Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions" -- 1 Background -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Climate Change and Water Management Practices -- 2.2 Diagnosis and New Farming Technologies -- 2.3 Practices for Sustainable Plant and Soil Production -- 2.4 Industrial, Landscape, Touristic and Political Approaches for Agro-Environment Sustainability -- References -- Climate Change and Water Management Practices -- Climate Change Impacts on Water Balance in Egypt and Opportunities for Adaptations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area (Egypt) -- 3 Climate Change -- 3.1 Climate Models -- 3.2 Emissions Scenarios -- 4 Water Balance in Egypt in the Context of Climate Change -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Groundwater -- 4.3 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration -- 5 Climate Change Impacts on the Nile River Flow -- 5.1 Sensitivity Studies -- 5.2 Direct Use of GCMs Outputs -- 5.3 Downscaling Techniques of GCMs -- 6 Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Egypt -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 8 Recommendations for Future Studies -- References -- Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Technologies as Cost Effective Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overviews of Wastewater Treatment -- 2.1 Biofilm Treatment Process -- 2.2 Design Features -- 2.3 Biofilm Application Area -- 3 Implementation of Biofilm Technologies (Successful Case Studies) -- 3.1 Case Study: Small Municipal Wastewater Treatment Unit for 200 PE (Application in Tunis) -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Optimization of Modified Septic Tank Wastewater Treatment Performance for Small Scale (Application in Jordan) -- 4 The Demand for Capacity Building in the MENA Region -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References. , Estimation of the Olive Orchards Water Requirements Using Climatic and Physiological Methods: Case Study (Tunisian Semi-arid) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Relations -- 2.1 Water in the Soil -- 2.2 Soil Water Balance -- 3 Estimation of Water Requirements -- 3.1 Climatic Method: Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) -- 3.2 Physiological Method: Direct Measurement of Transpiration in Olive Trees (Sap Flow) -- 4 Case Study: Estimation of the Olive Orchards Water Requirements Using Climatic and Physiological Methods in the Tunisian Semi-arid -- 4.1 Materials and Methods -- 4.2 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Diagnosis and New Farming Technologies -- Agrarian System Diagnosis in Kerkennah Archipelago, Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agrarian and Production System Concepts -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Methodological Approach -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Identification of Farmer -- 5.2 General Characteristics of the Production System -- 5.3 Livestock System -- 5.4 Agro-pastoral Forage System -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Precision Farming Technologies to Increase Soil and Crop Productivity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Precision Farming -- 3 Benefits of Precision Farming Technology -- 4 Global Position Systems (GPS) -- 5 Remote Sensing -- 5.1 Satellite and Aerial Photography Remote Sensing for Precision Farming -- 5.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Precision Farming -- 5.3 Proximal Soil and Crop Sensors for Precision Farming -- 6 Geographic Information System and Precision Farming -- 7 Soil Sampling Techniques for Precision Farming -- 8 Variable Rate Technology (VRT) -- 9 Yield Monitoring System and Mapping -- 10 Site Specific Land Management (SSLM) and Soil Productivity -- 11 Profitability Map of Application Precision Farming Technology. , 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Implementing an Environmental Information System in Data-Scarce Countries: Issues and Guidelines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Monitoring Models -- 2.1 PSR Model -- 2.2 DSR Model -- 2.3 DPSIR Model -- 3 Environmental Data -- 3.1 Environmental Data Categories -- 3.2 Environmental Data Exchange -- 4 EIS Purpose and Functions -- 4.1 EIS Definition and Functions -- 4.2 EIS Architecture -- 5 EIS Benchmarking -- 5.1 International EIS Overview -- 5.2 Benchmarking Synthesis -- 6 Use Case: EIS in Morocco -- 6.1 Environmental Policy in Morocco -- 6.2 Moroccan EIS -- 6.3 REIS: Are They Operational? -- 7 Guidelines for Implementing Operational EIS in Data-Scarce Countries -- 7.1 Institutional Aspects -- 7.2 Technological Aspects -- 7.3 Aspects Related to Lack or Scarcity of Data -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Green Spaces for Residential Projects as a Commitment to Environmental Concerns and a Sustainable Development Initiative: Design of a Peri-Urban Park in Casablanca, Morocco -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landscaping and Land Use Planning in Morocco -- 2.1 Territorial Planning in Morocco -- 2.2 Landscaping in Morocco -- 3 The City of Casablanca: A Metropolis that Suffocates -- 3.1 Urban and Demographic Expansion -- 3.2 Problems and Confrontations of Casablanca city -- 3.3 The Pre-Urban Area and Luxury Housing Projects -- 4 The Casa Diaa Project -- 5 The Park of the Casa Diaa Project -- 5.1 Landscape Analysis -- 5.2 Needs and Objectives -- 5.3 The Design of the Park -- 5.4 The Park: An Added Value -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- The Environment and Sustainable Development in Front of the Artificialisation of the Coastlines: Coasts of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Location of the Study Site. , 2.2 Agri-Landscape Analysis Parameters -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Tunisian Sahel: An Essentially Rural Territory -- 3.2 The City of Sousse: A Linear Development and Marginalization of the Hinterland -- 3.3 A Tourism Sector that Consumes Large Amounts of Space -- 3.4 An Artificialisation of the Coasts and Its Environmental Impact -- 3.5 The Sprawl of Moroccan Coasts -- 3.6 Algeria: Development of Cities on Their Coastal Areas -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Practices for Sustainable Plant and Soil Production -- Sustainable Agriculture in Some Arab Maghreb Countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impact of Agriculture -- 2.1 Soil Degradation -- 2.2 Pollution of Water -- 2.3 Use of Fresh Water -- 2.4 Air Pollution -- 2.5 Contribution to Climate Change -- 2.6 Loss of Biodiversity -- 3 Reduction of Impacts -- 3.1 The Sustainable Agriculture -- 4 Contribution of Some Maghreb Countries (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) to Sustainable Agriculture -- 4.1 Morocco -- 4.2 Algeria -- 4.3 Tunisia -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Possibilities of Mineral Fertilizer Substitution Via Bio and Organic Fertilizers for Decreasing Environmental Pollution and Improving of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Vegetative Growth -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Site -- 2.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soil and Compost -- 2.3 Treatments -- 2.4 Agricultural Practices -- 2.5 Studied Traits -- 2.6 Experimental Design -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Total Chlorophyll Content (%) -- 3.2 The Dry Weight of Whole Plant (g) -- 3.3 The Dry Weight of Shoot (g) -- 3.4 The Dry Weight of Root (g) -- 3.5 The Dry Weight Ratio of Shoot/Root -- 3.6 Leaf Area Ratio (cm2 mg−1) -- 3.7 Absolute Growth Rate (mg day−1) -- 3.8 Unite Shoot Rate (mg mg−1 day−1) -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations. , References -- Animal and Rangeland Resources in Shalatin-Abou Ramad-Halaib Triangle Region, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Features of Shalatin-Abou Ramad-Halaib Region (SAHTR) -- 3 Animal Production Resources in the SAHTR -- 4 Natural Vegetation and Grazing Resources of the SAHTR -- 5 General Current Features of Animal and Rangeland Resources -- 6 Constraints of Animal/Range Resource Production in the SAHTR -- 7 Factors Affecting Animal and Range Production Resources -- 8 Suggested Polices and Strategies -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Industrial, Landscape, Touristic and Political Approaches for Agro-environment Sustainability -- Sustainable Mining Site Remediation Under (Semi) Arid Climates in the Middle East and in Northern Africa: The Djebel Ressas Mine in Tunisia as an Example of the Orphaned Mines Issue -- 1 Importance of Sustainable Soil and Land Management -- 2 Targets for Sustainable Soil and Land Management -- 3 Problem: The Orphaned Mine at Djebel Ressas in Tunisia as an Unsolved Issue of Sustainable Land and Soil Management -- 4 Definition of Quality Targets: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach -- 5 Scope for Design: Can There Be a Practical Benefit of Applying Quality Targets to the Brownfield Site Remediation of an Orphaned Mine? -- 6 Solution: What We Can Do to Reach All Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development via the Use of Quality Targets? -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Buzz Words -- References -- The Agricultural Landscape of Sahel Bizertin: A Heritage in Peril -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Sahel Bizertin: A New Contemporary Resort Area -- 2.1 Presentation of the Site -- 2.2 The Seaside Boom and Urban Development of the Bizerte Sahel -- 3 The Traditional Agricultural Landscapes of the Sahel Bizertin (Identity) -- 3.1 The Gattays of Ghar El Melh. , 3.2 The Planted Terraces of Raf-Raf and the Mixed Cultures of Sounine.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Land Degradation -- Land Use Land Cover Mapping in Support of Land Degradation Mapping Using Tree-Based Classifiers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Land Cover Land Use Maps -- 5 Evaluation of the Results -- 6 Discussions -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Detection of Anthropogenic and Environmental Degradation in Mongolia Using Multi-Sources Remotely Sensed Time Series Data and Machine Learning Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data and Methods -- 3.1 Remotely Sensed Data -- 3.2 Meteorological Data -- 3.3 Training Samples -- 3.4 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Meteorological Data Time Series Analysis -- 4.2 Land Cover Classification Derived from Landsat Data -- 4.3 Change Detection Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability Using GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Zakho District, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Case Study -- 2.2 Data Collection and Preparation -- 2.3 Weighting Criteria -- 2.4 Aggregating Criteria -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physical Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.2 Chemical Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.3 Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Geo-hazard Induced by Zarand Earthquake in Central Iran Using Thermal Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Method -- 3.1 Satellite Data Acquisition -- 3.2 Satellite Data Analysis -- 3.3 Detection of LST Variation -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 LST Variation Prior to Earthquake for 2005 -- 4.2 Correlation Between MODIS LST and In-Situ Air Temperature -- 4.3 Comparisons of 2005 LST with 2004 and 2007 LSTs -- 4.4 Air Temperature Anomaly. , 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Control of the Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aeolian Hazards -- 3 Migration of Sand Dunes -- 4 Hazards of Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Field Work -- 5.2 Geological Maps of Iraq -- 5.3 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Amu Darya Dynamics in Afghanistan Using Remote Sensing Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 River Channel Dynamics -- 1.2 Remote Sensing and River Dynamics -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Google Earth Engine Classification -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- A New Method for Land Degradation Assessment in the Arid Zone of Republic of Kazakhstan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Physiography of the Arid Zone of Kazakhstan -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Field Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing Data -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Issues in Uzbekistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic Condition of the Country -- 3 Land Degradation in Uzbekistan -- 4 Effects of Climate Change Phenomena -- 5 Short Overview on the Aral Sea -- 6 Main Priorities of the Soil Science Development in Uzbekistan -- 7 Innovative Technologies for the Prevention of Soil Degradation -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Degradation and Environmental Contamination -- Soil Erosion Catastrophe in Iraq-Preview, Causes and Study Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preview of Soil Erosion in Iraq -- 3 The Climate of Iraq -- 4 Soil Erosion Concepts -- 4.1 Water Erosion -- 4.2 Types of Water Erosion -- 4.3 Quantifying Water Erosion -- 4.4 Solving Water Erosion Equation (USLE) -- 4.5 Study Cases of Soil Erosion by Water in Iraq -- 5 Wind Erosion -- 5.1 Prediction of Soil Loss by Wind Erosion. , 5.2 Study Cases of Wind Erosion in Iraq -- 5.3 The Need for a Soil Conservation Foresight in Iraq -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Aircraft Noise Pollution on Students' Performance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Statistical Analysis and Model Development -- 2.3 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Samples -- 3 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion and Limitations -- References -- Role of Effective Factors on Soil Erosion and Land Degradation: A Review -- 1 Introduction to Land Degradation -- 2 Environmental Destruction -- 3 Soil Erosion -- 3.1 The Importance of Erosion -- 3.2 Types of Erosion -- 4 Land Degradation Sources -- 4.1 Natural: Geography, Topography, and Climate -- 4.2 Anthropogenic -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Cadmium Fractionation Technique as a Chemical Degradation Indicator for Some Soils Near Diyala River in Iraqi Center -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Samples Preparation and Analysis -- 2.3 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 2.4 Extraction of Cadmium -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 3.2 Available Phase-Soluble and Exchangeable -- 3.3 Bound to Carbonates -- 3.4 Bound to Oxides -- 3.5 Bound to Organic Matter -- 3.6 Bound to Residue -- 3.7 Total Concentration of Cadmium Ions -- 3.8 Physio-chemical Pathway of Cadmium Ions in Soil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Due to MSW Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling: Iraq as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sanitary Landfill -- 2.1 Identifications -- 2.2 Comparison Between Open Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.3 Types of Sanitary Landfills -- 2.4 Waste Stabilization in Landfills -- 2.5 Planning and Operation. , 2.6 Design and Site Selection of Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.7 Estimation of Capacity, Volume, Area and Decomposition Rate -- 2.8 Estimation of Required Land Areas for Existing and Proposed Landfills in Iraq -- 2.9 Analysis of Estimated Areas Used for Existing and Future Landfills in Iraq -- 2.10 Landfills Impacts -- 3 Published Literature and Research Works on Landfilling -- 4 Up-to-Date Technologies of Waste Management and Treatment -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- RUSLE Model in the Northwest Part of the Zagros Mountain Belt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data and Software -- 3.2 RUSLE Model Description -- 4 Estimation of RUSLE and Its Parameters -- 4.1 R Factor -- 4.2 K Factor -- 4.3 LS Factor -- 4.4 C Factor -- 4.5 P Factor -- 4.6 Prediction of Soil Erosion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in the Water Quality of Large Rivers in the Asian Part of Russia from the Standpoint of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global and National Approaches to Water Quality Evaluation Within the Context of Sustainable Development Goals Achievement -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- A Sustainable Way for Fish Health Management by Replacement of Chemical and Drugs by Earthworm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Causative Agent for Fish Diseases -- 2.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 2.2 Fungal Diseases of Fish -- 2.3 Viral Diseases of Fish -- 2.4 Parasitic Diseases of Fish -- 3 Drugs or Chemicals Used to Cure Fish Diseases -- 4 Impact of Drugs/Chemicals -- 4.1 Bio-Magnification -- 4.2 Adverse Effects of Antibiotics -- 5 Therapeutic Properties of Earthworms -- 5.1 Earthworms as a Source of Biologically Active Molecules -- 5.2 Anticarcinogenic Property -- 5.3 Skin Wound Healing -- 5.4 Antipyretic Property. , 5.5 Antioxidative Property -- 5.6 Antiulcer Property -- 5.7 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 5.8 Hepato-Protective Property -- 5.9 Analgesic Properties -- 6 Immune System of Earthworm -- 6.1 First Line of Defense -- 6.2 Cellular Defense Mechanism -- 6.3 Humoral Defense Mechanism -- 7 Role of Earthworm to Control Fish Diseases -- 8 Different Method/Strategies to Use Earthworm -- 9 Comparative Study of Treated and Untreated Fish -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Future Prospective -- References -- Climate Change and Human Activities in Nine Chapters -- Integration of Field Investigation and Geoinformatics for Urban Environmental Quality Appraisal of Bankura Town, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Urban Heat Island Under the Background of Urbanization: A Case Study in Nan Jing City, China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Surface Heat Island -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Materials and Preprocessing -- 3.3 Study Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Urbanization Process and Land Cover Changes in Nanjing -- 4.2 The Variation of LST Zones -- 4.3 Spatial Autocorrelation of LST Zones -- 4.4 Driving Factors Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Optimization of Ecological Environment Sensor Network Sites with Multiple Monitoring Targets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Description -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Trend Modeling -- 3.2 Optimize the Target -- 3.3 Sampling Method -- 3.4 Optimization Algorithm -- 3.5 Entropy -- 3.6 Distribution Adjustment -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Number of Optimization Sites -- 4.2 Spatial Trend Optimization -- 4.3 Combine Objective Optimization Result -- 4.4 Sampling Comparison of SRS, SCS and UCK -- 4.5 Discussion. , 5 Conclusions.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to the Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia -- Introduction to "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- 3.2 Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- 3.3 Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- References -- Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of Family Farming: The Case of Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Data -- 5 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Sustainability and Plasticity of the Olive Tree Cultivation in Arid Conditions -- 1 History Overview -- 2 Importance of the Olive Sector -- 2.1 Cultivated Area, Tree Number and Varieties -- 2.2 Production -- 3 Genetic Resources -- 4 Environmental Conditions of the Olive Specie -- 5 Temperature -- 5.1 Rainfall -- 5.2 Light -- 5.3 Soil -- 6 Shoot Architecture and Olive Tree Biology -- 7 Training System for Sustainable Olive Orchard -- 8 Orchard Management for Sustainable Olive Cultivation -- 8.1 Soil Management -- 8.2 Water Use -- 8.3 Fertilization Strategy -- 8.4 Pest Control -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Tunisian Date Cultivars: Economical Aspect, Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Characterization and Potential Valorization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Symbolic Meaning -- 3 Importance of Dates -- 4 Traditional Use of Dates -- 5 Identification of Common and Non-common Cultivars -- 5.1 Early and Fresh Dates -- 5.2 Soft Dates -- 5.3 Dry Dates -- 6 Dates Characterization -- 6.1 Physiological Characterization -- 6.2 Dates: A Nourishing Fruit with an Exceptional Composition -- 6.3 Sensory Characterization. , 7 Dates Cultivars Valorization -- 7.1 Valorization in Food Industries -- 7.2 Valorization of Date Sorting Gaps by Drying to Obtain a Powder for Animal Feed -- 7.3 Valorization in Cosmetics and Artisanal Products -- 7.4 Energy Production -- 7.5 Manufacture of Date Palm wood and Furniture with Liquid Wood -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Ecological Distribution, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Taxonomic Characters of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 2.1 Rosa Dumetorum Thuil. -- 2.2 Rosa Pomifera L. -- 2.3 Rosa Rubigenosa L. -- 2.4 Rosa Canina L. -- 2.5 Rosa Moschata Herrm. -- 2.6 Rosa Sempervirens L. -- 2.7 Rosa Gallica L. -- 2.8 Rosa Sicula Tratt. -- 2.9 Rosa Agrestis Savi. -- 2.10 Rosa Stylosa Desv. -- 2.11 Rosa Micrantha Sm. -- 3 Prospection and Localization of Different Rosa Species Inventoried in Tunisia -- 4 Ecological Characteristics of Some Species of Rosa in Tunisia -- 4.1 Edaphic Characteristics of Species Distribution Areas of Rosa Sp. in Northern and Central Tunisia -- 4.2 Bioclimatic Characteristics of Northern and Central Tunisia Occupated by Rosa Species -- 4.3 The Plant Communities of Rosa Sp. in Tunisia -- 5 Phytochemistry of Tunisian Rosa Species -- 5.1 Essential Oil Composition -- 5.2 Fatty Acid Composition -- 5.3 Ascorbic Acid Content -- 5.4 Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents -- 5.5 Polyphenol Composition -- 5.6 Carotenoid Content and Composition -- 6 Biological Activity -- 6.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 6.2 Insecticidal Activity -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Natural Mediterranean Plants Products: A Sustainable Approach for Integrated Insect Pests Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plant Secondary Metabolites -- 2.1 Terpenoids -- 2.2 Alkaloids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 3 Secondary Metabolites in Mediterranean Plants. , 4 Mode of Action Against Pest Insects -- 4.1 Anti-feeding Activity -- 4.2 Repulsive Activity -- 4.3 Toxic Activity -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Invasive Alien Plants Management in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Invasions -- 2.1 Invasion Process -- 2.2 IAP Impacts -- 3 IAP Management -- 3.1 Global Context -- 3.2 Management General Scheme -- 4 IAP Management in Tunisia -- 4.1 Potentially IAP Inventory -- 4.2 Silverleaf Nightshade Management (Solanum Elaeagnifolium Cav. # SOEL) -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Study of the Effect of the Biochar Amendment on the Physic-Chemical Properties of a Soil Cultivated in Green Mint (Mentha Viridis L.) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Soil Test Results -- 3.2 Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potency of Methanolic Extracts of Mint -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- Assessing the Water Productivity of Durum Wheat in Tunisian Semi-Arid Conditions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in Tunisia -- 2.1 Water Use Efficiency and Productivity Concepts -- 2.2 Irrigation Water Use Efficiency -- 2.3 Water Use Efficiency of Wheat Under Semi-Arid Conditions -- 3 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency of Durum Wheat: A Case Study in Northeastern Tunisia -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Scenarios of Irrigation Scheduling and Pedoclimatic Conditions -- 3.4 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Assessing Institutional Barriers to Effective Dissemination Strategies of Proven Water Management Practices to Face Climate Change Threats in the Citrus Growing Area in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Agricultural Extension System in Tunisia: An Overview -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Barriers Related to Institution Organization, Human Resource and Decision Making -- 4.2 Barriers Related to Institution Linkages and Partnerships -- 4.3 Barriers Related to Time Allocation -- 4.4 Efficiency of the Research-Extension Interface -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Stable Isotopes for Sustainable Management of Agricultural Water: Case of Mateur Plain (North Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Concepts of Isotope Hydrology -- 2.1 Water Isotopes -- 2.2 Isotopic Fractionation -- 2.3 Isotopes in the Water Cycle -- 3 Case Study of the Mateur Plain (Northern Tunisia) -- 3.1 Site Description -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Water Levels and Flow Pathways -- 3.4 Geochemical Processes Affecting Groundwater Quality -- 3.5 Groundwater Residence Time as Inferred by Isotopic Tracers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Blue and Green Water Resources Use for Regional Crop Production in a Semi Arid Area (The Cap Bon Case Study, Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources and Agriculture in the Cap Bon Region -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Characteristics of the Climate -- 2.3 Blue and Green Water Resources Situation -- 2.4 Characteristics of the Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3 Impact of Climate Change -- 3.1 Water Resources -- 3.2 Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3.3 Climate Change Adaptation -- 4 Methodology and Used Data -- 4.1 Calculating Blue and Green Crop Water Use -- 4.2 Used Data -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Water Foot Print -- 5.2 Green Water Footprint of Wheat -- 5.3 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Tomato -- 5.4 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Citrus -- 5.5 Sustainability of the Water Footprint -- 5.6 Spatial and Temporal Scales. , 6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- Producing Barbarine Lambs on Tunisian Rangelands Could be Sustainable and Provide Healthy Meat -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lamb Production on Tunisian Arid Rangeland: A Synthesis of Trials Data -- 2.1 Data Description and Statistical Analysis -- 2.2 Results -- 2.3 Discussions -- 3 Sustainability of Lamb Production on Rangeland -- 3.1 Improvement of the Rangeland Quality -- 3.2 Valorisation of Lamb Meat Produced on Rangeland -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Freshwater Fish Farming and Fishery Management in Tunisian Reservoirs: Limitations and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites -- 2.2 Sampling -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Species Composition -- 3.2 Fish Species Dynamics -- 3.3 Vertical Distribution -- 3.4 General and Specific Abundance -- 3.5 Population Structure -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Update -- 2 Conclusions -- 3 Recommendations -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to the "Management of Water Resources in Poland" -- 1.1 Poland: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Main Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Water Resources in Poland -- 1.4 Change of Flow in Polish Rivers -- 1.5 Economic Importance of Water Resources -- References -- 2 Water Resources and Management of Poland in SCOPUS Database -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rivers in Poland -- 2.3 Lakes in Poland -- 2.4 Dams in Poland -- 2.5 Reservoirs in Poland -- 2.6 Water Management in Poland -- 2.7 Poland's Water Statistics from SCOPUS Resource Library -- 2.8 Recommendations -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIWater Resources in Poland -- 3 Administration of Water Resources Management: Key Facts About Water Resources in Poland -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History of Water Management in Poland Until 2001 -- 3.3 Water Management in Years 2001-2017 -- 3.3.1 Water Management Organization Structure -- 3.3.2 Assessment of the State of Water Management in Poland -- 3.4 Water Management After 2018 -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Water Resources in Poland and Their Use -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Water Resources in Selected European Countries -- 4.3 Water Resources of Poland -- 4.4 Water Resources Balance and Use -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendation -- References -- 5 Water Resources of Stagnant Waters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Lakes -- 5.3 Water Resources of Tarns -- 5.4 Water Resources of Dam Reservoirs -- 5.5 Changes in the Surface Area of Lakes and Their Water Resources -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Natural and Anthropogenic Lakes of River Valleys -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definition of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.4 Typology of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.4.1 Natural Lakes. , 6.4.2 Anthropogenic Lakes -- 6.5 Studies and Bathymetric Plans of Selected Floodplain Lakes in Poland -- 6.6 Changes in Water Relations of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Studies on, the Use and Protection of Springs in Poland -- 7.1 The Spring Phenomenon -- 7.2 Studies on Springs in Poland -- 7.3 The Importance of Springs -- 7.4 How to Save Springs -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.6 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Groundwater Resources of Poland -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Topography of the Land -- 8.2.1 Outline of Hydrogeological Conditions in Poland -- 8.2.2 Thermal and Therapeutic (Healing) Groundwater in Poland -- 8.3 Groundwater Resources -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIChange of Flow in Polish Rivers -- 9 Flow Regime Patterns and Their Changes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of Regime -- 9.3 Changes of Flow Regime Patterns -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Flow Seasonality in Two Big Polish Rivers - The Vistula and the Oder -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Physiogeographic Features of the Studied Rivers -- 10.3 Physical and Geographical Conditions of Flow Seasonality in Polish Rivers -- 10.4 Materials and Methods -- 10.5 Changes in Flow Seasonality Along Both Rivers -- 10.6 Multiannual Fluctuations in Flow Seasonality -- 10.7 Conclusions -- 10.8 Recommendation -- References -- 11 Low-Flows in Polish Rivers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods and Data -- 11.3 Minimum Flows -- 11.4 Duration and Dynamics of Low-Flow Episodes -- 11.5 Low-Flow Extremes -- 11.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 12 Dynamics, Range, and Severity of Hydrological Drought in Poland -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology and Data -- 12.3 Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Drought Estimators -- 12.4 Multiannual Variations -- 12.5 Seasonal Variations. , 12.5.1 Monthly Variability -- 12.5.2 Degree of Seasonality and Concentration Date of Hydrological Drought -- 12.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 12.7 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Flood Marks in Poland and Their Significance in Water Management and Flood Safety Education -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Current Stage of Research of High Watermarks in Poland -- 13.3 Characteristics of Flood Marks in Poland -- 13.4 Hydrological, Historical and Educational Significance of Flood Marks -- 13.5 Factors Threatening the Preservation of Flood Marks -- 13.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Flood Potential of Polish Rivers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Flood Potential -- 14.4 Conclusion -- 14.5 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Flood Risk Management System in Poland -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 European Climate Change Projections and Flood Risk -- 15.3 Diagnosis of the Flood Situation in Europe and Poland -- 15.4 Flood Risk Management in Poland -- 15.4.1 Criteria for Flood Risk Identification -- 15.4.2 Stages of Flood Risk Management -- 15.4.3 Primary Goals of Flood Risk Management -- 15.5 Flood Risk Management Strategies -- 15.6 Conclusions -- 15.7 Recommendation -- References -- 16 Water Management in the Pomeranian Rivers Estuary Zone on the Background of Hydro-meteorological Conditions -- 16.1 Characteristic of the Pomeranian Catchments -- 16.2 Atmospheric Inflow -- 16.3 Surface Inflow -- 16.4 Factors of Water Level Variation -- 16.5 Pollution Supply -- 16.6 Flood Risk and Prevention -- 16.7 Conclusion -- 16.8 Recommendation -- References -- Part IVEconomic Importance of Water Resources -- 17 Exploitation of Rivers in Poland for Electricity Production - Current Condition and Perspectives for Development -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Energy Potential of Rivers. , 17.3 Historical Aspects of the Construction of Hydropower Plants in Poland -- 17.4 Types of Hydroelectric Plants -- 17.5 Location of the Largest Hydropower Plants in Poland (Above 10 MW) -- 17.6 Small Hydropower Plants in Poland -- 17.7 Power Capacity and Electricity Production in Hydropower Plants in Poland Against the Background of Renewable Energy Sources in 2002-2016 -- 17.8 The Amount of Electricity Generated in Total on the Background of Renewable Energy Sources -- 17.9 Plans for the Development of Hydropower -- 17.10 Conclusions -- 17.11 Recommendations -- References -- 18 Waterways in Poland - The History, Present State and Future -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Mythologized Past - Outline of Waterways Usage History in Poland -- 18.3 Problematic Present - Current State of Waterways in Poland and Their Usage -- 18.4 Navigation Traffic on Inland Waterways in Poland -- 18.4.1 Influence of Water Levels on Navigation Traffic Intensity -- 18.4.2 Passenger Navigation and Touristic Utilization of Waterways -- 18.5 Uncertain Future - Perspectives for Waterways Usage in Poland -- 18.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 18.7 Recommendations -- References -- 19 The Effects of Plant Irrigation in Poland -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Effects of Irrigation on Crop Production -- 19.2.1 Atmospheric Precipitation as the Factor Creating Yield -- 19.2.2 Soil Conditions Influencing Production Effects -- 19.2.3 Irrigation Effectiveness in Crop Groups and Species -- 19.3 Prospects for Irrigation Development in Poland -- 19.4 Conclusions -- 19.5 Recommendations -- References -- 20 Power Plant Open Cooling System in the Context of the Objectives of the Water Framework Directive -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Legal Framework -- 20.2.1 River Basin Management Plans -- 20.2.2 Derogations -- 20.2.3 River Basin Management Plan for the Vistula River Basin District. , 20.3 Power Plant Open Cooling System -- 20.3.1 Case Study -- 20.3.2 Assessment of Water Status and Achievement of Environmental Objectives -- 20.3.3 Analysis of Possible Derogations -- 20.3.4 Thermal Conditions of the Water Sourced from the Intake and Discharged -- 20.3.5 Assessment of the Economic, Energy and Environmental Aspects of Current and Alternative Solutions -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part VConclusions -- 21 Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Management of Water Resources in Poland" -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Update -- 21.3 Conclusions -- 21.4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introductory Section -- Introduction to "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Background -- Themes of the Book -- Chapter's Summary -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Resources, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- References -- An Overview of the Egyptian Deserts' Resources -- Introduction -- The General Features of Egyptian Deserts -- The Main Geographical Units -- Climate -- Habitats -- Natural Resources -- Water Resources -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Ocurrences in West Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphologic, Geologic and Hydrogeologic Settings -- Field Measurements -- Geoelectrical Measurements -- Hydrological and Hydrochemical Measurements -- Results and Discussion -- Geoelectrical Results -- Hydrological Results -- Physical-chemical Parameters and Major Elements -- Isotopic Composition of Groundwater -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Characterizing Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Groundwater Dependent Desert Environments -- Introduction -- Characterizing and Valuing Ecosystem Services from Groundwater in Dryland Ecosystems -- Provisioning Services -- Regulating and Supporting Services -- Cultural Services -- Case Study Materials and Methods -- Approach to the Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Case Study Area -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Tier 1 Assessment of Ecosystem Services -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Defining the Scope for Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values -- Discussion of Scope for Management Scenarios Using the Ecosystem Service Framework -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References. , Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality, and Their Management -- Geophysical Groundwater Exploration in Arid Regions Using Integrated Land-Based Magnetic and DC Resistivity Measurements: A Case Study at Gilf Kebir Area, South Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Climate and Geomorphology -- Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- Geophysical Investigations -- Geophysical Data Acquisition -- Data Processing and Interpretation -- Results and Discussion -- Eight Bells Site -- NE Jabal Kamel Site -- North of Jabal Kamel Site -- Nosb El-Amir Site -- Integrative Approach -- Summary and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Ground Water Potentiality in Siwa and Baris Oases, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Groundwater Potentiality in Siwa Oasis -- Location of Siwa Oasis -- Climate and Geomorphology of Siwa Oasis -- Geology of Siwa Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Siwa Oasis -- The Factors Constraining Sustainable Development of Siwa Oasis -- Water Resources Management -- Salt Lakes in Siwa Oasis -- Salinization in Siwa Oasis -- The Springs, Wells and Water Resources -- Ground Water Potentiality in Baris Oasis -- Location of Baris Oasis -- Topography of Baris Oasis -- Geology of Baris Oasis -- Geologic Structures of Baris Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Baris Oasis -- Hydro-geophysical Aspect of Baris Area -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater and Characteristics of the Tertiary-Quaternary Aquifer System West of Mallawi, Upper Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphological and Geological Setting -- Geomorphological Setting -- Geological Setting -- Geologic Structure -- Aquifer Systems -- Quaternary Aquifer (The Nile Alluvium Aquifer) -- Oligocene-Pleistocene Aquifer -- Middle Eocene Limestone Aquifer -- Hydrogeological Cross Sections -- Groundwater Movement -- Aquifer Parameters. , Long Duration Pumping and Recovery Tests -- Well Performance Test (Step Drawdown Test) -- Hydrochemical Characteristics of Different Aquifers -- Groundwater Salinity -- Groundwater Types -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Characterization and Quality Assessment in Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Kharga Oasis, Egypt -- Introduction -- The Study Area -- Material and Methods -- Sampling Protocol -- Laboratory Analysis -- Spatial Distribution Analysis -- Results and Discussions -- Major Hydrochemical Parameters -- Groundwater Quality Evaluation -- Statistics Analysis -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Potential in the Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Hydrogeology of the NSAS -- Origin of Groundwater in the NSAS -- Water Resources in Bahariya Oasis -- Location of Bahariya Oasis -- Sampling and Analysis -- Climate -- Air Temperature -- Rainfall and Relative Humidity -- Evaporation -- Geology and Geomorphology of the Bahariya Oasis -- Topography -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeology of the Bahariya Oasis -- The Cambrian Rocks -- The Lower Cretaceous -- The Lower Cenomanian (Bahariya Formation) -- Piezometric Head and Groundwater Flow -- The Regional Groundwater Flow -- The Local Groundwater Flow -- Hydraulic Parameters -- The Recharge of the Nubian Aquifer System -- The Groundwater Extraction -- Monitoring the Groundwater Flow -- Water Quality -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality and Potentiality of Moghra Aquifer, Northwestern Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Climate -- Topography and Geomorphology -- Well Logging Interpretations -- Electric Logging -- Gamma-Ray Log -- Results and Discussion -- Lithology -- Groundwater Potentiality -- Formation Water Resistivity (Rw) -- Formation Factor (F) -- Porosity and Effective Porosity. , Total Porosity -- Volume of Shale -- Permeability -- Hydrochemistry -- Pumping Tests -- Hydraulic Properties -- Water Evaluation and Suitability to Use -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Transboundary Groundwater Management Issues in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) -- Introduction -- Overview of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) and Its Sustainability Challenge -- Background to the Sustainable Utilization of Groundwater in Transboundary Systems -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation in the NSAS -- Challenges and Way Forward -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation as an Aspect of Sustainable Development Approaches: A Case Study of Semi-Arid Area Around Ismailia Canal, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Geological Setting -- Surface Water System -- Groundwater System -- Methodology -- Samples Collection and Analyses -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- Salinity Hazard -- Sodicity Hazard -- SAR and EC -- Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) -- Kelley's Ratio (KR) -- Alkalinity Hazard (RSC and RSBC) -- Corrosivity Ratio Index (CRI) -- Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Egypt's Deserts -- Introduction -- Groundwater in the Nile Basin -- Groundwater in Egypt's Desert -- Sustainability of Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- 14 Groundwater Exploitation in Mega Projects: Egypt's 1.5 Million Feddan Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Description of the Project -- Implementation of the Project -- Discussion and Debates Surrounding the Project -- Conclusions -- References. , Optimum Economic Uses of Precious Costly Ground Water in Marginal and Desert Lands -- Case Study in Egypt -- Introduction and Desert Soils -- Marginal Lands -- Degraded Lands -- Definitions of Most Degraded Lands and Other Types of Land Associated with Degraded Land -- Water Scarcity, Water Shortage and Related Concepts -- Water Scarcity -- Type of Water Scarcity -- Some Important Parameters Related to Water Uses in Scarce and Arid Areas -- Water Situation in Egypt -- Questions About the Water Shortage in Egypt -- Water Use Priority in Egypt -- Using Ground Water in Desert Cultivation -- Specifying the Location of Agricultural Extension -- Egypt Reduces the Rice Cultivation Due to the Water Shortages -- Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources in Egypt: Current Status and Future Plan -- Introduction -- Water Resources -- Conventional Water Resources -- Non-Conventional Water Resources -- Water Demands -- Future Water Expectations -- Water scenarios for the year 2025 -- Water scenarios for the year 2050 -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Introduction -- Update -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (EMCEI-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Section 1: Engineering Applications for Environmental Management -- Section 2: Process Control, Simulations and Intensification for Environmental Management -- Section 3: Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety and Bioremediation -- Section 4: Biotechnology for Environmental Management -- Section 5: Climate-Change-Related Effects on the Environment and Ecological Systems -- Section 6: Natural Resources, Agriculture and the Environment -- Section 7: Smart Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Energy Production -- Section 8: Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Monitoring and Management -- Section 9: Environmental Impacts of Natural Hazards and Environmental Risk Assessment -- Section 10: Sustainable Management of Marine and Coastal Environments -- Section 11: Sustainable Management of the Urban Environment -- Section 12: Sustainable Management of the Indoor and Built Environment -- Section 13: Environmental-Change-Related Impacts on Human Health -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Adsorption-Oriented Processes Using Conventional and Non-conventional Adsorbents -- Efficiency of Hybrid Process of Coagulation/Flocculation Followed by Membrane Filtration for the Treatment of Synthetic Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Coagulation/Flocculation Treatment -- 3.2 Dead-End Filtration -- 3.3 Cross-Flow Filtration -- 3.4 Combination of CF and CFF Processes -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Fe/Clay Composite as Catalysts for Textile Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Catalysts. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- Iron Removal from Groundwater by Adsorption Process onto Activated Carbon Obtained from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Groundwater Characterization -- 3.2 Batch Adsorption Study -- 3.3 Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes: Adsorption Prediction as a Function of Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Activated Carbons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption of Industrial Dye BzR from Aqueous Solution Using Local Modified Clay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Bentonite Sample -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Bezathren Red -- 3.3 Adsorption isotherm studies -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption-Desorption of Methylene Blue by Bentonite from Aqueous Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Kinetics and Isotherms Adsorption -- 4 Effect of pH on Desorption of MB -- 5 Effect of Temperature on Desorption of MB -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Removal of Disperse Dye from Aqueous Solution by Bottom Ash -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbent -- 2.2 Adsorbate -- 2.3 The Adsorption Experiment -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Experimental Study of the Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Coffee Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect Adsorbent Dosage -- 3.3 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration of Rh B. , 3.4 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Adsorption Study of Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl Solution Containing 2-(2-Methoxybenzylidene) Hydrazine-1-Carbothioamide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Measurements -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption Efficiency of Graphene Oxide Toward Cyanine Dyes with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Effect of Contact Time -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cu(II) Ions Removal on Functionalized Cellulose Beads from Tunisian Almond (Prunus Dulcis) Shell -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Cellulose Beads -- 2.2 Cu(II) Adsorption Experiments -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Beads' Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Cu(II) -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Dynamics Modelling of Multicomponent Metal Ions Removal onto Low-Cost Buckwheat Hulls -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Packed Column Experiments -- 3 Modelling of Dynamics for Buckwheat Hulls -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Local Materials and Solid Waste (Sawdust) Valorization in the Treatment of Industrial Synthetic Water Field -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthetic Water -- 2.2 Filtering Materials Used -- 2.3 Experimental Device -- 2.4 Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Cationic Dye Removal Using Alginate-Organobentonite Composite Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Preparation of Organobentonite (OB). , 2.3 Preparation of Calcium Alginate/Organobentonite Composite Beads (A-OB) -- 2.4 Adsorption and Desorption Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Sorption Isotherms of MB -- 3.2 Desorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Successive Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red by Biomass-Based Beads from Aqueous Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Analysis -- 3.2 Effect of pH, Mass, Contact Time, and Concentration -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Malachite Green Removal Ability of a New Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Adsorbent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbate -- 2.2 Preparation of the Bioadsorbent -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Characterization -- 3.2 Malachite Green Adsorption onto Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Powder -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Low-Cost Magnetic Adsorbents for Water Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Optimization of Simultaneous Removal of Binary Toxic Antibiotic and Heavy Metal by Novel Biocomposite Beads: Modeling Study Using Brouers-Sotolongo Family Equations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Biosorbent Characterization -- 3.2 Statistical Analysis -- 3.3 Kinetic and Isotherm Modeling of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Adsorption -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Aquatic Pollutants Removal: A Mini-Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Almond Shell-Based Materials for Water Treatment -- 2.1 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Removal -- 2.2 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Dyes Removal -- 2.3 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Other Pollutants Removal -- 3 Conclusion -- References. , Fabrication of Novel Keratin/Cellulose-Based Composites for Oils and Organic Solvents Absorption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis of (CF/C) Composite Cryogels -- 3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization -- 3.3 Oil Sorption Capacity -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Study of the Influence of Some Parameters on the Efficiency of Elimination of Zinc by Synthesized Na-Y Faujasite -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Effect of Concentration -- 3.2 Effect of Time -- 3.3 pH Effect -- 3.4 Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Study of the Adsorption Kinetics -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Boron Sorption and Removal Using Hybrid Hydrogel Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Recycling and Reuse -- Reuse of Industrial Water at Mellitah Complex -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Wastewater Sources and Estimation -- 2 Experimental Work -- 2.1 Microfiltration (MF) -- 2.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Mixed Stream Water, Chemical Analysis -- 3.2 Cooling Water Microfiltration Treatment -- 3.3 Cooling Water Blowdown RO and MF Treatment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Efficiency of Natural Decentralized Greywater Treatment Systems in Resolving the Wastewater Problems in the Rural Areas of Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Materials, and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 Design Criteria -- 2.3 Greywater Quality Monitoring -- 2.4 Greywater Flow Rates -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Raw Greywater Quality -- 3.2 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Organic Pollutants -- 3.3 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Chemical Pollutants -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Physicochemical Characterization of Wastewater from the Mining Activity: A Case Study from Boukhadra Mine (Algeria).

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- Introduction to "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Egypt" -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- 3.1 An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- 3.2 Land and Water Resources -- 3.3 Smart Farming -- 3.4 Livestock, Fishery, and Aquaculture -- 3.5 Socioeconomic Impacts -- References -- An Overview of Paleo-Climate Evidence in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Palaeoclimate Through Geological Time -- 3 Causes of and Consequences of Global Paleoenvironmental and Climatic Changes -- 4 Major Mass Extinction Events -- 4.1 The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction Event (Fig. 3) -- 4.2 Late Devonian (Frasnian-Fammenian) -- 4.3 Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction -- 4.4 Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction -- 4.5 Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction -- 5 Hyperthermal Events -- 6 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Egypt -- 7 Anthropocene Warming -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Governance and Institutional Structure of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Governance in Egypt -- 3 Environmental Policies and Legislation in Egypt -- 4 Role of Civil Society Organizations and Private Sector -- 5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies in Egypt -- 6 Engagement in Regional and Global Climate Change Governance -- 7 Challenges Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Science in the Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios -- 2.1 At the Global Level -- 2.2 At the Regional Level -- 3 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 3.1 Management of Water Resources. , 3.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance -- 3.3 Breeding for Heat Tolerance -- 3.4 Crop Simulation Models -- 4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under Expected Harsh Environment -- 5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate Changes in Egypt -- 6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate Change Related Impact on Egypt -- 7 Climate Change Modeling in Egypt -- 8 Improved Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds -- 9 Challenges of Innovation, Knowledge, and Scientific Research (SDS Egypt Vision 2030) -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations -- References -- Land and Water Resources -- Impact of Climate Change on Plant-Associated Fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relation Between Climate Change and Diversity of Soil Fungi -- 3 Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Effect of Climate Change on This Relationship -- 4 Effects of Climate Change on Saprophytic Fungi -- 5 Effects of Climate Change on the Pathogenic Fungi -- 6 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Mycobiomes -- 7 Direct Impact of Changing Temperatures on Fungi -- 8 The Need for Modern Tools for Monitoring Climate Changes and Some Closing Remarks -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change on Microbial Activity in Agricultural Egyptian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities -- 3 Response of Microbial Activity to Climate Change -- 3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2 Impact of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3 Impact of Soil Moisture Content -- 3.4 Impact of Soil Salinity -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural GHG Invention of Egypt -- 3 Drivers of Soil GHG Emissions -- 3.1 Soil Type and Composition -- 3.2 Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 3.3 Fertilization as a Source of NO2 Emission -- 3.4 Soil Miss-Management (Heavy Tillage). , 3.5 Rice Cultivation -- 3.6 Burning of Crop Residues -- 4 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Functions -- 4.1 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on Soils of Egypt -- 4.3 Impact of Rainfall Scenarios on Soils -- 4.4 Geographical Nature of Climate Changes Impacts in Egypt -- 4.5 History of Flooding Rainstorms in Egypt -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 1 Introduction: Climate Change and Carbon Cycle -- 2 Emissions of CO2: Reasons and Mitigation -- 3 Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Greenhouse Gases Reduction -- 4 Soil C Stock -- 4.1 Soil Organic C Stock -- 4.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon (SIC) Stock -- 5 Soil Nitrogen (N) Stock and Its Relation to Soil Organic C -- 6 Required Variables for Calculating Soil C and N Stocks -- 7 Factors Controlling of Carbon Stocks in the Soil -- 7.1 Soil Properties -- 7.2 Climate Conditions -- 7.3 Land Use -- 7.4 Topography -- 8 The Impact of Soil Carbon Sequestration on the Sustainability of Agroecosystem and Crop Productivity -- 9 Management Practices and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 10 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Arid and Mediterranean Sea Region -- 11 Implication of Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration on Egypt -- 11.1 Soil C and N in Nile Delta, Egypt in Current State and the Context of Climate Change -- 11.2 Influence of Changing Climate on Soil C and N Stocks and Sequestration -- 12 Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration in Egypt and Nile Delta -- 13 Sequestration Rate of Soil C and N Stocks in North Nile Delta Egypt -- 14 Summary -- References -- Mapping Egypt Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area: Nile Delta -- 3 Climate Change Observations and Potential Impacts. , 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 3.2 SLR and Agriculture in the Nile Delta -- 4 The Methodology of the Development of Interactive Web Enabled SLR Scenarios (SLRS) -- 5 SLRS Architecture -- 6 SLRS Main Components -- 7 Results -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Smart Farming -- Agricultural Production in Egypt: Assessing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of the Near East and North Africa Region to Climate Change -- 3 The Farming System in Egypt -- 4 Vulnerability of Egypt to Climate Change -- 4.1 Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change -- 4.2 Vulnerability of the Crop Production System -- 4.3 Vulnerability of the Livestock Production System -- 4.4 The Vulnerability of the Fishery Production System -- 4.5 Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Egypt -- 5 Climate Change Adaptation Efforts -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Vulnerability of Crop Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollination as an Essential Ecosystem Service -- 3 Role of Pollinators in Sustaining Agricultural Productivity -- 4 Climate Change and Crop Pollination -- 4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Diversity -- 4.2 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Flowering Time -- 5 Vulnerability of Pollinating Insects to Climate Change -- 5.1 Decline of Insect Pollinators in Egypt -- 5.2 Solitary Bees and Nest Fragmentation -- 5.3 Bees and Shortage of Foraging Resources -- 5.4 Honeybee Pests and Diseases -- 5.5 Honeybee and Pesticides -- 6 Newly Approaches for Bee and Other Pollinators Conservation -- 7 Potential Mitigation Measures of Climate Change Impacts on Pollinators -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendations -- References. , Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response to Climate Variability in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture -- 3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability of Egypt, Is There Any Change? -- 4 Crop Weather Calendar and Crop Activity Calendar -- 5 Data, Geographical Domain, and Satellite-Derived Phenology -- 6 Management and Adjusting of the Agricultural Calendar as a Coping Mechanism to Climate Variability -- 7 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 8 Challenges Still Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 9 Satellite Images, GIS, Mathematical Models in Studying Climate Change in 2030 -- 10 Impact of Climate Change on Field Crops' Production and Net Value -- 11 Overall Discussion -- 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Projected Crop Coefficients Under Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Climate Change Scenario -- 2.2 The Projected Value of ETo Using Hargreaves-Samani Equation -- 2.3 The Predicted Values of ETo Using Penman-Monteith Equation in 2030 -- 3 Kc Values for Field Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 3.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for Field Crops in 2016 and 2030 -- 3.4 The Projected Values of ETc for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 4 The Projected Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 4.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2016 and 2030. , 4.4 The Projected Value of ETc for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Themes of the Book and Contribution of the Chapters -- 1.3.1 Improve Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 1.3.2 Recent Approaches to Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 1.3.3 Advanced Procedures in Improving Crop Productivity -- 1.3.4 Sustainability of Environmental Resources from a Crop Production Perspective -- References -- Part IIImprove Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 2 Drought Tolerance in Some Field Crops: State of the Art Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rice -- 2.2.1 Economic Importance -- 2.2.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.2.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.2.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.2.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.3 Maize -- 2.3.1 Economic Importance -- 2.3.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.3.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.3.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.3.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.4 Barley -- 2.4.1 Economic Importance -- 2.4.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.4.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.4.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.4.5 Breeding and Biotechnology Efforts -- 2.5 Sunflower -- 2.5.1 Economic Importance -- 2.5.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.5.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.5.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.5.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Performance and Genetic Diversity in Water Stress Tolerance and Relation to Wheat Productivity Under Rural Regions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Water Stress and Its Impact on Wheat Plants -- 3.2.1 Impact of Water Stress on Wheat Plants. , 3.3 Importance of Coordination Between Plant Breeders and Specialists in Other Related Fields of Science -- 3.4 Critical Stages of Water Stress Impact on Wheat -- 3.5 Adaptation Mechanisms for Water Stress Conditions -- 3.6 Foundations of Wheat Crop Tolerance to Water Stress -- 3.6.1 Plant Characteristics and Their Genetic Behavior Relevant to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.7 Yield Performance in Relation to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.8 Genetic Diversity and Sources of Water Stress Tolerant Genotypes -- 3.9 Breeding Efforts -- 3.9.1 Breeding Strategies -- 3.9.2 Mutations -- 3.10 Role of Biotechnology in Improving Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.10.1 Molecular Markers -- 3.10.2 Gene Transfer Technology -- 3.11 Agricultural Procedures to Support Wheat Productivity Under Water Stress Conditions -- 3.11.1 Land Leveling -- 3.11.2 Raised Bed Method -- 3.11.3 Cultivate Tolerant Varieties -- 3.11.4 Sowing Date -- 3.11.5 Plant Density -- 3.11.6 Fertilization -- 3.11.7 Irrigation System -- 3.11.8 Humic and Amino Acids Treatment -- 3.12 Conclusions -- 3.13 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Heat Stress Tolerance, Challenges and Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts Related to Heat Stress -- 4.2.1 Heat Stress -- 4.2.2 Vant Hoff Concept (Q10 Coefficient) -- 4.2.3 The Concept of Thermal Units -- 4.2.4 Daily Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.2.5 Seasonal Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.3 Heat Stress Impact on the Egyptian Agriculture Sector -- 4.4 Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Heat Stress -- 4.5 Critical Periods of Crop Plants to Heat Stress -- 4.6 Nature of Resistance to Heat Stress -- 4.6.1 Heat Avoidance -- 4.6.2 Heat Tolerance (Thermotolerance) -- 4.7 Classification of Crop Plants According to Temperature -- 4.7.1 Cold Season Crops -- 4.7.2 Hot Season Crops. , 4.8 Is It Possible to Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Crop Plants? How Crop Plants Can Deal with Heat Stress? -- 4.8.1 Traits Relevant to Heat Stress Tolerance -- 4.8.2 Breeding Achievements -- 4.9 Biotechnology -- 4.9.1 Molecular Markers -- 4.9.2 Gene Transfer and Tissue Culture Technology -- 4.10 Agronomic Practices -- 4.10.1 Sowing Date -- 4.10.2 Fertigation -- 4.10.3 Intercropping -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 4.12 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Environmental Pollution Tolerance in Crop Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Source of Pollutants -- 5.2.1 Natural Resources -- 5.2.2 An Unnatural Source -- 5.3 Tolerance to Air Pollutants -- 5.4 Tolerance to Heavy Metals Pollutants -- 5.5 Damage Mechanisms of Heavy Metals and Effects on Crop Plants -- 5.6 Water Pollution -- 5.7 Stress-Sensing in Plants -- 5.8 Resistance Mechanisms of Crop Pants to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.9 Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters Related to Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.9.1 Morphological Characters -- 5.9.2 Physiological Characters -- 5.9.3 Biochemical Characters -- 5.10 Genetic System and Nature of Gene Action Controlling Inheritance of Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.11 Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in the Development of Cultivars Tolerant to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.11.1 Breeding Methods -- 5.11.2 Biotechnology -- 5.12 Procedures for Pollution Control -- 5.12.1 Air Pollutants -- 5.12.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.13 Conclusions -- 5.14 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Influence of Heavy Metals on Germination -- 6.3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals on Root Characteristics -- 6.3.3 Influence of Heavy Metals on Shoot Characteristics -- 6.3.4 Phytotoxicity Index -- 6.3.5 Tolerance Index -- 6.4 Conclusions. , 6.5 Recommendation -- References -- 7 Performance, Adaptability and Stability of Promising Bread Wheat Lines Across Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Plant Materials and Experimental Layout -- 7.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Analysis of Variance -- 7.3.2 Mean Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Environments -- 7.3.3 Tolerance Index (TOL) -- 7.3.4 Phenotypic Stability Analysis -- 7.3.5 Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Method (AMMI) -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of African Locust Bean {Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.} Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material -- 8.2.2 Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions -- 8.2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Ions Uptake of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.5 Electrophoretic Analysis: (Biochemical Markers) -- 8.2.6 Chemical Analysis -- 8.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Establishment of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions (NaCl) -- 8.3.2 Effect of Different Concentrations of NaCl on Ions Uptake (Na+, K+, Ca2+, P3+ and N3+) of P. biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.3 Effect of Different Concentration of NaCl on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.4 Electrophoretic Analysis -- 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIRecent Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 9 Varietal Differences and Their Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance in Potato. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey the Causal Organism of Potato Brown Rot Disease Ralstonia solanacearum in Weeds -- 9.3 Isolation of R. solanacearum from Different Potato, Weeds and Irrigation Water -- 9.4 Identification of R. solanacearum -- 9.4.1 Traditional Methods -- 9.4.2 Molecular Biology Techniques -- 9.4.3 Pathogenicity Test -- 9.5 Varietal Differences in Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance -- 9.6 Effect of Plant Extracts on R. solanacearum Growth in Vitro -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Effect of Soil Type and Crop Rotation on the Causal Agent of Potato Brown Rot Disease Under Egyptian Condition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of Soil Type on Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.3 Effect of Soil PH on Persistence of Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.4 Effect of Crop Rotation on Potato Brown Rot Disease -- 10.5 Influence the Persistence of Ralstonia solanacearum by Different Plant Species and Habitats -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Advanced Methods in Controlling Late Blight Disease in Potatoes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Backgrounds Economic -- 11.3 The Late Blight Disease -- 11.4 The Pathogen -- 11.5 Diagnose the Disease -- 11.5.1 Traditional Methods -- 11.5.2 DNA Markers -- 11.5.3 Diagnosis Remotely -- 11.5.4 Bioinformatics -- 11.6 Control Methods -- 11.6.1 Chemical Methods -- 11.6.2 Resistant Cultivars -- 11.6.3 Alternatives of Fungicides -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Wheat Rusts -- 12.3 Economic Importance -- 12.3.1 Losses in Yield and Grain Quality -- 12.4 Race Analyses -- 12.4.1 Yellow Rust -- 12.4.2 Leaf Rust -- 12.4.3 Stem Rust -- 12.5 Genetic Variability. , 12.6 Genetic System and Genes Responsible Resistance.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Waste Management and the Agenda 2030 in the Indian Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability Issues Related to Waste Management -- 3 Agenda 2030, SDGs and Waste -- 4 Electronic Waste -- 5 Circular Economy for Sustainable Development -- 6 Sustainable Waste Management: Indian Scenario -- 6.1 Biomedical Waste -- 6.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 7 Way Forward: Waste Management-Key to Achieving SDGs -- 8 Summary -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Waste to Wealth -- Solid Waste Management Methods: A Technological Analysis of Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal and Hybrid Means -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Solid Waste Conversion Technologies -- 2.1 Mechanical Conversion Technology -- 2.2 Thermal Conversion Technologies -- 2.3 Chemical Technologies -- 2.4 Hybrid Technologies -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Characterization and Sustainable Utilization of Steel Slag (SS) as a Recycled Aggregates in Indian Concrete Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Sample Collection -- 2.2 SS Waste Characterization Methods and Parameters Analyzed -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.2 Major, Minor and Trace Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.3 Mineralogical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.4 Sieve Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.5 Mechanical Characteristics of SS Wastes -- 3.6 Compressive Strength at 90, 28, and 7 Days -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Application of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Industrial Waste Water -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Are Heavy Metal Ions? -- 1.2 Toxic Effect of Ions -- 1.3 Industrialization and Deposition of Metal Ions in Water -- 2 How Heavy Metal Ions Affect the Environment. , 3 Water Pollution: Determining the Quality of Water and Factors Inducing Toxicity -- 3.1 Acid Mine Water -- 3.2 Toxicity -- 4 Using Green Chemistry for Removal of Metal Ions-Brief Overview -- 5 Conventional Methods for Removal of Heavy Metal -- 5.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 5.2 Sulfide Precipitation -- 5.3 Ion Exchange -- 5.4 Adsorption -- 5.5 Disadvantages of Conventional Methods of Heavy Metal Removal -- 6 Methods to Remove Deposition of Ions from Water: Nano Technology -- 6.1 What is Nanotechnology? -- 6.2 Classification of Nano Materials [51] -- 6.3 Fabrication Methods -- 6.4 Kinds of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Water Remediation Using Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7 Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial Waste Water Using Bio Based Materials -- 7.1 Ligni -- 7.2 Composition of Leaves -- 8 Removal of Cu and Al from Drinking Water -- 8.1 Copper -- 8.2 Aluminum -- 9 Removal of Specific Metals: Zinc and Cadmium -- 9.1 Cadmium -- 9.2 Zinc -- 10 Toxic Effects on Health -- 10.1 Toxicity Mechanism of Some of the Heavy Metals -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendation -- References -- Waste Management in Indian Pharmaceutical Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolution of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector -- 3 Treatment Methods -- 3.1 Incineration -- 3.2 Autoclaving -- 3.3 Physicochemical Methods -- 3.4 Adsorption Process -- 3.5 Coagulation and Precipitation -- 3.6 Electro-Coagulation -- 3.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 3.8 Biological Processes -- 3.9 Membrane Separation -- 4 Management Practices in India -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Erosion Management of Riparian Ecosystem in Coal Mining Area Through Selective Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Coal Mining -- 1.2 Riparian Ecosystem -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Coal Mining -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Coal Mining (OB Dump) -- 3.2 Riparian Land -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References. , Waste to Energy -- Urban Solid Waste Management for Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste -- 3 Agricultural Productivity: Waste to Wealth to Health -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Food Waste Utilization for the Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion: A Case Study in Coal Capital of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation and Chemical Properties of Biogas -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3 Other Components -- 3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 4 Stages of Anaerobic Digestion -- 4.1 Hydrolysis -- 4.2 Acidogenesis -- 4.3 Methanogenesis -- 5 Biogasification: Policies and Current Status in India -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 6.1 Study Location -- 6.2 Waste Collection and Processing -- 6.3 Exploratory Set-Up -- 6.4 Analytical Methods -- 6.5 Measurements -- 7 Result and Discussion -- 8 Methane Yields -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Development of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell for Converting Waste to Electricity and Abating Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Description of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 2 Cathode Materials -- 2.1 Modified Carbon Catalysts -- 2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts -- 3 Anode Materials -- 3.1 Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides -- 3.2 Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers -- 3.3 Anode Modification Using Graphene and Carbon Nanotube -- 4 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 4.1 Nafion and Its Modifications -- 4.2 Non-Nafion Sulfonated Polymeric Membranes -- 4.3 Polymeric Membranes -- 4.4 Clayware Membranes -- 5 Alternative to High-Cost Terminal Electron Acceptors -- 6 Perspectives and Way Forward -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in Energy Recovery from Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge via Anaerobic Digestion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process. , 2 Environmental Requirements and Control -- 2.1 Temperature -- 2.2 Alkalinity and pH -- 2.3 Nutrients -- 2.4 Retention Time -- 2.5 OLR and Sludge Feed Composition -- 2.6 Seeding and Mixing -- 3 Process Inhibition -- 3.1 Ammonia Inhibition -- 3.2 Volatile Fatty Acids -- 3.3 Sulphide/Sulphate -- 4 Process Configurations -- 4.1 High Rate or Continuous Digester -- 4.2 Two-Stage Digester -- 4.3 Digester Design Considerations -- 5 Pre-treatment -- 5.1 Physical Pre-treatment -- 5.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 5.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 6 Biogas Refinement -- 7 Biogas Utilization Systems -- 8 Challenges and Opportunities -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Waste and Sustainability -- Management of Waste Plastic: Conversion and Its Degradation as an Environment Concern in Asian Country -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Healthcare Waste -- 2.1 Management of Healthcare Waste -- 3 Plastic Waste in Soil -- 3.1 Management of Plastic Waste in Soil -- 4 Municipal Solid Waste -- 4.1 Management of Municipal Solid Waste -- 5 Household Waste Plastic and Its Management -- 6 Marine Waste Plastic -- 6.1 Management of Marine Waste Plastic -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Gold Phytomining in India: An Approach to Circular Economy in the 21st Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Phytomining -- 2.1 Gold Phytomining-Indian Scenario and an Approach to the Circular Economy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Environment Management: Waste to Wealth in India" -- 1 Background -- 2 Update -- 2.1 From Waste to Energy -- 2.2 Waste and Sustainability -- 3 Conclusions -- 3.1 From Waste to Wealth -- 3.2 From Waste to Energy -- 3.3 Waste and Sustainability -- 4 Recommendations -- References.