Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Climate Change and Groundwater -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate Change and Groundwater -- 1.3 Climate Change Modeling -- 1.4 Projected Global Climate Changes -- 1.5 Climate Change and Groundwater Recharge and Use -- 1.6 Sea Level Rise and Groundwater -- 1.7 Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater Storage -- 1.8 Adaptation Options -- 1.9 Water Planning and Governance -- 1.10 Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process -- 1.11 Case Studies of Adaptation to Climate Change in High Groundwater Use Area -- References -- 2 Climate and Groundwater Primer -- 2.1 Aquifer Water Budgets -- 2.2 Potential, Reference, and Actual Evaporation -- 2.3 Infiltration -- 2.4 Recharge -- 2.4.1 Recharge Types -- 2.4.2 Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge -- 2.4.3 Quantification of Recharge -- 2.4.3.1 Water Fluctuation Method -- 2.4.3.2 Environmental Tracers -- 2.4.3.3 Water Budget Methods -- 2.4.3.4 Flow-Tube Method -- 2.4.4 Climate Change, Land Use Land Cover Change, and Groundwater Recharge -- 2.4.5 Effects of Temperature on Recharge -- 2.4.6 Climate Change and Recharge -- 2.5 Climate Change and Water Demand -- 2.5.1 Plant Evapotranspiration Rates and Irrigation Water Demands -- 2.5.2 Climate Change and Domestic and Industrial Water Demands -- References -- 3 Historical Evidence for Anthropogenic Climate Change and Climate Modeling Basics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Historical Climate Trends -- 3.2.1 Temperature -- 3.2.2 Precipitation -- 3.2.3 Drought -- 3.3 Historic Sea Level Rise -- 3.4 Tropical Storm Frequency and Intensity -- 3.5 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration -- 3.6 General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 3.6.1 GCM History -- 3.6.2 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project -- 3.6.3 CMIP and IPCC Emissions Scenarios -- 3.6.4 Accessing GCM and RGM Results -- 3.6.4.1 Climate Wizard. , 3.6.4.2 U.S. Geological Survey Viewers -- References -- 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Global Climate Change Projections -- 4.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- 4.2 Global Climate Change Predictions -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Global Temperature Change -- 4.2.3 Precipitation -- 4.2.4 Droughts and Aridity -- 4.2.5 Snow and Glacier Dominated Water Systems -- 4.2.6 Global Sea Level Rise -- 4.2.7 Extreme Storms -- References -- 5 Modeling of Climate Change and Aquifer Recharge and Water Levels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modeling Approaches -- 5.3 Bias Correction -- 5.4 Downscaling -- 5.4.1 Scaling and Change Factors -- 5.4.2 Dynamical Downscaling -- 5.4.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 5.4.4 Stochastic Weather Generators -- 5.5 Hydrologic Modeling -- 5.6 Aquifer Heterogeneity and Modeling Results -- 5.7 Bottom-Up (Decision-Scaling, Sensitivity Analysis) Approach -- 5.8 Published Modeling Studies -- 5.8.1 Edwards Aquifer, Texas -- 5.8.2 Rhenish Massif, Germany -- 5.8.3 Southern High Plains, New Mexico and Texas -- 5.8.4 High Plains Aquifer, Western United States -- 5.8.5 Serral-Salinas Aquifer, Southeastern Spain -- 5.8.6 Galicia-Costa, Spain -- 5.8.7 West Bengal, India -- 5.8.8 Grand Forks, South Central British Columbia, Canada -- 5.8.9 Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers -- 5.8.10 Suwannee River Basin, Northern Florida -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Sea Level Rise and Groundwater -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Direct Inundation -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Future Inundation Mapping -- 6.3 Extreme Sea Level Events (Storm Surges) -- 6.3.1 Climate Change and ESLs -- 6.3.2 Historical Impacts of ESLs on Fresh Groundwater Resources -- 6.4 Saline Water Intrusion -- 6.4.1 Basics -- 6.4.2 Theoretical Modeling -- 6.4.3 Evaluation of Location of Fresh-Saline Water Interface -- 6.4.4 Saline Water Intrusion Vulnerability Assessments. , 6.4.5 Site Specific Modeling of SLR Impacts on Saline Water Intrusion -- 6.4.5.1 Monterey County, California -- 6.4.5.2 Hilton Head, South Carolina -- 6.4.5.3 Shelter Island, New York -- 6.4.5.4 Dutch Delta, The Netherlands -- 6.4.5.5 Island of Faster, Denmark -- 6.4.5.6 Borkum, German North Sea -- 6.4.5.7 Broward County, Southeastern Florida -- 6.4.5.8 Laccadive Islands, India -- 6.5 Rising Water Tables-Groundwater Inundation -- 6.5.1 Coastal Groundwater Inundation Vulnerability Mapping Methods -- 6.5.1.1 Three-Dimensional Groundwater Modeling Approach -- 6.5.1.2 Empirical Water Table Elevation Surface and Hydrostatic Rise Approach -- 6.5.1.3 Simple Hydrostatic Rise with No Hydraulic Gradient Approach -- 6.5.2 Coastal Groundwater Inundation Studies -- 6.5.2.1 Oahu, Hawaii -- 6.5.2.2 Northern California -- 6.5.2.3 Honolulu, Hawaii -- 6.5.2.4 Coastal New Hampshire -- 6.5.2.5 San Francisco Bay Area -- References -- 7 Climate Change and Small Islands -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Small Island Erosion and Inundation -- 7.3 Fresh Groundwater on Small Islands -- 7.4 Field and Modeling Studies of Freshwater Lenses and Their Vulnerability to Climate Change -- 7.4.1 Theoretical Modeling (Underwood et al. 1992) -- 7.4.2 Home Island, South Keeling Atoll, Indian Ocean -- 7.4.3 Tarawa, Republic of Kiribata -- 7.4.4 Modeling of Impacts of Storm Overwash and SLR on Pacific Atolls -- 7.4.5 Andros Island, Bahamas -- 7.4.6 Modeling of Effects of SLR on Waves and Overwash -- 7.4.7 Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Island, Overwash -- 7.4.8 Supertyphoon Haiyan, Samar Island, Philippines -- 7.4.9 Distant Source Waves -- 7.5 Small Island Climate Change Adaptation Options -- References -- 8 Groundwater Related Impacts of Climate Change on Infrastructure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Urban Rising Groundwater Levels -- 8.3 Stormwater Management Systems. , 8.4 Centralized Sewage Systems -- 8.5 On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems -- 8.6 Agricultural and Changing Groundwater Levels -- 8.7 Land Subsidence -- References -- 9 Adaptation and Resilience Concepts -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Vulnerability Assessments -- 9.3 Adaptation Planning Under Uncertainty -- 9.4 Adaptative Capacity -- 9.5 Effectiveness of Adaptation -- References -- 10 Adaptation Options -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Demand Management -- 10.2.1 Demand Management Basics -- 10.2.2 Irrigation Demand Management -- 10.2.3 Residential Water Demand Management -- 10.2.3.1 Economic Incentives -- 10.2.3.2 Legal Mandates -- 10.2.3.3 Consumer Education -- 10.2.4 Water Utilities Leakage and Non-revenue Water -- 10.3 Supply Augmentation -- 10.3.1 Desalination -- 10.3.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 10.3.3 Wastewater Reuse -- 10.3.4 Rainwater Harvesting -- 10.3.5 Transferring Water -- 10.4 Adaptations Options for Rural Areas of Developing Countries -- 10.5 Adaptations to Saline-Water Intrusion -- References -- 11 Conjunctive Use -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water Governance -- 11.3 Implementation of Conjunctive Use -- 11.3.1 Southern California -- 11.3.2 Arizona -- 11.3.3 Florida -- References -- 12 Groundwater Management and Adaptation Decision Making Process -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water Supply Decision Makers -- 12.3 Water Supply Decision-Making Process -- 12.3.1 Basic Decision-Making Process -- 12.3.2 Decision Support Systems -- 12.4 General Public Engagement -- 12.5 Engagement of Decision-Makers with the Climate Change Research Community -- 12.6 Decision-Making Planning Horizon -- 12.6.1 Florida -- 12.6.2 Texas -- 12.6.3 Arizona -- 12.6.4 California -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- 13 Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes and Adaptation Actions and Options -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Southwestern North America. , 13.3 High Plains (Western United States) -- 13.4 Florida -- 13.5 Mediterranean Region -- 13.5.1 Alicante, Spain -- 13.5.2 Southern Italy -- 13.5.3 Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers -- 13.5.4 Serral-Salinas Aquifer, Southeastern Spain -- 13.5.5 Adaptation Options in the Mediterranean Region -- 13.6 Africa -- References -- 14 Applied Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Prediction of Local Climate Changes -- 14.3 Prediction of Sea Level Rise Impacts -- 14.3.1 Prediction of SLR Impacts -- 14.3.2 Sea Level Rise Adaptation -- 14.4 Water Supply Adaptation Options -- 14.4.1 Water Demand Management and Reallocation -- 14.4.2 New Water Supply Options -- 14.4.3 Optimization-Conjunctive Used and Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 14.5 Decision-Making Under Climate Uncertainty -- 14.6 Prognosis and Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.3 MAR Techniques -- 1.3.1 Water Storage-Type MAR Techniques -- 1.3.2 Water Treatment-Type MAR Techniques -- 1.3.3 Salinity Barrier Systems -- 1.4 MAR as an Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Climate Change -- 1.5 MAR Advantages and Disadvantages -- 1.6 MAR System Performance and Impacts -- 1.7 Basic Feasibility, Design, and Operational Issues -- References -- 2 Hydrogeology Basics-Aquifer Types and Hydraulics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aquifer Types and Terminology -- 2.2.1 Aquifers, Semiconfining and Confining Units -- 2.2.2 Unconfined, Semiconfined, and Confined Aquifers -- 2.2.3 Porosity-Type Aquifer Characterization -- 2.2.4 Lithologic Aquifer Types -- 2.3 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties -- 2.3.1 Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity -- 2.3.2 Transmissivity -- 2.3.3 Storativity -- 2.3.4 Hydraulic Diffusivity -- 2.3.5 Porosity and Permeability -- 2.3.6 Dispersivity -- 2.4 Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 2.4.1 Types and Scales of Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 2.4.2 Anisotropy -- 2.4.3 Connectivity -- References -- 3 Vadose Zone Hydrology Basics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Capillary Pressure -- 3.3 Soil-Water and Matric Potential -- 3.4 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.5 Darcy's Equation for Unsaturated Sediments -- 3.6 Infiltration Theory -- 3.7 Infiltration Controls -- 3.7.1 Introduction -- 3.7.2 Matrix and Macropore Recharge -- 3.7.3 Surface Clogging Layers -- 3.7.4 Air Entrapment -- 3.7.5 Temperature Effects on Infiltration -- 3.8 Percolation and the Fate of Infiltrated Water -- References -- 4 Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Water Budgets -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aquifer Water Budget Concepts -- 4.3 Precipitation (Rainfall) -- 4.3.1 Rain Gauges. , 4.3.2 Remote Sensing Measurement of Rainfall (Radar and Satellite) -- 4.4 Evapotranspiration and Lake Evaporation -- 4.4.1 Lysimeters -- 4.4.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.4.3 Sap Flow -- 4.4.4 Pan Evaporation -- 4.4.5 Micrometeorological Techniques-Eddy Covariance Method -- 4.4.6 Micrometeorological Techniques-Energy Balance Methods -- 4.4.7 Remote Sensing ET Measurements -- 4.5 Discharge -- 4.5.1 Discharge Basics -- 4.5.2 Stream and Lake Discharge -- 4.5.3 Submarine Groundwater Discharge -- 4.5.4 Wetland Discharge -- 4.6 Storage Change -- 4.6.1 Water-Level Based Methods -- 4.6.2 Relative Microgravity -- 4.6.3 Grace -- 4.7 Groundwater Pumping -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing -- 4.8 Recharge Estimates -- 4.8.1 Residual of Aquifer Water Budgets -- 4.8.2 Water Budgets of Surface Water Bodies -- 4.8.3 Water-Table Fluctuation Method -- 4.8.4 Chloride Mass-Balance Method -- References -- 5 Geochemistry and Managed Aquifer Recharge Basics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 5.3 Carbonate Mineral Reactions -- 5.4 Redox Reactions -- 5.4.1 Redox Basics -- 5.4.2 Oxidation-Reduction Potential -- 5.4.3 Redox State Measurement -- 5.4.4 Eh-pH Diagrams -- 5.5 Kinetics -- 5.6 Clay Minerals, Cation Exchange and Adsorption -- 5.6.1 Clay Mineralogy -- 5.6.2 Adsorption and Ion Exchange -- 5.6.3 Sorption Isotherms -- 5.6.4 Clay Dispersion -- 5.7 Geochemical Evaluation -- References -- 6 Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge and Water Quality -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mixing Equations and Curves -- 6.3 Dissolution, Precipitation, and Replacement -- 6.4 Redox Reactions -- 6.4.1 Recharge of Oxic Water into Reduced (Anoxic) Aquifers -- 6.4.2 Recharge of Organic-Rich Water -- 6.5 Arsenic -- 6.5.1 Sources of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 6.5.2 Arsenic in ASR Systems in Florida. , 6.5.3 Arsenic in the Bolivar, South Australia Reclaimed Water ASR System -- 6.5.4 Arsenic in Recharge Systems in the Netherlands -- 6.5.5 Management of Arsenic Leaching -- 6.6 Sorption and Cation Exchange -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Ion Exchange and MAR Water Quality -- 6.6.3 Sorption and MAR Water Quality -- References -- 7 Contaminant Attenuation and Natural Aquifer Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pathogen NAT -- 7.2.1 Pathogen Retention and Inactivation -- 7.2.2 Field Evaluations of Pathogen Attenuation During Aquifer Recharge -- 7.2.3 Laboratory "Bench Top" Batch and Column Studies -- 7.2.4 Diffusion Chamber Studies -- 7.2.5 Prediction of Pathogen Inactivation by MAR -- 7.3 Disinfection Byproducts -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Formation of THMs and HAAs in MAR Systems -- 7.3.3 Attenuation of THMs and HAAs in MAR -- 7.3.4 Field Studies of THM and HAAs in ASR Systems -- 7.4 Trace Organic Compounds -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Laboratory Studies of TrOCs Removal During MAR -- 7.4.3 TrOCs Removal During Riverbank Filtration -- 7.4.4 TrOCs Removal During Soil-Aquifer Treatment -- 7.4.5 TrOCs Removal During Surface Spreading -- 7.4.6 TrOCs Attenuation in Groundwater (Recharge by Injection) -- 7.4.7 TrOCs Removal by NAT Summary -- 7.5 Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 7.6 Metals -- References -- 8 MAR Project Implementation and Regulatory Issues -- 8.1 Project Plan -- 8.2 Project Success Criteria -- 8.3 MAR Feasibility Assessment -- 8.4 MAR Feasibility Factors -- 8.4.1 Water Needs and Sources -- 8.4.2 Hydrogeological Factors -- 8.4.3 Infrastructure and Logistical Issues -- 8.4.4 Regulatory and Political Issues -- 8.5 Economic Analysis and MAR Feasibility -- 8.6 Project Implementation Strategies -- 8.7 Desktop Feasibility Assessment -- 8.8 Site Selection -- 8.8.1 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis -- 8.8.2 Geographic Information Systems. , 8.8.3 Decision Support Systems -- 8.9 Phase II: Field Investigations and Testing of Potential System Sites -- 8.10 Phase III: MAR System Design -- 8.11 Phase IV: Pilot System Construction -- 8.12 Phases V and VI: Project Review, Adaptive Management, and System Expansion -- References -- 9 MAR Hydrogeological and Hydrochemistry Evaluation Techniques -- 9.1 Information Needs -- 9.2 Testing Methods Overview -- 9.3 Exploratory Wells -- 9.3.1 Mud-Rotary Method -- 9.3.2 Direct Air-Rotary Drilling -- 9.3.3 Reverse-Air Rotary Method -- 9.3.4 Dual-Tube Methods -- 9.3.5 Dual-Rotary Drilling -- 9.3.6 Cable-Tool Drilling -- 9.3.7 Rotary-Sonic Drilling -- 9.3.8 Hollow-Stem Auger Method -- 9.3.9 Wireline Coring -- 9.4 Aquifer Pumping Tests -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Pumping Test Data Analysis -- 9.4.3 Water Quality Testing -- 9.5 Slug Testing -- 9.6 Packer Tests -- 9.7 Testing and Sampling While Drilling -- 9.8 Direct-Push Technology -- 9.9 Single-Well (Push-Pull) Tracer Tests -- 9.10 Borehole Geophysical Logging -- 9.11 Surface and Airborne Geophysics -- 9.12 Core Analyses -- 9.13 Mineralogical Analyses -- 9.14 Geochemical Investigations -- 9.15 Modeling -- References -- 10 Vadose Zone Testing Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Air Entrainment -- 10.3 Soil Infiltration Rates and Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements -- 10.4 Single- and Double-Ring Infiltrometers -- 10.4.1 Methods -- 10.4.2 Single-Ring Infiltration Screening -- 10.5 Pilot (Basin) Infiltration Tests -- 10.6 Air-Entry Permeameter -- 10.7 Borehole Permeameters -- 10.8 Guelph Permeameter -- 10.9 Velocity Permeameter -- 10.10 Comparisons of Infiltrometer and Permeameter Systems -- References -- 11 Clogging -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Causes of Well Clogging -- 11.2.1 Entrapment and Filtration of Suspended Solids -- 11.2.2 Mechanical Jamming -- 11.2.3 Gas Binding. , 11.2.4 Chemical Clogging-Mineral Scaling -- 11.2.5 Chemical Clogging-Redox Reactions -- 11.2.6 Clay Swelling and Dispersion -- 11.2.7 Biological Clogging -- 11.2.8 Biological Clogging-Iron Bacteria -- 11.3 Clogging Prediction and Management -- 11.3.1 Suspended Solids Criteria -- 11.3.2 Organic Carbon Indices -- 11.3.3 Laboratory Studies of Physical and Biological Clogging -- 11.3.4 Field Studies of Clogging -- 11.3.5 Clay Dispersion -- 11.3.6 Prediction of Physical and Biological Clogging from Source Water Quality -- 11.3.7 Evaluation of Chemical Clogging Potential -- 11.4 Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- 11.4.1 Causes of Clogging Overview -- 11.4.2 Laboratory Investigations of Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- 11.4.3 Field Investigations of Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- References -- 12 MAR Pretreatment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Roughing Filters -- 12.3 Granular-Media Filters -- 12.3.1 Rapid-Sand Filtration and Rapid-Pressure Filtration -- 12.3.2 Slow-Sand Filters -- 12.4 Screen Filters -- 12.5 Membrane Filtration -- 12.6 MIEX Process -- 12.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 12.8 Disinfection -- 12.8.1 Chlorine -- 12.8.2 Chloramines -- 12.8.3 Ozone -- 12.8.4 Ultraviolet Radiation -- 12.8.5 Disinfection Strategies -- 12.9 Chemical Pretreatments -- 12.9.1 pH Adjustments -- 12.9.2 Dissolved Oxygen Removal -- 12.9.3 Iron and Manganese Management -- 12.9.4 Clay Dispersion Management -- 12.10 Multiple-Element Pretreatment Systems -- 12.10.1 CERP Surface Water Treatment Systems -- 12.10.2 Wastewater Treatment Prior to Recharge -- 12.10.3 Stormwater and Surface Water Pretreatment -- 12.10.4 Full Advanced Treatment -- 12.11 Conclusions -- References -- 13 ASR and Aquifer Recharge Using Wells -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Definitions, System Types, and Useful Storage -- 13.3 Recovery Efficiency. , 13.3.1 RE of Chemically Bounded (Brackish or Saline Aquifer) ASR Systems.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Aquifer Characterization and Properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Hydraulic Aquifer Types -- 1.3 Lithologic Aquifer Types -- 1.4 Groundwater Hydraulics Basics -- 1.4.1 Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity -- 1.4.2 Transmissivity -- 1.4.3 Storativity -- 1.4.4 Porosity and Permeability -- 1.4.5 Dispersivity -- 1.5 Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 1.5.1 Types and Scales of Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 1.5.2 Anisotropy -- 1.5.3 Connectivity -- 1.6 Aquifer Characterization Approach -- References -- 2 Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Facies, Facies Sequences, and Facies Models -- 2.3 Limitation of Facies Models -- 2.4 Sequence Stratigraphy -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Sequence Stratigraphic Concepts and Definitions -- 2.4.3 Applications of Sequence Stratigraphy -- 2.5 Facies Modeling -- 2.6 Hydrofacies -- References -- 3 Siliciclastic Aquifers Facies Models -- 3.1 Introduction to Siliciclastic Aquifers -- 3.2 Fluvial Systems -- 3.2.1 Meandering River Facies -- 3.2.2 Braided-Stream Facies -- 3.2.3 Hydrogeology of Alluvial Aquifers -- 3.3 Alluvial-Fan Deposits -- 3.3.1 Alluvial-Fan Facies -- 3.3.2 Alluvial-Fan Hydrogeology -- 3.4 Deltas -- 3.5 Eolian Sand Deposits -- 3.6 Lake (Lacustrine) Deposits -- 3.7 Glacial Sediments -- 3.8 Linear Terrigenous Shorelines -- 3.8.1 Beach and Strand Plain Facies -- 3.8.2 Lagoonal and Tidal Flat Facies -- 3.8.3 Hydrogeology -- References -- 4 Carbonate Facies Models and Diagenesis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbonate Diagenesis and Porosity and Permeability -- 4.2.1 Eogenetic Dissolution and Precipitation -- 4.2.2 Physical and Chemical Compaction -- 4.2.3 Dolomitization -- 4.3 Carbonate Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 4.3.1 Shallowing-Upwards Sequences -- 4.3.2 Reefs -- 4.3.3 Carbonate Sands. , 4.3.4 Pelagic Carbonates -- References -- 5 Aquifer Characterization Program Development -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Groundwater Model Scale -- 5.3 Aquifer Characterization Techniques -- 5.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties Evaluation Techniques -- 5.3.2 Aquifer Lithology and Mineralogy Evaluation Techniques -- 5.3.3 Water Chemistry Evaluation Techniques -- 5.4 Scale Dependence of Aquifer Properties -- 5.5 Constraints on Implementation of Characterization Techniques -- 5.6 Use of Aquifer Characterization Data -- References -- 6 Borehole Drilling and Well Construction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Well Drilling Program Considerations -- 6.1.2 Exploratory and Monitoring Wells Versus Production Well Design -- 6.2 Borehole Drilling Methods -- 6.2.1 Direct-Rotary Method -- 6.2.2 Reverse-Circulation Rotary Method -- 6.2.3 Reverse-Air Rotary Method -- 6.2.4 Dual-Tube Reverse-Circulation Rotary and Percussion Methods -- 6.2.5 Dual-Rotary Drilling -- 6.2.6 Cable-Tool Drilling -- 6.2.7 Sonic or Rotary-Sonic Drilling -- 6.2.8 Hollow-Stem Augers -- 6.3 Formation Sampling -- 6.3.1 Well Cuttings -- 6.3.2 Coring -- 6.3.2.1 Single-Wall Coring -- 6.3.2.2 Wireline Coring -- 6.3.2.3 Sidewall Coring -- 6.3.2.4 Split-Spoon Samplers -- 6.3.2.5 Thin-Walled Samplers -- 6.3.2.6 Piston Samplers -- 6.3.2.7 Core Preservation -- 6.4 Well Casing -- 6.4.1 Collapse Strength -- 6.4.2 Casing Diameter -- 6.4.3 Casing Materials -- 6.4.3.1 Mild Steel -- 6.4.3.2 PVC -- 6.4.3.3 Fiberglass -- 6.4.3.4 Stainless Steel -- 6.4.3.5 Coated Mild Steel -- 6.5 Well Completions -- 6.5.1 Well Screen Type -- 6.5.2 Filter Pack -- 6.5.3 Perforated Completions -- 6.5.4 Open-Hole Completions and Liners -- 6.6 Well Development -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Well Development Methods -- 6.6.2.1 Over Pumping -- 6.6.2.2 Surging -- 6.6.2.3 Jetting -- 6.6.2.4 Dispersants and Other Additives -- 6.6.2.5 Acidification. , References -- 7 Aquifer Pumping Tests -- 7.1 Aquifer Performance Test Design -- 7.1.1 Observation Wells -- 7.1.2 Test Duration and Pumping Rates -- 7.1.3 Pumping Rate and Water Level Data Collection -- 7.1.4 Practical Recommendations -- 7.2 Aquifer Performance Test Interpretation -- 7.2.1 Correction for Extraneous Impacts on Aquifer Water Levels (Detrending) -- 7.2.2 Conceptual or Theoretical Model and Semilog Plots -- 7.2.3 Early Test Data -- 7.3 Analytical Methods -- 7.3.1 Thiem Method -- 7.3.2 Theis Non-equilibrium Equation -- 7.3.3 Cooper-Jacob Modification of the Theis Equation -- 7.3.4 Cooper and Jacob Distance-Drawdown Method -- 7.3.5 Cooper and Jacob Modification of the Theis Equation for Recovery Phase -- 7.3.6 De Glee's Method-Steady-State Pumping of a Leaky Confined Aquifer -- 7.3.7 Hantush-Walton Method -- 7.3.8 Boulton and Neuman Methods for Unconfined Aquifers -- 7.3.9 Partially Penetrating Wells -- 7.3.10 Anisotropic Aquifers -- 7.3.11 Dual-Porosity System -- 7.4 Numerical Aquifer Test Interpretation Techniques -- 7.5 Estimating Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data -- 7.6 Tidal Fluctuation Methods -- 7.7 Hydraulic Tomography -- 7.8 Data Analysis: What Do the Data Mean -- References -- 8 Slug, Packer, and Pressure Transient Testing -- 8.1 Slug Tests -- 8.2 Slug Testing Procedures -- 8.3 Multilevel Slug Tests -- 8.4 Slug Test Data Interpretation -- 8.4.1 Hvorslev Method -- 8.4.2 Bouwer and Rice -- 8.4.3 Cooper et al. Method -- 8.4.4 Comparison of Hvorslev, Bouwer and Rice, and Cooper et al. Methods -- 8.4.5 Oscillatory Response -- 8.4.6 Alternative Slug Test Interpretation Methods -- 8.5 Interference Tests -- 8.6 Packer Tests -- 8.6.1 Packer Testing Procedures -- 8.6.2 Potential Error Sources -- 8.6.3 Packer Test Data Analysis -- 8.6.4 Injection and Lugeon Tests -- 8.7 Dipole-Flow Tests -- 8.8 Pressure Transient Testing. , 8.8.1 Introduction -- 8.8.2 Data and Analysis Procedures -- 8.8.3 Step-Rate Injection Tests -- References -- 9 Small-Volume Petrophysical, Hydraulic, and Lithological Methods -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Core Analyses -- 9.2.1 Porosity Measurement -- 9.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability Measurement -- 9.2.3 Analyses of Unconsolidated Sediments -- 9.2.4 Core-Flow Tests -- 9.2.5 Mercury-Injection Porosimetry -- 9.3 Minipermeameter -- 9.4 Sand Grain Size Analysis -- 9.4.1 Grain Size Analysis Procedures -- 9.4.2 Estimation of Permeability from Grain Size Data -- 9.5 Lithological Analysis -- 9.5.1 Well Cutting and Core Descriptions -- 9.5.2 Thin-Section Petrography -- 9.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analyses -- 9.5.4 X-Ray Diffractometry -- References -- 10 Borehole Geophysical Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 10.3 Caliper Logs -- 10.4 Natural Gamma Ray Log -- 10.5 Electrical and Resistivity Logs -- 10.5.1 Spontaneous Potential -- 10.5.2 Resistivity Logs -- 10.6 Sonic (Acoustic) Logs -- 10.7 Nuclear Logging -- 10.7.1 Density Log -- 10.7.2 Neutron Log -- 10.8 Flowmeter Logs -- 10.8.1 Introduction -- 10.8.2 Spinner Flowmeter -- 10.8.3 Electromagnetic Borehole Flowmeter (EBF) -- 10.8.4 Heat-Pulse Flowmeter -- 10.8.5 Interpretation of Flowmeter Log Data -- 10.9 Temperature and Fluid Resistivity Logs -- 10.10 Borehole Imaging Logs -- 10.10.1 Borehole Video Survey -- 10.10.2 Optical Televiewer -- 10.10.3 Acoustic-Televiewer Log -- 10.10.4 Microresistivity Imaging Logs -- 10.11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logs -- 10.12 Geochemical Logs -- 10.13 Cased-Hole Logs -- 10.13.1 Cased-Hole Logging Techniques -- 10.13.2 Hydrogeological Applications of Cased Hole Geophysical Logs -- 10.14 Development of Borehole Geophysical Logging Programs -- References -- 11 Surface and Airborne Geophysics. , 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Electrical Resistivity and Electromagnetic Techniques -- 11.3 DC Resistivity Method -- 11.4 Electromagnetic Surveys -- 11.4.1 Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Surveys -- 11.4.2 Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) Soundings -- 11.5 Self Potential -- 11.6 Induced Polarization -- 11.7 Applications of Resistivity and EM Surface Geophysics to Groundwater Investigations -- 11.7.1 Mapping of Saline-Water Interface -- 11.7.2 Depth to the Water Table -- 11.7.3 Formation and Aquifer Mapping -- 11.7.4 Mapping of Recharge Areas -- 11.7.5 Mapping Contaminant Plumes -- 11.7.6 Mapping of Regional Aquifer Flow Orientation (Fractured Rock Aquifers) -- 11.8 Ground-Penetrating Radar -- 11.9 Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 11.10 Magnetotellurics -- 11.11 Seismic Reflection and Refraction -- 11.12 Gravity -- 11.12.1 Introduction -- 11.12.2 Relative Gravity Surveys -- 11.12.3 Applications of Microgravity Surveys to Groundwater Investigations -- 11.12.4 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) -- 11.13 Airborne Geophysics -- 11.13.1 Airborne Electromagnetic Methods -- 11.13.2 Mapping of Bottom and Top of Aquifers -- 11.13.3 Mapping Incised Pleistocene Valleys -- 11.13.4 Groundwater Salinity Mapping -- 11.13.5 Managed Aquifer Recharge Screening -- References -- 12 Direct-Push Technology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Groundwater Sampling -- 12.3 Point-in-Time Samplers -- 12.3.1 Sealed-Screen Samplers -- 12.3.2 Exposed-Screen Samplers -- 12.3.3 Dual-Tube Coring and Groundwater Sampling -- 12.4 Direct-Push Monitoring Wells -- 12.5 Formation Testing -- 12.5.1 DPT Slug Tests -- 12.5.2 Direct-Push Permeameter -- 12.5.3 Direct-Push Injection Logger and Hydraulic Profiling Tool -- 12.5.4 Direct-Push Flowmeter Logging -- 12.5.5 Electrical Conductivity Logging -- 12.5.6 Hydostratigraphic Profiling -- 12.6 Cone Penetration Test -- References. , 13 Tracer Tests.