Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Introduction to Wastewater and Remediation Technologies -- 1. Wastewater Pollution, Toxicity Profile, and Their Treatment Approaches: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Unique Properties of Water Available Globally -- 1.2.1 Biological Properties and Clinical Benefits of Water -- 1.2.2 Physical Properties of Water -- 1.2.3 The Chemical Properties of Water -- 1.3 World's Water Resources and Their Distribution -- 1.4 Water Pollution -- 1.5 The Global Water Pollution -- 1.6 Water Pollution in India -- 1.7 Major Water Pollutants -- 1.8 An Understanding of Wastewater Treatment Methods -- 1.9 Waste Water Pollutants and Their Treatment Approaches with Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials -- 1.10 Role of Nanoparticles in Water Decontamination -- 1.11 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2. Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach Towards Clean Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Toxicity of the Pollutants to Living Beings and the Environment -- 2.3 Bioremediation -- 2.4 Approaches of Bioremediation -- 2.4.1 In-Situ Bioremediation -- 2.4.1.1 Biosparging -- 2.4.1.2 Bioslurping -- 2.4.1.3 Bioventing -- 2.4.1.4 Biostimulation -- 2.4.1.5 Bioaugmentation -- 2.4.1.6 Biopiling -- 2.4.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation -- 2.4.2.1 Composting -- 2.4.2.2 Land Farming -- 2.4.2.3 Biopiles -- 2.5 Phytoremediation -- 2.5.1 Phytoextraction/Phytoaccumulation -- 2.5.2 Phytostabilization -- 2.5.2.1 Biochar -- 2.5.3 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation -- 2.5.4 Phytovolatization -- 2.5.5 Phytofiltration/Rhizofiltration -- 2.5.6 Phytorestauration -- 2.5.6.1 Advantages of Using Phytoremediation -- 2.6 Microorganisms in Bioremediation -- 2.6.1 Biomining -- 2.6.2 Biooxidation. , 2.6.3 Enzyme Mediated Bioremediation -- 2.7 Bioreactor-Based Bioremediation -- 2.8 Role of Biosurfactants in Bioremediation -- 2.9 Application of Metagenomics in Bioremediation -- 2.10 Constraints in Bioremediation -- 2.11 Conclusion -- 2.12 Future Scope -- References -- 3. Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell Technology During Wastewater Treatment: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cells' Operational Mechanism -- 3.3 Various Designs and Operations of Constructed Wetlands -- 3.4 Factors Affecting the Operational Mechanisms -- 3.4.1 Electrode Material and Separators -- 3.4.2 Anode Materials -- 3.4.3 Cathode Materials -- 3.4.4 Separator -- 3.4.5 Types of Substrates -- 3.4.6 Constructed Wetland Plants -- 3.5 Application of Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cells -- 3.6 Advancement in Constructed Wetlands by Integration of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 3.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) for a Sustainable Environment: A Promising Biotechnological Tool -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microbial Bioremediation Is Influenced by a Variety of Factors -- 4.2.1 Biological Factors -- 4.2.1.1 Environmental Factors -- 4.3 Types of Bio-Remediation -- 4.3.1 Bio-Stimulation -- 4.3.2 Bioaugmentation -- 4.3.3 Biovent -- 4.3.4 Biopiles -- 4.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioremediation -- 4.4.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 4.4.2 Laccase -- 4.4.3 Dehydrogenase -- 4.4.4 Hydrolase -- 4.5 Examples of Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms and Biodegradation -- 4.5.1 Branched-Chain Aromatics -- 4.5.1.1 Pseudomonas Putida Plasmid TOL Pathway -- 4.5.2 Chlorinated Compounds -- 4.5.2.1 Chlorobenzoate -- 4.5.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Chlorinated Biphenyls -- 4.5.2.3 Trichlorethylene (TCE). , 4.6 Recombinant DNA (r DNA) Technology for Microorganisms in Bioremediation -- 4.7 Bioremediation Potential -- 4.8 Bioremediation Impact on Human and Environmental Health -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5. Performance of Anammox in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Recent Advances and Future Prospects -- 5.1 Introduction of Anammox -- 5.2 Contribution of Anammox in the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) -- 5.3 Industrial Wastewater Characteristic -- 5.3.1 Biological Nitrogen Removal Treatments in Industrial Wastewater -- 5.3.1.1 Conventional Nitrification-Denitrification Process -- 5.3.1.2 Nitritation-Denitritation Process -- 5.3.1.3 Partial Nitritation/Anammox (PN/A) Process -- 5.4 Anammox in Industrial Wastewater -- 5.5 Challenges -- 5.6 The Opportunity and Future Prospects -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6. Vermifiltration Technology: Earthworm Assisted Green Technology for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Vermifiltration Technology -- 6.2.1 Earthworms: Earth's Trash Managers -- 6.2.2 Design of the Vermifilter -- 6.2.3 Types of Earthworms -- 6.2.4 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) -- 6.3 Mechanism of Vermifiltration Technology for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Integration of Earthworms in Other Nature-Based Solutions -- 6.5 Case Studies -- 6.5.1 Integration of Constructed Wetlands with Vermifilter to Treat Feedlot Runoff Wastewater - A Case Study in the US -- 6.5.2 Integration of Vermifiltration and Hydroponic System for Swine Wastewater Treatment - A Case Study in Portugal (Ispolnov et al., 2021) -- 6.5.3 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bhubaneshwar on Macrophyte Assisted Vermifilter for Dairy Wastewater (Samal et al., 2018) -- 6.5.4 Earthworms Help in Dealing with the Clogging Issue of HSFCWs - A Case Study of Australia. , 6.5.5 Potential Effects of Applying Earthworms Into Constructed Wetlands Ecosystem - A Case Study in Thailand -- 6.5.6 INNOQUA Project (2020) -- 6.6 Advantages of the Integration -- References -- 7. Amalgamation of Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell Systems as a Sustainable Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell -- 7.2.1 Constructed Wetlands and Its Removal Mechanism -- 7.2.1.1 Removal Mechanism in CW -- 7.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell and Its Removal Mechanism -- 7.2.3 Integration of CW-MFC -- 7.3 Design Considerations in Constructed Wetland and Microbial Fuel Cell -- 7.3.1 Vegetation in CWs -- 7.3.2 Substrate -- 7.3.3 Materials of Electrode -- 7.3.4 Impacts of Vegetation and Media on Electricity Production -- 7.4 Current Scenario and Advancement in CW-MFCs -- 7.4.1 Use of Integrated CW-MFC for Various Wastewater Treatment -- 7.4.2 Resource Recovery Options from Integrated CW-MFCs -- 7.4.3 Comparison of CW-MFC with Other Treatment Technologies -- 7.5 Future Scope and Challenges -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Abbreviation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Indigenous Microorganisms: An Effective In-Situ Tool to Mitigate Organic Pollutants from Contaminated Sites -- 8.1 Occurrence of Organic Contaminants -- 8.2 Conventional Techniques for Remediation -- 8.3 Indigenous Microorganisms for Remediation -- 8.4 Bioremediation Prospects: In-Situ and Ex-Situ -- 8.4.1 Bioattenuation: Natural Method of Degradation -- 8.4.2 Biostimulation: Input of Correct Nutrient Ratio -- 8.4.3 Bioaugmentation: When Locals Take Up the Task? -- 8.5 Advanced Technologies to Improve In-Situ Remediation -- 8.5.1 Genetically Modified Microbes (GEMs) -- 8.5.2 Biofilm/Bio-Surfactants Formation -- 8.5.2.1 Biofilm Formation -- 8.5.2.2 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.5.3 Nano-Bioremediation. , 8.5.4 Metagenomics Approach -- 8.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9. Bioaugmentation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bioaugmentation -- 9.3 Biochemistry of Bioaugmentation Technique -- 9.3.1 Dehalogenation -- 9.3.2 Fragmentation -- 9.3.3 Mineralization -- 9.3.3.1 Aerobic Mode of Degradation -- 9.3.3.2 Anaerobic Mode of Degradation -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Bioaugmentation -- 9.4.1 Water Quality -- 9.4.2 Temperature -- 9.4.3 pH -- 9.4.4 Organic Matter -- 9.4.5 Redox Potential and Oxygen Content -- 9.4.6 Nutrients -- 9.4.7 Plant Root Exudates -- 9.5 Bioaugmentation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 9.5.1 Bioaugmentation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 9.5.1.1 Bacterial Mechanisms of PAH Metabolism -- 9.5.1.2 Fungal Mechanisms of PAH Metabolism -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10. Microbial Biofilms for Efficient Biological Wastewater Treatment: Mechanisms, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation -- 10.2.1 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) -- 10.2.2 Quorum Sensing in Biofilm Formation -- 10.2.3 Different Approaches for Studying Biofilm Development -- 10.3 Factors Influencing Biofilm Development -- 10.3.1 Abiotic Factors -- 10.3.2 Surface Topography -- 10.3.3 Velocity and Turbulence -- 10.3.4 Biotic Factors -- 10.4 Biofilm Technologies in Wastewater Treatment -- 10.4.1 Trickling Filters -- 10.4.2 Rotating Biological Contactor -- 10.4.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor -- 10.4.4 Biofilm Airlift Suspension Reactors -- 10.4.5 Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor -- 10.4.6 Biofilm-Based Membrane Bioreactors -- 10.5 Nutrient Removal in Wastewater Treatment System by Biofilm Technologies -- 10.5.1 Nitrogen Removal -- 10.5.2 Phosphorous Removal. , 10.6 High Strength, Recalcitrant Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Technologies.