Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Climate Change and Groundwater -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate Change and Groundwater -- 1.3 Climate Change Modeling -- 1.4 Projected Global Climate Changes -- 1.5 Climate Change and Groundwater Recharge and Use -- 1.6 Sea Level Rise and Groundwater -- 1.7 Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater Storage -- 1.8 Adaptation Options -- 1.9 Water Planning and Governance -- 1.10 Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process -- 1.11 Case Studies of Adaptation to Climate Change in High Groundwater Use Area -- References -- 2 Climate and Groundwater Primer -- 2.1 Aquifer Water Budgets -- 2.2 Potential, Reference, and Actual Evaporation -- 2.3 Infiltration -- 2.4 Recharge -- 2.4.1 Recharge Types -- 2.4.2 Anthropogenic Aquifer Recharge -- 2.4.3 Quantification of Recharge -- 2.4.3.1 Water Fluctuation Method -- 2.4.3.2 Environmental Tracers -- 2.4.3.3 Water Budget Methods -- 2.4.3.4 Flow-Tube Method -- 2.4.4 Climate Change, Land Use Land Cover Change, and Groundwater Recharge -- 2.4.5 Effects of Temperature on Recharge -- 2.4.6 Climate Change and Recharge -- 2.5 Climate Change and Water Demand -- 2.5.1 Plant Evapotranspiration Rates and Irrigation Water Demands -- 2.5.2 Climate Change and Domestic and Industrial Water Demands -- References -- 3 Historical Evidence for Anthropogenic Climate Change and Climate Modeling Basics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Historical Climate Trends -- 3.2.1 Temperature -- 3.2.2 Precipitation -- 3.2.3 Drought -- 3.3 Historic Sea Level Rise -- 3.4 Tropical Storm Frequency and Intensity -- 3.5 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration -- 3.6 General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 3.6.1 GCM History -- 3.6.2 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project -- 3.6.3 CMIP and IPCC Emissions Scenarios -- 3.6.4 Accessing GCM and RGM Results -- 3.6.4.1 Climate Wizard. , 3.6.4.2 U.S. Geological Survey Viewers -- References -- 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Global Climate Change Projections -- 4.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- 4.2 Global Climate Change Predictions -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Global Temperature Change -- 4.2.3 Precipitation -- 4.2.4 Droughts and Aridity -- 4.2.5 Snow and Glacier Dominated Water Systems -- 4.2.6 Global Sea Level Rise -- 4.2.7 Extreme Storms -- References -- 5 Modeling of Climate Change and Aquifer Recharge and Water Levels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modeling Approaches -- 5.3 Bias Correction -- 5.4 Downscaling -- 5.4.1 Scaling and Change Factors -- 5.4.2 Dynamical Downscaling -- 5.4.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 5.4.4 Stochastic Weather Generators -- 5.5 Hydrologic Modeling -- 5.6 Aquifer Heterogeneity and Modeling Results -- 5.7 Bottom-Up (Decision-Scaling, Sensitivity Analysis) Approach -- 5.8 Published Modeling Studies -- 5.8.1 Edwards Aquifer, Texas -- 5.8.2 Rhenish Massif, Germany -- 5.8.3 Southern High Plains, New Mexico and Texas -- 5.8.4 High Plains Aquifer, Western United States -- 5.8.5 Serral-Salinas Aquifer, Southeastern Spain -- 5.8.6 Galicia-Costa, Spain -- 5.8.7 West Bengal, India -- 5.8.8 Grand Forks, South Central British Columbia, Canada -- 5.8.9 Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers -- 5.8.10 Suwannee River Basin, Northern Florida -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Sea Level Rise and Groundwater -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Direct Inundation -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Future Inundation Mapping -- 6.3 Extreme Sea Level Events (Storm Surges) -- 6.3.1 Climate Change and ESLs -- 6.3.2 Historical Impacts of ESLs on Fresh Groundwater Resources -- 6.4 Saline Water Intrusion -- 6.4.1 Basics -- 6.4.2 Theoretical Modeling -- 6.4.3 Evaluation of Location of Fresh-Saline Water Interface -- 6.4.4 Saline Water Intrusion Vulnerability Assessments. , 6.4.5 Site Specific Modeling of SLR Impacts on Saline Water Intrusion -- 6.4.5.1 Monterey County, California -- 6.4.5.2 Hilton Head, South Carolina -- 6.4.5.3 Shelter Island, New York -- 6.4.5.4 Dutch Delta, The Netherlands -- 6.4.5.5 Island of Faster, Denmark -- 6.4.5.6 Borkum, German North Sea -- 6.4.5.7 Broward County, Southeastern Florida -- 6.4.5.8 Laccadive Islands, India -- 6.5 Rising Water Tables-Groundwater Inundation -- 6.5.1 Coastal Groundwater Inundation Vulnerability Mapping Methods -- 6.5.1.1 Three-Dimensional Groundwater Modeling Approach -- 6.5.1.2 Empirical Water Table Elevation Surface and Hydrostatic Rise Approach -- 6.5.1.3 Simple Hydrostatic Rise with No Hydraulic Gradient Approach -- 6.5.2 Coastal Groundwater Inundation Studies -- 6.5.2.1 Oahu, Hawaii -- 6.5.2.2 Northern California -- 6.5.2.3 Honolulu, Hawaii -- 6.5.2.4 Coastal New Hampshire -- 6.5.2.5 San Francisco Bay Area -- References -- 7 Climate Change and Small Islands -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Small Island Erosion and Inundation -- 7.3 Fresh Groundwater on Small Islands -- 7.4 Field and Modeling Studies of Freshwater Lenses and Their Vulnerability to Climate Change -- 7.4.1 Theoretical Modeling (Underwood et al. 1992) -- 7.4.2 Home Island, South Keeling Atoll, Indian Ocean -- 7.4.3 Tarawa, Republic of Kiribata -- 7.4.4 Modeling of Impacts of Storm Overwash and SLR on Pacific Atolls -- 7.4.5 Andros Island, Bahamas -- 7.4.6 Modeling of Effects of SLR on Waves and Overwash -- 7.4.7 Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Island, Overwash -- 7.4.8 Supertyphoon Haiyan, Samar Island, Philippines -- 7.4.9 Distant Source Waves -- 7.5 Small Island Climate Change Adaptation Options -- References -- 8 Groundwater Related Impacts of Climate Change on Infrastructure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Urban Rising Groundwater Levels -- 8.3 Stormwater Management Systems. , 8.4 Centralized Sewage Systems -- 8.5 On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems -- 8.6 Agricultural and Changing Groundwater Levels -- 8.7 Land Subsidence -- References -- 9 Adaptation and Resilience Concepts -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Vulnerability Assessments -- 9.3 Adaptation Planning Under Uncertainty -- 9.4 Adaptative Capacity -- 9.5 Effectiveness of Adaptation -- References -- 10 Adaptation Options -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Demand Management -- 10.2.1 Demand Management Basics -- 10.2.2 Irrigation Demand Management -- 10.2.3 Residential Water Demand Management -- 10.2.3.1 Economic Incentives -- 10.2.3.2 Legal Mandates -- 10.2.3.3 Consumer Education -- 10.2.4 Water Utilities Leakage and Non-revenue Water -- 10.3 Supply Augmentation -- 10.3.1 Desalination -- 10.3.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 10.3.3 Wastewater Reuse -- 10.3.4 Rainwater Harvesting -- 10.3.5 Transferring Water -- 10.4 Adaptations Options for Rural Areas of Developing Countries -- 10.5 Adaptations to Saline-Water Intrusion -- References -- 11 Conjunctive Use -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water Governance -- 11.3 Implementation of Conjunctive Use -- 11.3.1 Southern California -- 11.3.2 Arizona -- 11.3.3 Florida -- References -- 12 Groundwater Management and Adaptation Decision Making Process -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water Supply Decision Makers -- 12.3 Water Supply Decision-Making Process -- 12.3.1 Basic Decision-Making Process -- 12.3.2 Decision Support Systems -- 12.4 General Public Engagement -- 12.5 Engagement of Decision-Makers with the Climate Change Research Community -- 12.6 Decision-Making Planning Horizon -- 12.6.1 Florida -- 12.6.2 Texas -- 12.6.3 Arizona -- 12.6.4 California -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- 13 Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes and Adaptation Actions and Options -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Southwestern North America. , 13.3 High Plains (Western United States) -- 13.4 Florida -- 13.5 Mediterranean Region -- 13.5.1 Alicante, Spain -- 13.5.2 Southern Italy -- 13.5.3 Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers -- 13.5.4 Serral-Salinas Aquifer, Southeastern Spain -- 13.5.5 Adaptation Options in the Mediterranean Region -- 13.6 Africa -- References -- 14 Applied Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Prediction of Local Climate Changes -- 14.3 Prediction of Sea Level Rise Impacts -- 14.3.1 Prediction of SLR Impacts -- 14.3.2 Sea Level Rise Adaptation -- 14.4 Water Supply Adaptation Options -- 14.4.1 Water Demand Management and Reallocation -- 14.4.2 New Water Supply Options -- 14.4.3 Optimization-Conjunctive Used and Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 14.5 Decision-Making Under Climate Uncertainty -- 14.6 Prognosis and Recommendations -- References.