Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.3 MAR Techniques -- 1.3.1 Water Storage-Type MAR Techniques -- 1.3.2 Water Treatment-Type MAR Techniques -- 1.3.3 Salinity Barrier Systems -- 1.4 MAR as an Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Climate Change -- 1.5 MAR Advantages and Disadvantages -- 1.6 MAR System Performance and Impacts -- 1.7 Basic Feasibility, Design, and Operational Issues -- References -- 2 Hydrogeology Basics-Aquifer Types and Hydraulics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aquifer Types and Terminology -- 2.2.1 Aquifers, Semiconfining and Confining Units -- 2.2.2 Unconfined, Semiconfined, and Confined Aquifers -- 2.2.3 Porosity-Type Aquifer Characterization -- 2.2.4 Lithologic Aquifer Types -- 2.3 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties -- 2.3.1 Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity -- 2.3.2 Transmissivity -- 2.3.3 Storativity -- 2.3.4 Hydraulic Diffusivity -- 2.3.5 Porosity and Permeability -- 2.3.6 Dispersivity -- 2.4 Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 2.4.1 Types and Scales of Aquifer Heterogeneity -- 2.4.2 Anisotropy -- 2.4.3 Connectivity -- References -- 3 Vadose Zone Hydrology Basics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Capillary Pressure -- 3.3 Soil-Water and Matric Potential -- 3.4 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.5 Darcy's Equation for Unsaturated Sediments -- 3.6 Infiltration Theory -- 3.7 Infiltration Controls -- 3.7.1 Introduction -- 3.7.2 Matrix and Macropore Recharge -- 3.7.3 Surface Clogging Layers -- 3.7.4 Air Entrapment -- 3.7.5 Temperature Effects on Infiltration -- 3.8 Percolation and the Fate of Infiltrated Water -- References -- 4 Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Water Budgets -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aquifer Water Budget Concepts -- 4.3 Precipitation (Rainfall) -- 4.3.1 Rain Gauges. , 4.3.2 Remote Sensing Measurement of Rainfall (Radar and Satellite) -- 4.4 Evapotranspiration and Lake Evaporation -- 4.4.1 Lysimeters -- 4.4.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.4.3 Sap Flow -- 4.4.4 Pan Evaporation -- 4.4.5 Micrometeorological Techniques-Eddy Covariance Method -- 4.4.6 Micrometeorological Techniques-Energy Balance Methods -- 4.4.7 Remote Sensing ET Measurements -- 4.5 Discharge -- 4.5.1 Discharge Basics -- 4.5.2 Stream and Lake Discharge -- 4.5.3 Submarine Groundwater Discharge -- 4.5.4 Wetland Discharge -- 4.6 Storage Change -- 4.6.1 Water-Level Based Methods -- 4.6.2 Relative Microgravity -- 4.6.3 Grace -- 4.7 Groundwater Pumping -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing -- 4.8 Recharge Estimates -- 4.8.1 Residual of Aquifer Water Budgets -- 4.8.2 Water Budgets of Surface Water Bodies -- 4.8.3 Water-Table Fluctuation Method -- 4.8.4 Chloride Mass-Balance Method -- References -- 5 Geochemistry and Managed Aquifer Recharge Basics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 5.3 Carbonate Mineral Reactions -- 5.4 Redox Reactions -- 5.4.1 Redox Basics -- 5.4.2 Oxidation-Reduction Potential -- 5.4.3 Redox State Measurement -- 5.4.4 Eh-pH Diagrams -- 5.5 Kinetics -- 5.6 Clay Minerals, Cation Exchange and Adsorption -- 5.6.1 Clay Mineralogy -- 5.6.2 Adsorption and Ion Exchange -- 5.6.3 Sorption Isotherms -- 5.6.4 Clay Dispersion -- 5.7 Geochemical Evaluation -- References -- 6 Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge and Water Quality -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mixing Equations and Curves -- 6.3 Dissolution, Precipitation, and Replacement -- 6.4 Redox Reactions -- 6.4.1 Recharge of Oxic Water into Reduced (Anoxic) Aquifers -- 6.4.2 Recharge of Organic-Rich Water -- 6.5 Arsenic -- 6.5.1 Sources of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 6.5.2 Arsenic in ASR Systems in Florida. , 6.5.3 Arsenic in the Bolivar, South Australia Reclaimed Water ASR System -- 6.5.4 Arsenic in Recharge Systems in the Netherlands -- 6.5.5 Management of Arsenic Leaching -- 6.6 Sorption and Cation Exchange -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Ion Exchange and MAR Water Quality -- 6.6.3 Sorption and MAR Water Quality -- References -- 7 Contaminant Attenuation and Natural Aquifer Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pathogen NAT -- 7.2.1 Pathogen Retention and Inactivation -- 7.2.2 Field Evaluations of Pathogen Attenuation During Aquifer Recharge -- 7.2.3 Laboratory "Bench Top" Batch and Column Studies -- 7.2.4 Diffusion Chamber Studies -- 7.2.5 Prediction of Pathogen Inactivation by MAR -- 7.3 Disinfection Byproducts -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Formation of THMs and HAAs in MAR Systems -- 7.3.3 Attenuation of THMs and HAAs in MAR -- 7.3.4 Field Studies of THM and HAAs in ASR Systems -- 7.4 Trace Organic Compounds -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Laboratory Studies of TrOCs Removal During MAR -- 7.4.3 TrOCs Removal During Riverbank Filtration -- 7.4.4 TrOCs Removal During Soil-Aquifer Treatment -- 7.4.5 TrOCs Removal During Surface Spreading -- 7.4.6 TrOCs Attenuation in Groundwater (Recharge by Injection) -- 7.4.7 TrOCs Removal by NAT Summary -- 7.5 Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 7.6 Metals -- References -- 8 MAR Project Implementation and Regulatory Issues -- 8.1 Project Plan -- 8.2 Project Success Criteria -- 8.3 MAR Feasibility Assessment -- 8.4 MAR Feasibility Factors -- 8.4.1 Water Needs and Sources -- 8.4.2 Hydrogeological Factors -- 8.4.3 Infrastructure and Logistical Issues -- 8.4.4 Regulatory and Political Issues -- 8.5 Economic Analysis and MAR Feasibility -- 8.6 Project Implementation Strategies -- 8.7 Desktop Feasibility Assessment -- 8.8 Site Selection -- 8.8.1 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis -- 8.8.2 Geographic Information Systems. , 8.8.3 Decision Support Systems -- 8.9 Phase II: Field Investigations and Testing of Potential System Sites -- 8.10 Phase III: MAR System Design -- 8.11 Phase IV: Pilot System Construction -- 8.12 Phases V and VI: Project Review, Adaptive Management, and System Expansion -- References -- 9 MAR Hydrogeological and Hydrochemistry Evaluation Techniques -- 9.1 Information Needs -- 9.2 Testing Methods Overview -- 9.3 Exploratory Wells -- 9.3.1 Mud-Rotary Method -- 9.3.2 Direct Air-Rotary Drilling -- 9.3.3 Reverse-Air Rotary Method -- 9.3.4 Dual-Tube Methods -- 9.3.5 Dual-Rotary Drilling -- 9.3.6 Cable-Tool Drilling -- 9.3.7 Rotary-Sonic Drilling -- 9.3.8 Hollow-Stem Auger Method -- 9.3.9 Wireline Coring -- 9.4 Aquifer Pumping Tests -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Pumping Test Data Analysis -- 9.4.3 Water Quality Testing -- 9.5 Slug Testing -- 9.6 Packer Tests -- 9.7 Testing and Sampling While Drilling -- 9.8 Direct-Push Technology -- 9.9 Single-Well (Push-Pull) Tracer Tests -- 9.10 Borehole Geophysical Logging -- 9.11 Surface and Airborne Geophysics -- 9.12 Core Analyses -- 9.13 Mineralogical Analyses -- 9.14 Geochemical Investigations -- 9.15 Modeling -- References -- 10 Vadose Zone Testing Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Air Entrainment -- 10.3 Soil Infiltration Rates and Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements -- 10.4 Single- and Double-Ring Infiltrometers -- 10.4.1 Methods -- 10.4.2 Single-Ring Infiltration Screening -- 10.5 Pilot (Basin) Infiltration Tests -- 10.6 Air-Entry Permeameter -- 10.7 Borehole Permeameters -- 10.8 Guelph Permeameter -- 10.9 Velocity Permeameter -- 10.10 Comparisons of Infiltrometer and Permeameter Systems -- References -- 11 Clogging -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Causes of Well Clogging -- 11.2.1 Entrapment and Filtration of Suspended Solids -- 11.2.2 Mechanical Jamming -- 11.2.3 Gas Binding. , 11.2.4 Chemical Clogging-Mineral Scaling -- 11.2.5 Chemical Clogging-Redox Reactions -- 11.2.6 Clay Swelling and Dispersion -- 11.2.7 Biological Clogging -- 11.2.8 Biological Clogging-Iron Bacteria -- 11.3 Clogging Prediction and Management -- 11.3.1 Suspended Solids Criteria -- 11.3.2 Organic Carbon Indices -- 11.3.3 Laboratory Studies of Physical and Biological Clogging -- 11.3.4 Field Studies of Clogging -- 11.3.5 Clay Dispersion -- 11.3.6 Prediction of Physical and Biological Clogging from Source Water Quality -- 11.3.7 Evaluation of Chemical Clogging Potential -- 11.4 Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- 11.4.1 Causes of Clogging Overview -- 11.4.2 Laboratory Investigations of Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- 11.4.3 Field Investigations of Clogging of Surface-Spreading MAR Systems -- References -- 12 MAR Pretreatment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Roughing Filters -- 12.3 Granular-Media Filters -- 12.3.1 Rapid-Sand Filtration and Rapid-Pressure Filtration -- 12.3.2 Slow-Sand Filters -- 12.4 Screen Filters -- 12.5 Membrane Filtration -- 12.6 MIEX Process -- 12.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 12.8 Disinfection -- 12.8.1 Chlorine -- 12.8.2 Chloramines -- 12.8.3 Ozone -- 12.8.4 Ultraviolet Radiation -- 12.8.5 Disinfection Strategies -- 12.9 Chemical Pretreatments -- 12.9.1 pH Adjustments -- 12.9.2 Dissolved Oxygen Removal -- 12.9.3 Iron and Manganese Management -- 12.9.4 Clay Dispersion Management -- 12.10 Multiple-Element Pretreatment Systems -- 12.10.1 CERP Surface Water Treatment Systems -- 12.10.2 Wastewater Treatment Prior to Recharge -- 12.10.3 Stormwater and Surface Water Pretreatment -- 12.10.4 Full Advanced Treatment -- 12.11 Conclusions -- References -- 13 ASR and Aquifer Recharge Using Wells -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Definitions, System Types, and Useful Storage -- 13.3 Recovery Efficiency. , 13.3.1 RE of Chemically Bounded (Brackish or Saline Aquifer) ASR Systems.