4.3.1 Plasmonic Photocatalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications -- 4.1 Nanotechnology -- 4.2 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.4 Publication Scenario on Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis -- 4.4.1 Physical Approaches -- 4.4.2 Chemical Approaches -- 4.4.3 Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.5 Microbe-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.6 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.7 Fungal-Derived Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.8 Superiority of Biological Methods -- 4.9 Silver Nanoparticles from White-Rot Fungi -- 4.10 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis -- 4.11 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi -- 4.12 Intracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi -- 4.13 Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi. , 4.14 Silver Nanoparticles from White-Rot Fungi -- 4.15 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.16 Antimicrobial Activity -- 4.17 Anticandidal Activity -- 4.18 Application of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Fabrics -- 4.19 Anticancer Activity -- 4.20 Nanotechnology in Wood Protection -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Nanostructure Thin Films: Synthesis and Different Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Atomic Layer Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.3 Chemical Bath Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.4 Electrodeposition of Thin Films -- 5.5 Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.6 Successive Ionic Layer Absorption and Reaction Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.7 RF Sputtering Deposition of Thin Films -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Surface Modification for Multifunctional Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes -- 6.2.1 Arc Discharge -- 6.2.2 Laser Ablation (Also Called Laser Vaporization) -- 6.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 6.3 Carbon Nanotube Modification -- 6.3.1 Covalent Modification -- 6.3.1.1 Sidewall and End-T Modification -- 6.3.1.2 Defect Modification -- 6.3.2 Non-Covalent Modification -- 6.3.2.1 Exohedral Modification -- 6.3.2.2 Endohedral Filling Modification -- 6.4 Application -- 6.4.1 Functional Nanocomposite Materials -- 6.4.2 Electronics -- 6.4.3 Biotechnological Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon Dots: Scalable Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Biomedical Application -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Characteristic Properties of Carbon Dots -- 7.3 Synthesis and Application of Carbon Dots -- 7.4 Future Prospects of Carbon Dots -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Investigations on Exotic Forms of Carbon: Nanotubes, Graphene, Fullerene, and Quantum Dots -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Synthesis Methods of Different Carbon Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1 Fullerene -- 8.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 8.2.2.1 Arc Discharge -- 8.2.2.2 Laser Ablation -- 8.2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 8.2.3 Preparation of Graphene -- 8.2.4 Synthesis of CQDs -- 8.3 Our Group's R and D Efforts towards Synthesis and Characterization of CNTs, Graphene, Fullerene, and Quantum Dots -- 8.3.1 Synthesis of CNTs and Fullerene -- 8.3.2 Synthesis of Graphene -- 8.3.3 Synthesis of CQDs -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Nanodiamonds and Other Organic Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Modifications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.1 Structure of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.2 Significant Properties of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.2.1 Physical Properties -- 9.2.2.2 Chemical Properties -- 9.2.2.3 Biological Properties -- 9.2.3 Synthesis of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.3.1 Detonation Synthesis -- 9.2.3.2 Laser-Based Synthesis -- 9.2.3.3 High-Pressure High-Temperature Synthesis -- 9.2.3.4 Ultrasonic Cavitation -- 9.2.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 9.2.4 Purification of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.5 Functionalized Nanodiamonds -- 9.3 Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.1 General Synthetic Approaches for the Fabrication of Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.1.1 Top-Down Approaches -- 9.3.1.2 Bottom-Up Approaches -- 9.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.2.1 Micelles -- 9.3.2.2 Vesicles and Liposomes -- 9.3.2.3 Dendrimers -- 9.3.2.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 9.3.2.5 Polymer-Based Nanostructures -- 9.3.2.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Polymeric Nanoparticles: Preparation and Surface Modification -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Polymers -- 10.3 Polymer Properties -- 10.4 Nanoparticles -- 10.5 Strategies to Functionalize Nanoparticles -- 10.6 Characterizations of Polymeric Nanoparticles -- References. , Chapter 11 Cellulose Fibers and Nanocrystals: Preparation, Characterization, and Surface Modification -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Cellulose Fibers: Structure and Chemistry -- 11.3 Cellulose Sources -- 11.4 Cellulose Isolation Methods -- 11.4.1 Cellulose from Lignocellulosic Materials -- 11.4.2 Cellulose from Animals, Algae, and Bacteria -- 11.5 Overview of Cellulose Nanofibers -- 11.6 Cellulose Nanocrystals: Preparation Methods -- 11.7 Characterization and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.7.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 11.7.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis -- 11.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 11.7.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 11.7.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 11.7.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 11.8 Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.8.1 Covalent Modification -- 11.8.1.1 Esterification -- 11.8.1.2 Silylation -- 11.8.1.3 Etherification -- 11.8.2 Non-Covalent Modification -- 11.8.3 Mercerization -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Protein and Peptide Nanoparticles: Preparation and Surface Modification -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Parameters for the Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles -- 12.2.1 Protein Composition -- 12.2.2 Protein Solubility -- 12.2.3 Surface Properties -- 12.2.4 Properties of Drugs -- 12.3 Methods of Preparation -- 12.3.1 Desolvation -- 12.3.2 Crosslinking -- 12.3.3 Coacervation -- 12.3.4 Emulsification -- 12.3.5 Nanoprecipitation -- 12.3.6 Nanoparticles Auto Assembly -- 12.3.7 Coating Layer by Layer -- 12.3.8 Spray Drying -- 12.3.9 Electrospray -- 12.3.10 Salting Out -- 12.3.11 Albumin-Bound Nanoparticle Preparation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Recent Advances in Glycolipid Biosurfactants at a Glance: Biosynthesis, Fractionation, Purification, and Distinctive Applications -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 Biosynthesis and Physiochemical Aspects of Glycolipid BS.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Bioremediation and Biodegradation -- 1: Bioremediation and Functional Metagenomics: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Bioremediation -- 1.3 History of Bioremediation -- 1.4 Bioremediation Successes -- 1.5 Mechanism of Bioremediation -- 1.6 Microorganisms Used in Bioremediation -- 1.6.1 Fungi -- 1.6.1.1 Phanerochaete Chrysosporium -- 1.7 Factors Affecting Bioremediation -- 1.7.1 Biotic Factors -- 1.7.1.1 The Availability of Bacteria That Degrade Hydrocarbons -- 1.7.1.2 Competition and Cooperation Among Bacteria -- 1.7.1.3 Exogenous and Indigenous Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria -- 1.7.1.4 Number of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria -- 1.7.1.5 Redox Potential of the Bacteria -- 1.7.1.6 Effect of Biosurfactants -- 1.7.2 Abiotic Factors -- 1.7.2.1 Contaminant Physical and Chemical Properties -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrocarbon Concentration -- 1.7.2.3 Nutrient Availability -- 1.7.2.4 Oxygen Availability -- 1.7.2.5 Moisture Availability -- 1.7.2.6 Bioavailability -- 1.8 Bioremediation Types -- 1.8.1 Ex Situ Bioremediation -- 1.8.1.1 Treatment in the Solid Phase -- 1.8.1.2 Slurry-Phase Bioremediation -- 1.8.2 In Situ Bioremediation -- 1.9 Bioremediation Approaches for Environmental Clean-Up -- 1.9.1 Ex Situ Bioremediation Approaches -- 1.9.1.1 Biopile -- 1.9.1.2 Biofilter -- 1.9.1.3 Land Farming -- 1.9.1.3.1 Composting -- 1.9.1.4 Bioreactor -- 1.9.2 In Situ Bioremediation Approaches -- 1.9.2.1 Bioventing -- 1.9.2.2 Biosparging -- 1.9.2.3 Bioslurping -- 1.10 Metagenomics -- 1.11 Metagenomics in Bioremediation Process -- 1.12 Metagenomics Research in a Contaminated Environment -- 1.12.1 Sampling from Contaminated Site -- 1.12.2 Extracting the DNA from Contaminated Samples -- 1.12.3 Metagenome Analysis -- 1.12.3.1 Targeted Metagenomics Using a Library. , 1.12.3.1.1 Creating a Metagenomics Library -- 1.12.3.1.2 Screening of Metagenomic Clones -- 1.12.3.1.2.1 Screening Based on a Sequence -- 1.12.3.1.2.2 Function-Driven Sequence -- 1.12.4 Direct Sequencing of Metagenomics -- 1.12.5 Next-Generation Sequencing -- 1.12.6 Bioinformatics Analysis -- 1.12.7 Assembly -- 1.12.8 Binning -- 1.12.9 Annotation -- 1.13 Metagenomics in Bioremediation: Current Challenges and Future -- 1.14 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Bioremediation: Gaining Insights Through Metabolomics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Impact of Metabolomics on Bioremediation -- 2.3 Application of Computer in Metabolomic Study -- 2.4 Application of Metabolomics in Space Bioremediation -- 2.5 Future Advancement -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Metagenomics, Microbial Diversity, and Environmental Cleanup -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conventional Methods of Gene Sequencing -- 3.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 3.2.2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) -- 3.2.3 Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis -- 3.2.4 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis -- 3.2.5 DNA Microarrays -- 3.2.6 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis -- 3.3 Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques -- 3.3.1 Pyrosequencing Technology -- 3.3.2 Roche 454 (GS FLX Plus) -- 3.3.3 Reverse Terminator Technology -- 3.3.3.1 Illumina Solexa -- 3.3.3.2 Ion Torrent -- 3.3.3.3 Sequencing by Ligation Technology -- 3.3.3.4 ABI SOLiD -- 3.4 Metagenomics Sequencing and Its Framework -- 3.5 Tools for Metagenomic Data Analysis -- 3.6 Bioinformatics Tools for Functional Analysis of Metagenome -- 3.7 Application of Metagenomics -- 3.7.1 Food Industries -- 3.7.2 Novel Bioactive Discovery -- 3.7.3 Novel Antimicrobials Discovery -- 3.7.4 Xenobiotic Degradation -- 3.8 Importance of Metagenomics in Bioremediation of Pollutants -- 3.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References. , 4: Plant-Microbe Associations in Remediation of Contaminants for Environmental Sustainability -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Plant-Microbe Interaction -- 4.2.1 Endophytic Microbiome -- 4.2.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria -- 4.2.3 Plant-Released Signals -- 4.2.4 Microbial Signals -- 4.2.5 Quorum Sensing -- 4.3 Remediation of Contaminants by Plant-Microbe Combination -- 4.3.1 Removal of Pollutants from Aquatic Environments -- 4.3.2 Removal of Pollutants from Terrestrial Environment -- 4.3.3 Removal of Pollutants from Atmosphere -- 4.4 Examples of Bacterial-Assisted Phytoremediation -- 4.5 Microbial-Assisted Phytoextraction -- 4.6 Microbial-Assisted Phytostabilisation -- 4.7 Microbial-Assisted Phytovolatilisation -- 4.8 Rhizoremediation -- 4.9 Phytostimulation -- 4.10 Microbial-Assisted Phytodegradation -- 4.11 Challenges Faced During Remediation by Plant-Microbe Associations -- 4.12 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Recent Trends in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals: Challenges and Perspectives -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Heavy Metal Pollution -- 5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals: Principles, Mechanisms and Factors -- 5.3.1 Principles of Bioremediation -- 5.3.2 Mechanisms of Bioremediation -- 5.3.3 Factors Affecting Bioremediation -- 5.4 Techniques for Detection and Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 5.5 Techniques of Bioremediation -- 5.5.1 In Situ Techniques -- 5.5.2 Ex Situ Techniques -- 5.6 Plant-Mediated Heavy Metal Removal -- 5.7 Role of Microbes in Heavy Metal Removal -- 5.8 Recent Advancement in Heavy Metal Removal Techniques -- 5.9 Advantages and Limitations -- 5.10 Application and Future Prospects of Bioremediation -- 5.11 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Enzyme Technology for Remediation of Contaminants in the Environment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Enzyme as Contaminant Sterilizing Agent -- 6.3 Pollutants. , 6.3.1 Organic Pollutants -- 6.3.1.1 Nitro Compounds -- 6.3.1.2 Dyes -- 6.3.1.3 Organophosphorus Hydrolase -- 6.3.1.4 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase -- 6.3.1.5 Peroxidase from Horseradish -- 6.3.2 Inorganic Pollutants -- 6.3.2.1 Arsenic -- 6.3.2.2 Chromium -- 6.3.2.3 Mercury -- 6.3.2.4 Lead -- 6.4 Microbial Enzymes in Bioremediation -- 6.4.1 Microbial Oxidoreductase -- 6.4.2 Microbial Laccases -- 6.4.3 Microbial Oxygenases -- 6.4.3.1 Monooxygenases -- 6.4.3.2 Microbial Dioxygenases -- 6.5 Strategies for Overcoming Difficulties Associated with the Enzyme Technology -- 6.6 Plants and their Associated Enzymes: A Agents for Decontamination -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Environmental Pollution and Wastewater Treatment -- 7: Environmental Toxicity, Health Hazards, and Bioremediation Strategies for Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Microplastics in Wastewater -- 7.3 Properties of Microplastics -- 7.4 Ecotoxicity and Health Hazards of Microplastics -- 7.5 Factors Affecting Toxicity of Microplastics -- 7.6 Techniques for Characterization of Microplastics in Wastewater -- 7.7 Bioremediation Strategies for Microplastics -- 7.7.1 Bacterial Degradation of Microplastics -- 7.7.2 Fungal Degradation of Microplastics -- 7.7.3 Microalgal Degradation of Microplastics -- 7.7.4 Microbial Consortia in Microplastics Degradation -- 7.7.5 Microbial Biofilm in Microplastics Degradation -- 7.7.6 Bioreactor Systems for Microplastic Removal from Wastewater -- 7.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 7.9 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 8: Microbial Community Composition and Functions in Activated Sludge Treatment System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characteristics of Activated Sludge -- 8.3 Microbial Diversity in Activated Sludge. , 8.4 Enzyme Activity and Associated Physiological Function of Microbiome in Activated Sludge -- 8.5 Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Activated Sludge -- 8.6 Future Challenges and Opportunities -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Decontamination and Management of Industrial Wastewater Using Microorganisms Under Aerobic Condition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical and Chemical Attributes of Wastewater -- 9.3 Biological Parameters of Wastewater -- 9.4 Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater -- 9.5 Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies -- 9.6 Treatment of Sludge After Treatment of Wastewater -- 9.7 Management and Regulation for Quality Control and Quality Assurance of WTPs -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Omics in Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Composition of Industrial Wastewater -- 10.2.1 Food and Dairy Industry -- 10.2.2 Paper and Pulp Industry -- 10.2.3 Textile Industry -- 10.2.4 Mining and Quarry Industry -- 10.2.5 Chemical Industry -- 10.2.6 Leather and Tannery Industry -- 10.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Methods -- 10.3.1 Physical Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 10.3.2 Chemical Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 10.3.3 Biological Treatment of Wastewater -- 10.3.3.1 Aerobic Treatment -- 10.3.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment -- 10.4 Application of Omics in Biological Treatment -- 10.4.1 Omics Approaches in Wastewater Treatment -- 10.4.2 Omics in Remediation of Organic Pollutants -- 10.4.3 Omics for the Remediation of Metal Species -- 10.4.4 Genomic Information for Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 10.5 Challenges, Limitations, and Futuristic Approaches -- References -- 11: Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Production: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Benefits of Using Microalgae for Environmental Applications. , 11.3 Techniques for Microalgae Culture.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanotoxicity and Nanoecotoxicity: Introduction, Principles, and Concepts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study of Nanotoxicity and Nanoecotoxicology -- 1.3 Current State of Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology -- 1.3.1 Economic -- 1.3.2 Environmental -- 1.3.3 Social -- 1.4 Prospects of Market Impact -- 1.5 Safety Issues of Nanotechnology Products -- 1.6 Potential Exposure Pathway -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Nanomaterials and Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction: Nanomaterials -- 2.1.1 Natural Nanomaterials (NNMs) -- 2.1.2 Engineered Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Applications of Nanomaterials -- 2.3 Exposure Pathways of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Potential Health Effect of Nanomaterials -- 2.5 Risk Assessment -- 2.6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Safety and Utility of Nanomaterials on Reproduction and Development: An Update of Alternative Methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 In Vitro Exposure of Sperm and Other Cells of the Male Gonad -- 3.3 In Vitro Exposure of Eggs and Follicular Cells of the Female Gonad -- 3.3.1 Collection of Oocyte and Follicular Cells of the Female Gonads -- 3.3.2 In Vitro Exposure of Different Types of Ovary Cells -- 3.4 The Placenta: A Differentiated Mother-to-Fetus Biological Barrier in Mammals -- 3.4.1 Alternative Models to Evaluate the Transport Across the Placenta -- 3.4.2 Nanomaterials and Alternative Models of the Placenta -- 3.5 Embryonic Exposure and Embryotoxicity -- 3.5.1 Culture of Early Mammal Embryo -- 3.5.2 Whole Embryo Culture -- 3.5.3 The Multipotent Embryonic Stem Cells -- 3.5.4 Zebrafish Embryo Test -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Nano-toxicity to Microbes: Potential Implications of Nanomaterials on Microbial Activity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanomaterials in Environment. , 4.3 Interaction of Nanomaterial with Microbial Communities -- 4.4 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Flora -- 4.5 Effect on Microbial Community Structure and Enzymatic Activities -- 4.5.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NP) -- 4.5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials -- 4.5.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.4 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.6 Iron Nanoparticles -- 4.5.7 Silicon and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.8 Nano-Ceria (CeO2) -- 4.6 Effect on Water Microbial Flora -- 4.7 Mechanism of Nanomaterial Toxicity to Microbial Community -- 4.7.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Nanomaterials Causing Cellular Toxicity and Genotoxicity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles -- 5.1.2 Nanoparticles of Metallic Substances -- 5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO) -- 5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles) -- 5.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 Nanoparticles) -- 5.4.1 Nanoparticles of Nonmetallic Substances -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Exploring Microbial Nanotoxicity Against Drug Resistance in Bacteria -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.1 Effects of Chemically Synthesized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.2 Effect of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.3 Effect of Functionalized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticle-Mediated Toxicity to Control Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.4 Advances in Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance by Nanoparticle-Mediated Approaches -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7: Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments -- 7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials and Toxicity Aspects. , 7.2 Engineered Nanostructures: Synthesis Methods -- 7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 7.2.2 Copper Nanoparticles -- 7.2.3 Graphene -- 7.2.4 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles -- Wet Synthesis -- Dry Methods -- 7.2.5 Silver Nanoparticles -- 7.2.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 7.3 Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments -- 7.3.1 Nanotoxicity Investigations in Microalgae and Microcrustaceans -- Toxicity Assays with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata -- Toxicity Assays with Microcrustaceans Daphnia and Artemia -- 7.3.2 Nanotoxicity Investigation in Fishes -- 7.3.3 Nanostructure Risk Assessments and Safety Analysis -- 7.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: In Vitro Methodologies for Toxicological Assessment of Drug Delivery Nanocarriers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Drug Delivery Nanocarriers (DDNCs) -- 8.3 Nanomaterials Physicochemical Parameters Evaluation -- 8.4 In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Nanomaterials -- 8.4.1 Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays -- 8.4.2 Oxidative Stress -- 8.4.3 Proinflammatory Activity and Immunological Response -- 8.4.4 Genotoxicity -- 8.4.5 "Omics" Methodologies -- 8.5 Challenges of Toxicological In Vitro Testing -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Impact of Nanomaterials on the Food Chain -- 9.1 Preface -- 9.2 Naturally Occurring Nanomaterials in Food -- 9.3 Contamination of Food-Associated Ecosystems with Nanomaterials -- 9.4 Uptake, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification of Nanomaterials in Food -- 9.5 Food Industry Welcomes Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Nanomaterials as Regulatory Tools in Agri-Food Systems -- 9.7 Nanomaterial Toxicity in Food Animals and Plants -- 9.8 Conclusions and Outlooks -- References -- Chapter 10: Phytoresponse to Nanoparticle Exposure -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Plant-NP Interactions -- 10.2.1 Plant-NP Interaction: No Effect/Positive Effect. , No Effect of NP Exposure on the Plants -- Stimulatory Effect of NPs on Seed Germination and Plant Vegetative Growth -- NP-Mediated Plant Tolerance to Stress and Disease -- 10.2.2 Plant-NP Interaction: Negative Effects -- Negative Effect on Seed Germination and Root and Shoot Elongation -- Negative Effect of NPs on Plant Biomass and Chlorophyll Content -- NP-Induced Oxidative Stress on Plants -- Deleterious Effects of NPs on the Genetic Constitution of Plants: Genotoxicity -- Negative Effect of NPs on Plant Nutritional Quality/Status -- 10.3 Mechanism Regulating Plant-NP Interactions -- 10.3.1 Mechanism Underlying the Positive Effect of NPs on Plants -- NPs Enhance Water Uptake -- NPs Upregulated Photosynthesis and Secondary Metabolism -- NPs Change Genetic Material Expression -- NPs Mediated Increase in Nutrient Absorption -- NPs Changed Cell Architect -- NPs Enhanced Tolerance to Plant Stress and Disease -- 10.3.2 Mechanism Underlying the Negative Effects of NPs on Plants -- NPs Reduced Chlorophyll Content and Inhibited Photosynthesis -- NPs Altered Plant Maturity and Genetic Constitution -- NPs Negatively Altered Plant Growth by Inducing Oxidative/Abiotic Stress -- NPs Disturbed the Nutritional Status of Plants -- Overall Effect on Vegetative Growth Through Other Mechanisms -- 10.4 NPs can Pass Through Tropic Levels: Biotransformation and Biomagnification, a Serious Concern -- 10.5 Conclusions -- 10.6 Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11: Environmental Impact and Econanotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Naturally Occurring and Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.3 Different Classes of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.4 Engineered Nanomaterials in Pharmaceuticals: Biological and Environmental Interactions -- 11.5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials and Their Toxicity. , 11.5.1 Effect of Particle Size -- 11.5.2 Effect of Shape and Structure -- 11.5.3 Effect of Surface Charge -- 11.5.4 Effect of Composition and Crystalline Structure -- 11.5.5 Effect of Aggregation and Concentration -- 11.6 Ecological Accumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.6.1 Bioavailability -- 11.6.2 Bioconcentration -- 11.6.3 Bioaccumulation -- 11.6.4 Biomagnification -- 11.7 Toxicity and Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles -- 11.8 Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.9 Nanowaste: Guidelines/Regulatory Measures -- 11.10 Concluding Remarks, Challenges, and Perspectives -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Plant Small RNA: Biogenesis, Regulation and Application -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Section: 1 Basics -- Chapter 1 Introduction to plant small RNAs -- Introduction -- Discovery history of small RNAs -- Diversity of small RNAs -- miRNAs -- Biogenesis of plant miRNAs -- miRNA turnover -- Mode of action of miRNAs -- miRNA-guided transcript cleavage -- miRNA-mediated translation repression -- miRNAs in plant development -- miRNA-mediated regulation of meristem organization and cell polarity -- miRNA-mediated regulation of flower development -- miRNA-mediated regulation of root architecture -- miRNA-mediated regulation of seed development -- siRNAs -- Biogenesis of siRNAs -- Mode of action of siRNAs -- Biological functions of 24-nt transposable element (TE)-derived siRNAs -- phasiRNAs -- Biogenesis of phasiRNAs -- Biological functions of phasiRNAs -- Movement of small RNAs -- Future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2 Diversity and types of small RNA -- Small regulatory RNAs: Historical milestones -- Classifying endogenous small RNA in plants -- Hairpin sRNA and microRNA -- Natural antisense transcript siRNA -- Secondary and trans-acting siRNA -- Heterochromatic siRNA -- References -- Chapter 3 Biogenesis of small RNA: Molecular pathways and regulatory mechanisms -- DNA-dependent RNA polymerase -- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase -- Dicer -- Argonaute proteins in plants -- Ago1 -- Ago10 -- Ago5 -- Ago7 -- AGO2 and AGO3 -- Ago4 -- Ago6 -- AGO8 and AGO9 -- Determinants for AGO-sRNA sorting and biological function -- Small RNA in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance -- Interrelationship between sRNA pathways -- Analyzing sRNA: Computational challenges from the "dry lab" -- References. , Chapter 4 Transcriptome-based identification of small RNA in plants: The need for robust prediction algorithms -- Introduction -- The need for small RNA Seq in plants -- Types of RNA Seq strategies -- dUTP-based strand-specific RNA Seq -- Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using RNA Seq -- Double-stranded RNA Seq -- Differential RNA Seq -- Elements of RNA Seq data and analyses -- Raw read -- Read alignment -- Quantification -- Transcript identification -- Alignment -- Differential gene expression analyses -- Alternative splicing identification -- Identifying gene fusions -- Challenges and solutions for annotating small RNAs in plants -- Empirical toolkits and databases -- Fastx -- miRCat -- SiloCo -- miRBASE -- TAPIR [ http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/tapir/ ] -- Emerging algorithms -- Validation of expression using time course data -- Normalization and log ratio transformation method -- Tools and databases available according to the basic steps of RNA Seq data analyses -- Quality control -- Trimming and adapters removal -- Error correction -- Bias correction -- Other tasks/preprocessing data -- Alignment tools -- De novo splice aligners -- Normalization, quantitative analysis, and differential expression -- Open (free) source solutions -- Alternative splicing analysis -- Differential isoform/transcript usage -- Fusion genes/chimeras/translocation finders/structural variations -- Single-cell RNA Seq -- Integrated packages -- Genome-guided assemblers [88, 89] -- Co-expression networks -- Visualization tools -- Functional, network, and pathway analysis tools -- Links to databases used for analysis of plant transcriptome data -- A case study: Transcriptome analyses from Vigna mungo and identification of miRNAs -- Background of the work -- Sample preparation and sequencing -- Screening and identification of miRNAs from sequenced data. , Identification of established and novel miRNA sequences -- miRNA target prediction, gene ontology classification, and quantification of target genes -- Quantification of miRNAs in different tissues to study their tissue-specific expression -- Expression patterns of miRNAs from both mock control (MC) and MYMIV-inoculated (MI) datasets -- qPCR validation of miRNA targets in MYMIV-susceptible and -resistant background -- References -- Further reading -- Section: 2 Expression and regulation mechanism of small RNA -- Chapter 5 Role of RNA interference in seed germination -- Introduction -- Mechanism of seed germination -- Phases in seed germination -- Factors regulating seed germination -- The phenomenon of RNA silencing -- Mechanism of RNA silencing -- miRNAs -- Tasi-RNAs -- Role of small RNAs in seed germination -- miRNA serve as convergence regulatory nodes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 Importance of small RNA in plant seed germination -- Brief introduction of seed germination -- miRNAs related to seed germination in Arabidopsis -- miRNAs related to seed germination in crops -- siRNAs related to seed germination -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 7 Importance of small RNA in plant metabolism -- Introduction -- Major types of plant sRNA -- Biogenesis of small RNA in plants: microRNA and small interference RNA -- Diverse functions of sRNA in controlling plant metabolism during stress condition -- Role of miRNAs in ABA-mediated stress responses -- miRNA-mediated adaptive response to drought and salt stress conditions -- Regulation of cold and heat stress tolerance by miRNAs expression -- miRNAs expression to hypoxia and oxidative stress -- miRNA in response to nutrient homeostasis -- Regulating plant metabolism: Role of sRNAs -- miRNA-mediated regulation plant phytohormone signaling. , miRNA: Transcription factors in regulating plant metabolism -- Functional role of miRNA in plant secondary metabolism biosynthesis -- Regulatory role of siRNAs in plant stress responses -- Conclusion and future prospectus -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8 Small RNA in tolerating various biotic stresses -- Small RNA: Discovery, classifications, and biogenesis -- Classification -- MicroRNAs and isomiRs -- Ta-siRNAs -- Nat siRNA -- Heterochromatic-siRNA -- Pathogen-derived sRNAs and miRNA-like molecules -- Biogenesis -- Methodologies applied for sRNA research -- Parameters applied for sRNA prediction -- Plant miRNAs and pathogen milRs -- Plant ta-siRNAs -- Plant isomiRs -- Databases available for sRNAs -- SRNA-mediated biotic stress responses in plants -- SRNA-mediated responses against insects -- SRNA-mediated responses against fungi -- SRNA-mediated responses against virus -- SRNA-mediated responses against bacteria -- SRNA-mediated responses against abiotic stress -- SRNAs and agricultural improvement -- Small RNA as a spray -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 9 Role of small RNA in regulating plant viral pathogenesis -- Introduction -- Illustrations of siRNA-mediated and miRNA-mediated antivirus pathway mechanisms -- Role of miRNA in plant antiviral defense -- Application of siRNA against plant antiviral defense -- Regulation of siRNA for plant viral pathogenesis -- siRNA response against bacterial diseases -- Role of siRNA to prevent fungal disease -- References -- Chapter 10 Salt stress tolerance and small RNA -- Introduction -- Plant sRNAs: Types and biogenesis -- miRNA -- siRNA -- Trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs) -- Natural antisense siRNAs (nat-siRNAs) -- Heterochromatic siRNAs (hec-siRNAs) -- Role of sRNAs in salt stress response -- Conclusion and future perspective -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Further reading -- Chapter 11 Small RNAs and cold stress tolerance -- Introduction -- Cold stress sensing and second messengers -- Mechanism of cold acclimatization -- Small RNAs and cold stress tolerance -- Biogenesis of miRNAs and siRNAs -- Role of miRNAs in cold stress tolerance -- Role of siRNAs in cold stress tolerance -- Genes involved in cold stress -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12 Toward elucidating the functions of miRNAs in drought stress tolerance -- Introduction -- Drought and drought tolerance mechanisms -- Drought escape -- Drought avoidance -- Drought tolerance -- Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of drought tolerance -- Stomatal aperture regulation -- Reactive oxygen species accumulation -- Metabolism maintenance -- Molecular basis of drought tolerance -- Transcription factors -- MiRNAs -- Discovery of miRNAs -- Biogenesis of miRNAs -- Functional modes of miRNAs -- MiRNA responses to drought stress -- Targets of drought-responsive miRNAs -- Contribution of miRNAs to drought stress tolerance -- Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Regulation of photosynthesis and vegetative growth of plants by small RNAs -- Introduction -- Roles of small RNAs in vegetative growth -- Regulation of shoot apical meristem genes -- Abaxial-adaxial polarity -- Morphology and size of leaves -- Guard cell patterning -- Leaf senescence -- Vegetative phase transition -- Regulation of root traits -- Roles of small RNAs in photosynthesis -- Possible applications of small RNAs in modulating photosynthesis and vegetative growth -- Rice -- Tobacco -- Potato -- Maize -- Legume -- Wheat -- Poplar -- Tomato -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Heat stress tolerance through small RNA -- Introduction -- Biogenesis -- How do miRNAs regulate stress response? -- Heat-responsive miRNAs in plants. , MiRNA families in cereal crops and their regulatory pathways.