Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Importance of Technologies in Climate Change Research on Agriculture -- 1.3 Summary -- References -- 2: Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Measurements of Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Atmosphere, Soil and Agricultural Crops -- 2.1.1 Infrared Gas Analysis -- 2.1.2 Eddy Covariance Technique -- Components of Eddy Covariance System -- Major Components Used in Eddy Covariance Technique -- Sonic Anemometer -- Data Storage -- Power Supply -- Flux Calculations -- Measurements Using Eddy Covariance Flux Towers -- Limitations -- 2.1.3 Gas Chromatography -- 2.1.4 Spectroscopic Methods -- 2.1.5 Carbon Stock Measurement Technique -- 2.1.6 Wet Digestion -- 2.1.7 Dry Combustion -- 2.1.8 Dry Combustion in an Elemental Analyser -- 2.1.9 Fractionation of Soil Organic Carbon -- 2.1.10 Physical Fractions -- 2.1.11 Chemical Fractionation -- 2.1.12 Spectroscopic Method -- 2.1.13 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) -- 2.1.14 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) -- 2.1.15 CO2 Emission Measurement from Soil: Quantitative Approach -- Alkali Trap Method -- Soil Respirator Method -- Infrared Gas Analysis Method -- Closed-Chamber Method -- 2.1.16 Space-Borne Measurements -- 2.2 Technologies Associated with CO2 Enrichment Studies (Crop Response Studies) -- 2.2.1 Leaf Cuvettes -- 2.2.2 Sunlit-Controlled Environment Chambers -- 2.2.3 Soil Plant Atmosphere Research (SPAR) System -- 2.2.4 Portable Field Chamber -- 2.2.5 Open-Top Chamber -- 2.2.6 Screen-Aided CO2 Control (SACC) -- 2.2.7 Free Air CO2 Enrichment Technology (FACE) -- 2.3 Modelling Techniques -- 2.4 Mitigation Technologies -- 2.4.1 Carbon Sequestration -- Land-Based Enhanced Rock Weathering Method of Carbon Sequestration: -- 2.4.2 Zero-Tillage -- 2.4.3 Agroforestry. , 2.4.4 Crop Residue Management -- 2.4.5 Biofuels -- 2.4.6 Biochar -- 2.4.7 Mycorrhiza -- 2.4.8 Microalgae -- 2.4.9 Organic Agriculture -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3: Methane -- 3.1 Technologies Associated with Methane (CH4) Emission and Crop Response Studies -- 3.1.1 Measurements of Methane Emission in Stationary Mode -- 3.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 3.1.3 Non-micrometeorological Techniques -- Chamber Techniques: -- Calculation of Methane Flux -- Enteric Tracer Ratio -- External Tracer Ratio -- Mass Balance from Barns -- 3.1.4 Micrometeorological Techniques -- Mass Balance -- Integrated Horizontal Flux (IHF) -- Modified Mass Difference (MMD) Approach -- Vertical Flux Techniques -- Eddy Covariance (EC) -- 3.2 Modelling Techniques -- 3.3 Mitigation Technologies -- 3.3.1 Potassium Amendment -- 3.3.2 Midseason Drainage -- 3.3.3 Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Technology -- 3.3.4 Nitrogen Fertilizer on Methane Emissions -- 3.3.5 Biocovers of Landfills -- 3.3.6 Biological Aspect of the Amendment of Methanogenic Activity -- 3.3.7 Breeding Rice Cultivars for Reduced Methane Emissions -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- 4: Nitrous Oxide -- 4.1 Methods for Measurement of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in Atmosphere and Soil -- 4.1.1 Soil Surface Gas Flux Measurement Methods -- Advantages of Closed-Chamber Method -- Precautions -- Limitations -- Points to Minimize the Uncertainties -- 4.1.2 Micrometeorological Technique -- Calculation of N2O Flux -- 4.2 Modelling Techniques -- 4.3 Mitigation Technologies -- 4.3.1 Fertilizer Management Technology -- 4.3.2 Slow Release of Fertilizer Application and Manipulation Technologies -- 4.3.3 Water Management Technology for Mitigation of N2O Emission -- 4.4 Summary -- References -- 5: Ozone -- 5.1 Methods for Studying the Effect of Ozone (O3) on Agricultural Crops -- 5.1.1 Ozone-Generating Technologies. , 5.2 Modelling Techniques -- 5.3 Mitigation Technologies -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6: Temperature -- 6.1 Methods for Measurement of Temperature in Crops, Soil and Atmosphere -- 6.2 Temperature Enrichment Technologies for Crop Response Studies -- 6.2.1 Temperature Gradient Chambers -- 6.2.2 Temperature Gradient Greenhouses (TGG) -- 6.2.3 SPAR System (Soil Plant Atmosphere Research System) -- 6.2.4 Infrared (IR) Warming Technology -- 6.2.5 Free Air Temperature Enrichment Technology (FATE) -- 6.2.6 Soil Warming System -- 6.3 Modelling Techniques -- 6.4 Mitigation Technologies -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7: The Plant Water Status -- 7.1 Methods for Measurement of Water Status in Plants and Soils -- 7.1.1 Dynamic Water Movement -- 7.2 Method to Determine Climate Change Effect on Crop Water Productivity -- 7.3 Method to Estimate Climate Change Impact on Soil Water Balance -- 7.4 Mitigation Technologies for Water Stress -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8: Summary -- Glossary.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- About the Book -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Acronyms -- 1: Introduction to Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 Summary of Chapters -- References -- 2: Source Apportionment of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change -- 3 Major GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 3.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 3.2 Methane (CH4) -- 3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) -- 3.4 Fluorinated Gases (HFCS, PFCS, SF6) -- 4 Important Factors of Green House Gas Emission -- 4.1 Increasing Energy Demand -- 4.2 GDP vs Emissions -- 4.3 Urbanization -- 4.4 Growing Vehicle Use -- 4.5 Industry -- 5 Greenhouse Gases Budget of Different Countries and Their Contribution -- 6 Source Apportionment of GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 6.1 Source Identification -- 6.2 Identification of Key Source Categories for Inventory Work -- 6.3 Data Collection: Activity Data and Facility Data -- 6.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 6.5 Development of ``Emission Factor´´ (EF) for Different Source Categories -- 6.6 Estimation of GHG Emission Levels -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Identification of Major Sinks of Greenhouse Gases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Sinks for GHGs: Global Scenario and Significance -- 3 Sinks for Carbon Dioxide -- 3.1 Oceans as Sink for CO2 -- 3.2 Terrestrial Biosphere as Sink for CO2 -- 3.3 Forests as Sinks for CO2 -- 3.4 Boreal Landscape as Sink for Carbon -- 3.5 Challenges with Terrestrial Sinks -- 4 Sinks for Methane -- 4.1 Wetlands as Sink of Methane and Other GHGs -- 5 Sinks for Oxides of Nitrogen -- 6 Sinks of Halogen-Containing Gases -- 7 Artificial Removal of the Greenhouse Gases -- 8 Future Challenges -- 9 Recommendations -- Box 3.1 FAQs -- Box 3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- Box 3.3 Biochar. , Box 3.4 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) -- References -- 4: Greenhouse Gas Emission Flux from Forest Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Main GHGs -- 1.2 Source-Sink Aspect of Flux from Forest -- 1.3 National/International Bodies Involved in GHG Emissions Regulation -- 2 Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming -- 3 GHGs Emission from Forest and Global Flux Estimates/Contribution (Table 4.1) -- 4 GHG Flux Measurement Techniques (Fig.4.1) -- 4.1 Eddy Covariance Flux Tower -- 4.2 Chamber Systems -- 4.2.1 Closed Chambers -- 4.2.2 Open-chambers -- 4.3 Space-Borne Measurements -- 4.4 Air-Borne Measurements -- 4.5 Soil Emissions Modelling -- 4.6 Environmental Measurements -- 4.6.1 Infrared Techniques -- 5 Factors Governing GHG Production and Emission from Forests Ecosystem -- 5.1 Land-Use and Land Cover Changes -- 5.2 Substrate Availability -- 5.3 Temperature -- 5.4 Precipitation and Soil Water -- 5.5 Soil pH-Values -- 5.6 Nitrogen -- 5.7 Salinity and Sodicity -- 5.8 Increasing CO2 and Atmospheric N-deposition -- 5.9 Vegetation -- 5.10 Soil and Plant Characteristics -- 5.11 Forest Fires -- 6 Impact of Forest Generated GHG on Climate and Environmental Health -- 6.1 Deforestation and Climate Change -- 6.2 Forest Degradation and Climate Change -- 6.3 Forest Fires and Climate Change -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Major GHGs -- 1.1.1 CO2 -- 1.1.2 Ozone -- 1.1.3 Methane (CH4) -- 1.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 1.1.5 Nitrous Oxide -- 1.2 Sources of GHGs -- 2 Trends of GHGs Levels Considering Past Several Decades -- 3 Impacts of GHGs -- 4 Impacts of GHGs on Human Health -- 4.1 Mechanism of CO2 Effect on Human Health -- 4.1.1 Human Health Impacts Due to CO2 -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Ozone Effects -- 4.2.1 Effect of Ozone on Human Health. , 4.3 Mechanism of Methane´s Action on Human Body -- 4.3.1 Health Effects -- 4.4 Mechanism of Action of Chloroflouro Carbons (CFC) -- 4.5 Mechanism of Action of Nitrous Oxide -- 4.5.1 Effect on Human Health -- 5 Complexities Assessing Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 6 Control Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions to Protect Human Health -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Implications in Food Production and Food Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Climate Change Influences Food Security? -- 2.1 Link Between GHGs, Air Quality, and Climate -- 2.1.1 Agriculture: A Source of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution -- 3 Role of SLCP and Greenhouse Gas (Ozone and Black Carbon) Emissions in Food Production -- 3.1 Considering O3 with Temperature Extremes Under CC -- 4 Food Security, Food Production, and Air Pollution: Scenario in India -- 4.1 Performance of India in Terms of Food Availability -- 4.2 Air Pollution Status in India -- 4.2.1 Biomass Burning in Northern Indian States -- 4.3 Temporal Evolution of Food Crop Production and Vegetation Index in North India and Its Relation to Air Pollution -- Box 6.1 Agricultural Growth in Punjab and Haryana: The Two Main Green Revolution States -- 4.4 Crop Yield Losses Due to Climate Change and Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Optimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Simulation Modeling: Analysis and Interpretation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Need for Climate Modeling -- 2.1 Energy Balance Models (EBMs) -- 2.2 Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) -- 2.3 Global Climate Models or Global/General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 3 Energy Models -- 3.1 Scenario-Based Stock-Turnover Model -- 3.2 Bottom-Up Optimization Model -- 3.3 The Macroeconomic Models -- 3.4 Economic-Dispatch Production Simulation Model. , 4 General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 4.1 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Model (CNRM) -- 5 Global Climate Model -- 6 Integrated Assessment Modeling -- 6.1 Need for Integrated Modeling -- 6.2 Integrated Assessment Model -- 6.2.1 The Asian-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) -- 6.2.2 Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE) -- 6.2.3 Feedback-Rich Energy-Economy Model (FREE) -- 6.2.4 Integrated Climate Assessment Model (ICAM) -- 6.2.5 Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE) -- 6.2.6 Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) -- 6.2.7 Mini Climate Assessment Model (MiniCAM) -- 6.2.8 Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (RICE) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Role of Biomass Burning in Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Major Greenhouse Gases -- 3 The Scenario of BB Emissions -- 3.1 BB Emissions in Asia -- 3.2 BB Emissions Pattern Change Over the Last Millennium: Inferences from Paleo Records in Polar Ice Cores -- 3.3 Remote Sensing of BB Emission Activity -- 4 The Need for Initiatives to Tackle Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations for Clean Air to All -- 6.1 Need for Spatio-Temporal Data Set on Air Pollutants -- 6.2 Determination of Uncertainties -- 6.3 Building Up of Multiple-Year Emission Inventories -- 6.4 Reconcile Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches -- 6.5 Clean and Green Air Action Plan -- References -- 9: Ozone Impacts and Climate Forcing: Thailand as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Ozone Trends -- 3 Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry: Major Sources and Sinks -- 4 Effects of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5 Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas -- 6 Relationship Between Ozone and Its Precursors -- 7 Ozone Management -- 8 Summary -- References -- 10: Role of Nanotechnology in Combating CO2 in Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Oxides. , 3 Alkali Metal Oxides -- 4 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides -- 5 Transition Metal Oxides -- 6 Perovskites -- 7 Carbon-Based Nano-Sorbents -- 8 Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials -- 9 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) -- 10 Graphene -- 11 Metalorganic Frameworks -- 12 Reduction of CO2 by Different Methods with MoFs -- 13 Mesoporous Silica Nano Particles -- 13.1 Nano Zeolites -- 13.2 Nanobiocatalyst -- 14 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mitigation Strategies of Greenhouse Gas Control: Policy Measures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Scenario -- 2.1 UNFCCC -- 2.2 KYOTO Protocol -- 2.3 Copenhagen Summit, 2009 -- 2.4 LIMA Climate Change Conference, 2014 -- 2.5 Marrakech Climate Change Conference, 2016 -- 2.6 Paris Agreement COP 21, 2015 -- 3 Mitigation Strategies: Regulatory Approaches -- 3.1 GHG Mitigation Options -- 3.2 Market Based Mitigation Policies (MBMPs) -- 3.3 Geo-engineering -- 4 Developed Countries -- 4.1 Japan -- 4.2 Sweden -- 4.3 United Kingdom -- 5 Developing Countries -- 5.1 India -- 5.2 Brazil -- 5.3 China -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Glossary of Terms.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- 1: An Introduction to Extremes in Atmospheric Processes and Phenomena: Assessment, Impacts and Mitigation -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- 2: Atmospheric Phenomena: Origin, Mechanism, and Impacts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Atmospheric Phenomena and Mechanism -- 2.2.1 Hydrometeor -- 2.2.1.1 Suspended Particle -- 2.2.1.2 Precipitation -- 2.2.1.3 Spout -- 2.2.2 Lithometeor -- 2.2.2.1 Haze -- 2.2.2.2 Blowing Dust -- 2.3 Impacts of Hydrometeors and Lithometeors on Human Society -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Air Pollution and Its Associated Impacts on Atmosphere and Biota Health -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Air Pollutants: Types and Sources -- 3.3 Air Pollution and Its Impacts on the Atmosphere -- 3.3.1 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming -- 3.3.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 3.3.3 Atmospheric Deposition and Acid Rain -- 3.3.4 Suppression of Rainfall -- 3.3.5 Visibility Reduction -- 3.4 Impacts on Biota Health -- 3.4.1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 3.4.2 Oxides of Nitrogen -- 3.4.3 Ground Level Ozone -- 3.4.4 Suspended Particulate Matter -- 3.4.5 Fluorides -- 3.4.6 Peroxyacyl Nitrates -- 3.5 Impacts of Air Pollutants on Human Health -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4: South Asian Monsoon Extremes and Climate Change -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Semi-permanent Features of Monsoon -- 4.2.1 Heat Low -- 4.2.2 Monsoon Trough -- 4.2.3 Tibetan Anticyclone -- 4.2.4 Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) -- 4.2.5 Mascarene High (MH) -- 4.2.6 Somali Low-Level Jet (LLJ) -- 4.3 Phases of Monsoon -- 4.3.1 Onset of Monsoon -- 4.3.2 Monsoon Advance -- 4.3.3 Withdrawal of SW Monsoon -- 4.4 Intra-seasonal Variations/Active and Break Spells -- 4.5 Extremities in South Asian Monsoon -- 4.6 Regional Trends in Monsoon. , 4.7 ENSO, IOD and MJO Links with Monsoon -- 4.8 Climate Change and Global Warming Impacts -- 4.8.1 Remedial Measures -- 4.8.2 Impact of South Asia Monsoon on Society -- 4.9 Summary -- References -- 5: Contribution of Fog in Changing Air Quality: Extremities and Risks to Environment and Society -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fog -- 5.3 Types of Fog -- 5.3.1 Fog Formed Through the Addition of Water Vapour -- 5.3.1.1 Steam Fog -- 5.3.1.2 Frontal Fog -- 5.3.2 Fog Formed by Cooling -- 5.3.2.1 Radiation Fog -- Advection-Radiation Fog -- High Inversion Fog -- 5.3.2.2 Advection Fog -- 5.3.2.3 Upslope Fog -- 5.3.2.4 Mixing Fog -- 5.4 World Distribution of Fog -- 5.4.1 Northern India Fog -- 5.5 Characterization of Fog -- 5.5.1 Microphysical Structure of Fog -- 5.5.2 Haze to Fog Transition -- 5.5.3 Chemical Composition of Fog -- 5.6 Factor for Fog Formation -- 5.6.1 Meteorological Condition -- 5.6.2 Role of Aerosol -- 5.7 Fog as an Extreme Event: Causes and Impacts -- 5.7.1 Fog as an Extreme Event -- 5.7.2 Causes -- 5.7.3 Impacts -- 5.7.4 Effect on Air Quality -- 5.7.4.1 Effect on Pollutant Concentration -- 5.7.4.2 Visibility -- 5.7.5 Effect on Transport System -- 5.7.5.1 Traffic Accidents -- 5.7.6 Economic Impact -- 5.7.7 Health Effect -- 5.7.7.1 Fog and Chest Infection -- 5.7.8 Wireless Communication -- 5.7.9 Impact on Vegetation -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Nature of Sand and Dust Storm in South Asian Region: Extremities and Environmental Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Dust Storms: a Global Phenomenon and a Transboundary Hazard -- 6.1.2 How SDS Act as Extreme Event? -- 6.2 Sand and Dust Storm Processes -- 6.3 Drivers of Sand and Dust Storm -- 6.3.1 Natural Drivers -- 6.3.2 Anthropogenic Drivers -- 6.4 State and Trends of SDS -- 6.5 Geography of Dust Storms in South Asia -- 6.5.1 India -- 6.5.2 Pakistan -- 6.5.3 Afghanistan. , 6.6 SDS Hazards and Their Impacts -- 6.6.1 Impacts on Ocean and Its Productivity -- 6.6.2 Impact of SDS on Air Quality -- 6.6.3 Human Health Impacts -- 6.6.3.1 Cardio-respiratory Diseases -- 6.6.3.2 Valley Fever -- 6.6.3.3 Eye and Skin Infections -- 6.6.4 Economic Impacts -- 6.7 Climate Change and SDS Events -- 6.7.1 Positive and Negative Forcing and SDS -- 6.7.2 Connection Between SDS and Climate Change -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Assessment of Heat and Cold Waves Phenomena and Impacts on Environment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Heat Waves -- 7.2.1 Defining Heat Waves -- 7.2.2 Generation of Heat Waves -- 7.2.2.1 Atmospheric Characteristics -- 7.2.3 Climate Change and Heat Waves -- 7.2.4 Urban-Scale Aspects of Heat Waves -- 7.2.4.1 Heat Waves and Urban Heat Island Effect -- 7.2.4.2 Heat Waves and Air Quality -- 7.2.5 Impacts of Heat Waves and Mitigation Strategies -- 7.2.5.1 Human Health -- 7.2.5.2 Energy Sector and Infrastructure -- 7.2.5.3 Other Aspects -- 7.2.5.4 Mitigation Strategies -- 7.3 Cold Waves -- 7.4 Case Study of Heat Wave -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Intense Biomass Burning Over Northern India and Its Impact on Air Quality, Chemistry and Climate -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Major Sources of Intense Biomass Burning in Northern India -- 8.3 Extreme Biomass Burning -- 8.4 Biomass Burning-Induced Elevated Levels of Aerosols and Trace Gases -- 8.4.1 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 8.4.2 Carbonaceous Aerosols -- 8.4.3 Ozone -- 8.4.4 Ozone Precursors -- 8.5 Impacts of Intense Biomass Burning -- 8.5.1 Air Quality -- 8.5.2 Chemistry -- 8.5.3 Climate and Weather -- 8.5.3.1 Impact on Aerosol Characteristics and Radiative Forcing -- 8.5.3.2 Impact over Himalayan Region -- 8.6 Summary -- References -- 9: Rising Extreme Event of Smog in Northern India: Problems and Challenges -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 North-India´s Crowning Glory or Not?. , 9.3 Smog Events over Northern India -- 9.4 Challenges: Problems and Allied Impacts -- 9.4.1 Industrial and Vehicular Emissions -- 9.4.2 Crop Residue Burning -- 9.4.3 Natural Processes -- 9.4.4 Road Dust, Construction, and Demolition -- 9.4.5 Lack of Source Identification Studies -- 9.4.6 Inefficient Waste Management -- 9.4.7 Impacts -- 9.4.7.1 Health Impacts -- 9.4.8 Visibility Reduction -- 9.4.9 Economic Losses -- 9.4.10 Agricultural Loss -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Volcanic Emissions: Causes, Impacts, and Its Extremities -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Types of Volcanoes -- 10.1.1.1 On the Basis of Activity -- 10.1.1.2 On the Basis of Structure -- 10.2 Causes of Volcanic Emissions -- 10.2.1 Plate Tectonics -- 10.2.1.1 Crustal Plates -- 10.2.1.2 Plate Boundaries -- 10.3 Emissions from Volcanoes -- 10.3.1 Volcanic Material -- 10.4 Impacts of Volcanic Emissions -- 10.4.1 Radiative Forcing -- 10.4.2 Impact on Ozone -- 10.4.3 Acid Rain -- 10.4.4 Impact on Aviation -- 10.4.5 Environment and Health -- 10.4.6 Volcano and ENSO Relation -- 10.5 Impacts and Extremities -- 10.5.1 Mount Pinatubo: A Case Study -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- 11: Assessment of Extreme Firework Episode in a Coastal City of Southern India: Kannur as a Case Study -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Description of Monitoring Site -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Variation of Surface O3 -- 11.3.2 Variation of Oxides of Nitrogen -- 11.3.3 Variation of CO and SO2 -- 11.3.4 Diurnal Variation of BTEX and NH3 -- 11.3.5 Variation of PM10 and PM2.5 -- 11.3.6 Variation of Metal Concentrations Associated with Particulate Matters -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Air Pollution Episodes: Brief History, Mechanisms and Outlook -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Global Distribution of Air Pollution -- 12.3 Major Historical Episodes and Impacts -- 12.4 Important Mechanisms and Challenges. , 12.5 Some Perspectives on Control Measures and Outlook -- 12.6 Summary -- References -- 13: Increasing Atmospheric Extreme Events and Role of Disaster Risk Management: Dimensions and Approaches -- 13.1 Background -- 13.2 Atmospheric Dynamics and Feedbacks -- 13.3 Increase in Frequency and Intensity of Atmospheric Extremes -- 13.3.1 Large-Scale Atmospheric Extremes -- 13.3.1.1 Heat and Cold Waves -- 13.3.1.2 Precipitation Modification -- 13.3.1.3 Droughts -- 13.3.1.4 Dust Storms -- 13.3.1.5 Forest Fires and Biomass Burning -- 13.3.2 Regional and Local-Scale Atmospheric Extremes -- 13.3.2.1 Urban Heat Island and CO2 Domes -- 13.3.2.2 Extreme Precipitation Events and Urban Flooding -- 13.3.2.3 Crop Residue Burning and Smog -- 13.4 Vulnerability to Disaster -- 13.5 Disaster Risk Management -- 13.5.1 Scientific Dimensions and Decision Support Systems -- 13.5.2 Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Adaptation -- 13.5.3 Early Warning Systems and Post-disaster Management -- 13.6 Summary -- References -- 14: Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response for Air Pollution and Related Health Extremes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Air Pollution Risks and Episodes -- 14.3 Air Pollution as Disaster and Its Preparedness -- 14.4 Air Pollution Emergency Causes -- 14.4.1 Dense Fog and Smog -- 14.4.2 Chemical/Industrial Accidents -- 14.4.3 Dust and Sand Storms -- 14.4.4 Urban Air Pollution -- 14.4.5 Biomass Burning -- 14.4.6 Forest Fire -- 14.5 Air Pollution as Public Health Emergency -- 14.6 Existing Policies and Recommendations -- 14.7 Integrated Approach to Deal with Air Pollution as Disaster -- 14.8 Conclusion -- References -- 15: Cost-Effective Technologies for Control of Air Pollution and Atmospheric-Related Extremes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Air Pollution Management -- 15.2.1 Step 1: Emissions Definition -- 15.2.2 Step 2: Define the Target Groups. , 15.2.3 Step 3: Determination of Acceptable Exposure Levels.