Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Criteria Air Pollutants: Chemistry, Sources and Sinks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Air Pollution Sources and Their Emissions -- 2.2.1 Anthropogenic Sources -- 2.2.2 Natural Sources -- 2.2.3 Stationary Sources -- 2.2.3.1 Point Source -- 2.2.3.2 Area Sources -- 2.2.3.3 Fugitive Sources -- 2.2.3.4 Volume Sources -- 2.2.4 Mobile Sources -- 2.3 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 2.3.1 Particulate Matter in Atmosphere -- 2.3.2 Health Effects of PM10 -- 2.3.3 Chemistry of Particulate Matter -- 2.3.3.1 Chemical Composition of PM -- 2.3.3.2 Gas-Particle Conversion and Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 2.3.4 Ambient PM and Their Atmospheric Processes -- 2.3.4.1 Hygroscopicity and Ageing of PM -- 2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 2.4.1 Sources -- 2.4.2 CO Level and Trend -- 2.4.3 Chemistry and Sink of CO -- 2.5 Lead (Pb) -- 2.5.1 Sources -- 2.5.2 Levels and Distribution of Lead -- 2.5.3 Exposure, Chemistry and Sink of Lead -- 2.6 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) -- 2.6.1 Sources of NO2 -- 2.6.2 Levels and Distribution of NO2 -- 2.6.3 Chemistry of NO2 in the Atmosphere -- 2.6.4 Sink of NO2 -- 2.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 2.7.1 Sources -- 2.7.2 Emissions of Oxides of Sulphur -- 2.7.3 Levels and Trend of SO2 -- 2.7.4 Chemistry of SO2 -- 2.7.5 Sink of SO2 -- 2.8 Tropospheric Ozone (O3) -- 2.8.1 Chemistry of Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.8.2 Sinks of the Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Primary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Health Effects -- 3.2.1 Impact of SO2 and NO2 on Environmental Health -- 3.2.1.1 Acid Rain -- Impact of Acid Rain on Ecosystem -- Impact of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees -- Impact of Acid Rain on Fish and Wildlife. , Episodic Acidification -- Effects of Acid Rain on Materials -- Acid Rain Effects on Human Health -- 3.2.2 Particulate Matter and Its Impact on Environment -- 3.2.2.1 Deposition of PM -- 3.2.2.2 Coarse (PM10) and Fine Fraction (PM2.5) Particles -- 3.2.2.3 Mode of Depositions -- Dry Deposition -- Wet Deposition -- Occult Deposition -- 3.2.2.4 PM Deposition onto Vegetation and Their Effects -- 3.2.2.5 Plant Responses to Stress Caused by PM -- 3.2.2.6 Health Effects of PM -- 3.2.2.7 Burden of Disease Related to Exposure to PM -- 3.2.2.8 PM Effects on Climate -- Direct Effect -- PM Indirect Effect on Climate -- 3.2.2.9 Acid Rain and Eutrophication -- 3.2.2.10 Atmospheric Haze -- 3.2.3 Impact of Carbon Monoxide on Environmental Health -- 3.2.3.1 CO Toxicity -- 3.2.3.2 Health Effects -- Effects on Humans -- Neurological and Behavioural Effects -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Developmental Effects -- 3.2.3.3 Impact of Indoor CO -- 3.2.4 Impact of Lead and Environmental Health -- 3.2.4.1 Lead Sources and Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.4.2 Effects of Lead in Children -- 3.2.4.3 Effects of Lead in Adults -- 3.2.4.4 Environmental Effects of Lead -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Secondary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Secondary Criteria Air Pollutant: Tropospheric Ozone -- 4.2.1 Tropospheric Ozone Formation -- 4.2.2 Overall Trends of Tropospheric Ozone Levels: Present Status and Future Predicted Trends -- 4.2.2.1 Global Ozone Distribution -- 4.2.2.2 Tropospheric Ozone: An Indian Scenario -- 4.2.3 O3 Concentrations Predictions -- 4.3 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate -- 4.4 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Human Health -- 4.4.1 Acute Health Impacts -- 4.4.2 Chronic Health Impacts -- 4.4.3 Guidelines for Human Health: Ozone Exposure -- 4.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Plant Health. , 4.5.1 Ozone Relationship with Oxidative Stress and Other Physiological Responses -- 4.5.1.1 Ozone Generated ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 4.5.1.2 ROS Defence Mechanisms: Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.2 Characterization of Ozone Exposure -- 4.5.3 Ozone Deposition Mechanism -- 4.5.4 Effects of Ozone on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants -- 4.5.4.1 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Pigment Content -- 4.5.4.2 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Starch Content -- 4.5.4.3 Impact on Proline Content -- 4.5.4.4 Enzymatic Profiles and Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Output Rate -- 4.5.5.1 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 4.5.5.2 RuBisCO Content -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Policy Regulations and Future Recommendations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Source Emission Control -- 5.1.1.1 Elimination Approach -- 5.2 Choice of Fuel -- 5.3 Fuel Cleaning -- 5.4 Selection of Technology and Methods -- 5.4.1 Emission Control Approaches -- 5.5 Particle control system -- 5.5.1 Gas- and Vapour-Phase Control System -- 5.5.2 Policy Rules and Regulation -- 5.5.2.1 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 5.6 Stringent Measures Taken to Control Sector-Wise Emissions -- 5.6.1 Transport Sector -- 5.6.2 Industrial Sector -- 5.6.3 Agricultural Sector -- 5.7 Pollutant-Wise Mitigation -- 5.8 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 5.9 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) -- 5.10 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 5.11 Lead (Pb) -- 5.12 Ozone (O3) -- 5.13 NOx Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) -- 5.14 Ozone Transport Region (OTR) NOx Cap and Allowance Trading Program -- 5.15 EPA´s Ozone Transport NOx SIP Call -- 5.16 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 5.17 Policy Initiatives in India -- 5.18 Legal Framework -- 5.19 Legislation of Environment Programmes -- 5.20 Odd-Even Plan in Delhi -- 5.21 Strict Emission Norms. , 5.22 Restructuring the Growth -- 5.23 Institutional Framework -- 5.24 Green Technology in India -- 5.25 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- About the Book -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Acronyms -- 1: Introduction to Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 Summary of Chapters -- References -- 2: Source Apportionment of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change -- 3 Major GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 3.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 3.2 Methane (CH4) -- 3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) -- 3.4 Fluorinated Gases (HFCS, PFCS, SF6) -- 4 Important Factors of Green House Gas Emission -- 4.1 Increasing Energy Demand -- 4.2 GDP vs Emissions -- 4.3 Urbanization -- 4.4 Growing Vehicle Use -- 4.5 Industry -- 5 Greenhouse Gases Budget of Different Countries and Their Contribution -- 6 Source Apportionment of GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 6.1 Source Identification -- 6.2 Identification of Key Source Categories for Inventory Work -- 6.3 Data Collection: Activity Data and Facility Data -- 6.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 6.5 Development of ``Emission Factor´´ (EF) for Different Source Categories -- 6.6 Estimation of GHG Emission Levels -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Identification of Major Sinks of Greenhouse Gases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Sinks for GHGs: Global Scenario and Significance -- 3 Sinks for Carbon Dioxide -- 3.1 Oceans as Sink for CO2 -- 3.2 Terrestrial Biosphere as Sink for CO2 -- 3.3 Forests as Sinks for CO2 -- 3.4 Boreal Landscape as Sink for Carbon -- 3.5 Challenges with Terrestrial Sinks -- 4 Sinks for Methane -- 4.1 Wetlands as Sink of Methane and Other GHGs -- 5 Sinks for Oxides of Nitrogen -- 6 Sinks of Halogen-Containing Gases -- 7 Artificial Removal of the Greenhouse Gases -- 8 Future Challenges -- 9 Recommendations -- Box 3.1 FAQs -- Box 3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- Box 3.3 Biochar. , Box 3.4 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) -- References -- 4: Greenhouse Gas Emission Flux from Forest Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Main GHGs -- 1.2 Source-Sink Aspect of Flux from Forest -- 1.3 National/International Bodies Involved in GHG Emissions Regulation -- 2 Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming -- 3 GHGs Emission from Forest and Global Flux Estimates/Contribution (Table 4.1) -- 4 GHG Flux Measurement Techniques (Fig.4.1) -- 4.1 Eddy Covariance Flux Tower -- 4.2 Chamber Systems -- 4.2.1 Closed Chambers -- 4.2.2 Open-chambers -- 4.3 Space-Borne Measurements -- 4.4 Air-Borne Measurements -- 4.5 Soil Emissions Modelling -- 4.6 Environmental Measurements -- 4.6.1 Infrared Techniques -- 5 Factors Governing GHG Production and Emission from Forests Ecosystem -- 5.1 Land-Use and Land Cover Changes -- 5.2 Substrate Availability -- 5.3 Temperature -- 5.4 Precipitation and Soil Water -- 5.5 Soil pH-Values -- 5.6 Nitrogen -- 5.7 Salinity and Sodicity -- 5.8 Increasing CO2 and Atmospheric N-deposition -- 5.9 Vegetation -- 5.10 Soil and Plant Characteristics -- 5.11 Forest Fires -- 6 Impact of Forest Generated GHG on Climate and Environmental Health -- 6.1 Deforestation and Climate Change -- 6.2 Forest Degradation and Climate Change -- 6.3 Forest Fires and Climate Change -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Major GHGs -- 1.1.1 CO2 -- 1.1.2 Ozone -- 1.1.3 Methane (CH4) -- 1.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 1.1.5 Nitrous Oxide -- 1.2 Sources of GHGs -- 2 Trends of GHGs Levels Considering Past Several Decades -- 3 Impacts of GHGs -- 4 Impacts of GHGs on Human Health -- 4.1 Mechanism of CO2 Effect on Human Health -- 4.1.1 Human Health Impacts Due to CO2 -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Ozone Effects -- 4.2.1 Effect of Ozone on Human Health. , 4.3 Mechanism of Methane´s Action on Human Body -- 4.3.1 Health Effects -- 4.4 Mechanism of Action of Chloroflouro Carbons (CFC) -- 4.5 Mechanism of Action of Nitrous Oxide -- 4.5.1 Effect on Human Health -- 5 Complexities Assessing Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 6 Control Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions to Protect Human Health -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Implications in Food Production and Food Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Climate Change Influences Food Security? -- 2.1 Link Between GHGs, Air Quality, and Climate -- 2.1.1 Agriculture: A Source of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution -- 3 Role of SLCP and Greenhouse Gas (Ozone and Black Carbon) Emissions in Food Production -- 3.1 Considering O3 with Temperature Extremes Under CC -- 4 Food Security, Food Production, and Air Pollution: Scenario in India -- 4.1 Performance of India in Terms of Food Availability -- 4.2 Air Pollution Status in India -- 4.2.1 Biomass Burning in Northern Indian States -- 4.3 Temporal Evolution of Food Crop Production and Vegetation Index in North India and Its Relation to Air Pollution -- Box 6.1 Agricultural Growth in Punjab and Haryana: The Two Main Green Revolution States -- 4.4 Crop Yield Losses Due to Climate Change and Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Optimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Simulation Modeling: Analysis and Interpretation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Need for Climate Modeling -- 2.1 Energy Balance Models (EBMs) -- 2.2 Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) -- 2.3 Global Climate Models or Global/General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 3 Energy Models -- 3.1 Scenario-Based Stock-Turnover Model -- 3.2 Bottom-Up Optimization Model -- 3.3 The Macroeconomic Models -- 3.4 Economic-Dispatch Production Simulation Model. , 4 General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 4.1 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Model (CNRM) -- 5 Global Climate Model -- 6 Integrated Assessment Modeling -- 6.1 Need for Integrated Modeling -- 6.2 Integrated Assessment Model -- 6.2.1 The Asian-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) -- 6.2.2 Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE) -- 6.2.3 Feedback-Rich Energy-Economy Model (FREE) -- 6.2.4 Integrated Climate Assessment Model (ICAM) -- 6.2.5 Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE) -- 6.2.6 Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) -- 6.2.7 Mini Climate Assessment Model (MiniCAM) -- 6.2.8 Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (RICE) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Role of Biomass Burning in Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Major Greenhouse Gases -- 3 The Scenario of BB Emissions -- 3.1 BB Emissions in Asia -- 3.2 BB Emissions Pattern Change Over the Last Millennium: Inferences from Paleo Records in Polar Ice Cores -- 3.3 Remote Sensing of BB Emission Activity -- 4 The Need for Initiatives to Tackle Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations for Clean Air to All -- 6.1 Need for Spatio-Temporal Data Set on Air Pollutants -- 6.2 Determination of Uncertainties -- 6.3 Building Up of Multiple-Year Emission Inventories -- 6.4 Reconcile Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches -- 6.5 Clean and Green Air Action Plan -- References -- 9: Ozone Impacts and Climate Forcing: Thailand as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Ozone Trends -- 3 Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry: Major Sources and Sinks -- 4 Effects of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5 Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas -- 6 Relationship Between Ozone and Its Precursors -- 7 Ozone Management -- 8 Summary -- References -- 10: Role of Nanotechnology in Combating CO2 in Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Oxides. , 3 Alkali Metal Oxides -- 4 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides -- 5 Transition Metal Oxides -- 6 Perovskites -- 7 Carbon-Based Nano-Sorbents -- 8 Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials -- 9 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) -- 10 Graphene -- 11 Metalorganic Frameworks -- 12 Reduction of CO2 by Different Methods with MoFs -- 13 Mesoporous Silica Nano Particles -- 13.1 Nano Zeolites -- 13.2 Nanobiocatalyst -- 14 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mitigation Strategies of Greenhouse Gas Control: Policy Measures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Scenario -- 2.1 UNFCCC -- 2.2 KYOTO Protocol -- 2.3 Copenhagen Summit, 2009 -- 2.4 LIMA Climate Change Conference, 2014 -- 2.5 Marrakech Climate Change Conference, 2016 -- 2.6 Paris Agreement COP 21, 2015 -- 3 Mitigation Strategies: Regulatory Approaches -- 3.1 GHG Mitigation Options -- 3.2 Market Based Mitigation Policies (MBMPs) -- 3.3 Geo-engineering -- 4 Developed Countries -- 4.1 Japan -- 4.2 Sweden -- 4.3 United Kingdom -- 5 Developing Countries -- 5.1 India -- 5.2 Brazil -- 5.3 China -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Glossary of Terms.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction to Airborne Particulate Matter: Source, Chemistry and Health -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- References -- 2: Emission Sources of Particulate Matter -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Particulate Matter -- 2.3 Sources of Particulate Matter -- 2.3.1 Stationary Sources -- 2.3.1.1 Natural Stationary Sources -- 2.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Stationary Sources -- 2.3.2 Mobile Sources -- 2.3.2.1 Natural Mobile Sources -- 2.3.2.2 Anthropogenic Mobile Sources -- 2.3.3 Secondary Particulate Matter -- 2.4 PM Emission Inventory: Global Approach -- 2.4.1 Development Methods -- 2.4.1.1 Bottom-Up Method -- 2.4.1.2 Top-Down Method -- 2.4.2 Emission Factor -- 2.5 Composition of Particulate Matter -- 2.6 Dynamics of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere -- 2.6.1 Junge Distributions -- 2.6.2 Gamma Distributions -- 2.6.3 Log-Normal Distributions -- 2.7 Properties of Particulate Matter -- 2.7.1 Morphology -- 2.7.2 Hygroscopic Property -- 2.7.3 Optical Property -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Geographical Distribution and Transport of Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geographical distribution of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) -- 3.3 Composition of Atmospheric PM -- 3.4 Meaning of Distribution and Transport of PM in Environment -- 3.5 Cause of Distribution and Transport of PM and Factors That Affected Its Distribution and Transport -- 3.6 Air Dispersion Modelling -- 3.7 Effect of Transport and Dispersion of PM in Atmosphere -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Airborne Particles in Indoor and Outdoor Environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Potential Sources: Outdoor and Indoor Airborne Particles -- 4.3 Measurement Methods of PM Mass. , 4.4 Physical, Chemical, and Optical Characteristics of Airborne Particles -- 4.5 Impact of Airborne Particles on the Earth´s Radiation Balance -- 4.6 The Role of Airborne Particles in Affecting Air Quality, Visibility, and the Hydrological Cycle -- 4.7 Global Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosols -- 4.8 Global Distribution of Outdoor Pollutants -- 4.9 Air Pollutants in Indoor Environments -- 4.10 Impact of Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health -- 4.11 Summary -- References -- 5: High-Resolution Ambient Record of Aerosols over Delhi and Associated Typical Health Effects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Air Quality Guidelines -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Air Pollution Monitoring in Delhi -- 5.3.2 Study Site -- 5.3.3 Data Source and Study Period -- 5.3.4 CBPF Analysis -- 5.3.5 PSCF Analysis -- 5.3.6 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.7 PM2.5/PM10 Ratio -- 5.3.8 Influence of Meteorology -- 5.3.9 PSCF Analysis -- 5.4 A Brief Review on Air Pollution and Public Health -- 5.4.1 Household Air Pollution (HAP) and Its Health Effects -- 5.4.2 Sources and Pollutants -- 5.4.3 Health Status -- 5.4.4 Health Effects -- 5.4.5 Vulnerable Population -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Characterization of Primary and Secondary Airborne Particulates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Primary and Secondary Airborne Particulate Matters -- 6.3 Emission Sources -- 6.3.1 Natural Sources -- 6.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 6.4 Characterization of Airborne Particulate Matter -- 6.4.1 Physical Properties -- 6.4.1.1 Textural Properties -- 6.4.1.2 Particle Diameters -- Stokes Diameter -- Aerodynamic Diameter (Da) -- 6.4.1.3 Shape -- 6.4.1.4 Density -- 6.4.1.5 Size -- Particle Size Distribution -- Size Fractions of PMs -- Relative Humidity´s Impact on Particle Size -- 6.4.1.6 Deliquescence -- 6.4.2 Chemical Characterization. , 6.4.2.1 Chemical Components of Airborne Particulate Matter -- Inorganic and Organic Fraction -- 6.4.2.2 Biological Components of Airborne Particulate Matter -- 6.5 Formation Pathways -- 6.5.1 Mechanisms of Particle Formation -- 6.5.2 Atmospheric Ageing -- 6.5.3 Gas-to-Particle Formation -- 6.5.4 Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) -- 6.6 Removal Pathways -- 6.6.1 Atmospheric Lifetimes -- 6.6.2 Dispersion -- 6.6.3 Deposition -- 6.7 PM Characterization Techniques -- 6.7.1 Gravimetric Approach -- 6.7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 6.7.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) -- 6.7.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -- 6.7.5.1 Manual SEM -- 6.7.5.2 Computer Controlled SEM (CCSEM) -- 6.7.5.3 SEM Integrated with Image Analysing Techniques -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Toxicological Implications of Fine Particulates: Sources, Chemical Composition, and Possible Underlying Mechanism -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Air Quality Standards for Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.3 Sources of Fine Particulates -- 7.4 Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.4.1 Organic Compounds -- 7.4.2 Inorganic Compounds -- 7.4.3 Carbonaceous Species -- 7.4.4 Biological Components -- 7.5 Transport of Fine Particles -- 7.6 Deposition Processes of Fine Particles -- 7.7 Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.8 Host Responsiveness to Fine Particulate Pollution -- 7.9 Biological Mechanisms of Action of Fine Particulate Matter -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Bioaerosol and Its Impact on Human Health -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bioaerosol Sampling Techniques -- 8.2.1 Impaction -- 8.2.2 Impingement -- 8.2.3 Filtration -- 8.2.4 Gravity -- 8.2.5 Electrostatic Precipitation and Cyclone -- 8.2.6 Thermal Precipitator -- 8.2.7 Condensation Technique -- 8.3 Types of Bioaerosol -- 8.3.1 Pollen. , 8.3.2 Fungi -- 8.3.3 Bacteria -- 8.3.4 Virus -- 8.4 Sources of Bioaerosol -- 8.4.1 Bioaerosol Emission Mechanism -- 8.4.1.1 Abrasive Dislodgment -- 8.4.1.2 Bubble Burst -- 8.5 Environment-Specific `Bioaerosols´ -- 8.6 `Bioaerosols´: Pay-Off Human Health and the Environment -- 8.6.1 Infectious Diseases (Species-Specific) -- 8.6.1.1 Bacteria Caused Infectious Diseases -- 8.6.1.2 Fungus Caused Infectious Diseases -- 8.6.1.3 Virus Caused Infectious Disease -- 8.6.2 Non-infectious Diseases -- 8.6.3 Respiratory Diseases -- 8.6.4 Concentration Size and Genera-Based Bioaerosols and Their Related Ill Effects to Health -- 8.6.5 Standards and Guidelines of Agencies Showing Concentration vs. Toxicity to Human Health -- 8.6.6 Bioterrorism Related to Bioaerosols and Episodic Outbreak of Pandemics due to Hazardous Bioaerosols -- 8.6.6.1 Classification of Bioterrorism Agents -- 8.6.6.2 Episodic Outbreak: Bioaerosol and Pandemic -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Human Health Effects of Particulate Matter -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Particulate Matter: Definition, Source, Composition, and Health Implications -- Box 1 Classification of PM Based on Size -- 9.3 Mechanism of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Damage by PM -- 9.4 Impact of PM on Respiratory System: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.4.1 Declined Pulmonary Functions -- 9.4.2 Activation of Neutrophils and Eosinophils in the Airways -- 9.4.3 Severe Pulmonary Inflammation -- 9.4.4 Activation and Alteration of T-Helper-Mediated Immune Response -- 9.4.5 Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Epithelial Damage, and Lung Dysfunction -- 9.5 Impact of PM on CVS: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.5.1 Endothelial Dysfunction -- 9.5.2 Vasoconstriction, Arterial Stiffness, and BP -- 9.5.3 Arrhythmia, Heart Failure, Cardiac Remodeling, and MI -- 9.5.4 Thrombosis and Coagulation -- 9.5.5 Atherosclerosis. , 9.6 Impact of PM on CNS: Experimental and Epidemiological Evidences -- 9.6.1 PM-Induced Neuropathology: A Cellular View -- 9.7 Preventive Measures and Amelioration -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Impacts and Responses of Particulate Matter Pollution on Vegetation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Role of Plants as Biofilter and Biomonitor of Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- 10.3 Anatomical/Morphological Effect of PM on Plants -- 10.4 Effect of Particulate Pollution on Crop Health -- 10.5 Physiological Effect of PM on Plants -- 10.6 Biochemical effect of PM on Plants -- 10.7 Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter and Its Effect on Plant System -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mitigation and Management of Ambient Particulate Matter -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Framework for the Management of Ambient PM -- 11.2.1 Source -- 11.2.2 Atmosphere: The Transmitting Medium -- 11.2.3 Receptor -- 11.3 Emission Control Approaches -- 11.3.1 Stationary Point Sources -- 11.3.1.1 Pre-combustion Treatment -- 11.3.1.2 Combustion Modification -- 11.3.1.3 Post-combustion Treatment -- PM -- 11.3.1.4 Precursor Gases: SO2 and NOx -- 11.3.2 Non-stationary Point Sources -- 11.3.2.1 Vehicle Emissions -- Case Study: New Delhi Transportation System -- 11.3.2.2 Ship Emissions -- 11.3.3 Residential Burning -- Case Study: Coal-to-Gas Project in China -- 11.3.4 Fugitive Emissions -- 11.4 Management Approaches -- 11.4.1 Impact Assessment Tools -- 11.4.2 PM Management Regulations -- Case Study: Emission Trading Programmes -- 11.4.3 Social Upliftment Programmes -- 11.4.4 Vegetation Management -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12: Particulate Matter Regulatory Policies: National and Global Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Particulate Matter (PM): A Global Concern -- 12.2.1 Understanding Standards -- 12.2.2 Standards for PM. , 12.3 Identifying PM Emission from Transport Sector.