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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    The coastal ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard : synopsis of biological research performed at the Koldewey Station in the years 1991 - 2003 (2004)
    Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Coastal ecology Norway ; Kings Bay ; Biological stations Norway ; Spitsbergen Island ; Biology Research ; Norway ; Spitsbergen Island ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Svalbard ; Kongsfjord ; Meeresbiologie ; Meeresökologie ; Svalbard ; Kongsfjord ; Meeresbiologie ; Meeresökologie ; Kongsfjord ; Küstengebiet ; Ökosystem
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: III, 244 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 492
    URL: http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/470869798.pdf
    URL: http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/470869798.pdf
    DDC: 577.69/9/09981
    RVK:
    RY 20075
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturangaben
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 21 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Kongsfjorden is a glacial fjord in the Arctic (Svalbard) that is influenced by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses and harbours a mixture of boreal and Arctic flora and fauna. Inputs from large tidal glaciers create steep environmental gradients in sedimentation and salinity along the length of this fjord. The glacial inputs cause reduced biomass and diversity in the benthic community in the inner fjord. Zooplankton suffers direct mortality from the glacial outflow and primary production is reduced because of limited light levels in the turbid, mixed inner waters. The magnitude of the glacial effects diminishes towards the outer fjord. Kongsfjorden is an important feeding ground for marine mammals and seabirds. Even though the fjord contains some boreal fauna, the prey consumed by upper trophic levels is mainly Arctic organisms. Marine mammals constitute the largest top-predator biomass, but seabirds have the largest energy intake and also export nutrients and energy out of the marine environment. Kongsfjorden has received a lot of research attention in the recent past. The current interest in the fjord is primarily based on the fact that Kongsfjorden is particularly suitable as a site for exploring the impacts of possible climate changes, with Atlantic water influx and melting of tidal glaciers both being linked to climate variability. The pelagic ecosystem is likely to be most sensitive to the Atlantic versus Arctic influence, whereas the benthic ecosystem is more affected by long-term changes in hydrography as well as changes in glacial runoff and sedimentation. Kongsfjorden will be an important Arctic monitoring site over the coming decades and a review of the current knowledge, and a gap analysis, are therefore warranted. Important knowledge gaps include a lack of quantitative data on production, abundance of key prey species, and the role of advection on the biological communities in the fjord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00073.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two forms of phycobilisomes in the Antarctic red macroalga Palmaria decipiens (Palmariales, Florideophyceae) (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 112 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phycobilisomes (PBS), the light-harvesting antennae, from the endemic Antarctic red macroalga Palmaria decipiens were isolated on discontinuous sucrose gradients in two discrete bands and not in one as expected. To exclude methodical faults, we also isolated PBS from the temperate Palmaria palmata and the unicellular red algae Porphyridium cruentum and Rhodella violacea. In P. palmata the PBS were separated in two discrete bands, whereas the PBS from Porphyridium and Rhodella were found in one band. The double-banded PBS (PBSup and PBSlow) from P. decipiens were further characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, native and SDS-PAGE as well as by negative staining. The phycobiliproteins RIII-phycoerythrin, RI-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were identified and 3 γ-subunits were described. The PBSup and PBSlow showed no significant differences in their absorption spectra and phycobiliprotein ratios although the negative stained PBSlow were smaller. Differences were found in their low molecular mass subunit complexes, which are assumed to be r-phycoerythrin. The polypeptide pattern of the PBSup and PBSlow showed no differences in the molecular masses of their subunits and linker polypeptides, but in their percentage distribution. The results suggest that the PBSlow is a closer packed and PBSup a little more loosely aggregated hemiellipsiodal PBS form. We discuss the ecophysiological function of two PBS forms in P. decipiens and suggest advantages in the rapid acclimation to changes in environmental light conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120416.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The physical environment of Kongsfjorden–Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 21 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden and the adjacent West Spitsbergen Shelf meet at the common mouth of the two fjord arms. This paper presents our most up-to-date information about the physical environment of this fjord system and identifies important gaps in knowledge. Particular attention is given to the steep physical gradients along the main fjord axis, as well as to seasonal environmental changes. Physical processes on different scales control the large-scale circulation and small-scale (irreversible) mixing of water and its constituents. It is shown that, in addition to the tide, run-off (glacier ablation, snowmelt, summer rainfall and ice calving) and local winds are the main driving forces acting on the upper water masses in the fjord system. The tide is dominated by the semi-diurnal component and the freshwater supply shows a marked seasonal variation pattern and also varies interannually. The wind conditions are characterized by prevailing katabatic winds, which at times are strengthened by the geostrophic wind field over Svalbard. Rotational dynamics have a considerable influence on the circulation patterns within the fjord system and give rise to a strong interaction between the fjord arms. Such dynamics are also the main reason why variations in the shelf water density field, caused by remote forces (tide and coastal winds), propagate as a Kelvin wave into the fjord system. This exchange affects mainly the intermediate and deep water, which is also affected by vertical convection processes driven by cooling of the surface and brine release during ice formation in the inner reaches of the fjord arms. Further aspects covered by this paper include the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Kongsfjorden area, climate and meteorology, the influence of glaciers, freshwater supply, sea ice conditions, sedimentation processes as well as underwater radiation conditions. The fjord system is assumed to be vulnerable to possible climate changes, and thus is very suitable as a site for the demonstration and investigation of phenomena related to climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00072.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation and acclimation of growth and photosynthesis of five Antarctic red algae to low temperatures (2000)
    Springer
    Polar biology 23 (2000), S. 609-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature requirements for growth, photosynthesis and dark respiration were determined for five Antarctic red algal species. After acclimation, the stenothermal species Gigartina skottsbergii and Ballia callitricha grew at 0 or up to 5 °C, respectively; the eurythermal species Kallymenia antarctica, Gymnogongrus antarcticus and Phyllophora ahnfeltioides grew up to 10 °C. The temperature optima of photosynthesis were between 10 and 15 °C in the stenothermal species and between 15 and 25 °C in the eurythermal species, irrespective of the growth temperature. This shows that the temperature optima for photosynthesis are located well below the optima from species of other biogeographical regions, even from the Arctic. Respiratory rates rose with increasing temperatures. In contrast to photosynthesis, no temperature optimum was evident between 0 and 25 °C. Partial acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to growth temperature was found in two species. B. callitricha and Gymnogongrus antarcticus acclimate to 0 °C, and 5 and 0 °C, respectively. But acclimation did in no case lead to an overall shift in the temperature optimum of photosynthesis. B. callitricha and Gymnogongrus antarcticus showed acclimation of respiration to 5 °C, and P. ahnfeltioides to 5 and 10 °C, resulting in a temperature independence of respiration when measured at growth temperature. With respect to the acclimation potential of the species, no distinction can be made between the stenothermal versus the eurythermal group. (Net)photosynthetic capacity:respiration (P:R) ratios showed in all species highest values at 0 °C and decreased continuously to values lower than 1.0 at 25 °C. In turn, the low P:R ratios at higher temperatures are assumed to determine the upper temperature growth limit of the studied species. Estimated daily carbon balance reached values between 4.1 and 30.7 mg C g−1 FW day−1 at 0 °C, 16:8 h light/dark cycle, 12–40 μmol m−2 s−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000130
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-molecular-weight organoiodine and organobromine compounds released by polar macroalgae – The influence of abiotic factors (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 368 (2000), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature, light, salinity and nutrient availability on the release of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons was investigated in the Antarctic red macroalgal species Gymnogongrus antarcticus Skottsberg. Compared to standard culture condition, an increase in the release rates of iodocompounds was generally found for the exposure of the alga to altered environmental conditions. Macroalgae exhibited higher release rates after adaptation for two months to the changed factors, than after short-term exposure. Monitoring the release rates during a 24 h incubation period (8.25 h light, 15.75 h darkness) showed that changes between light and dark periods had no influence on the release of volatile halocarbons. Compounds like bromoform and 1-iodobutane exhibited constant release rates during the 24 h period. The formation mechanisms and biological role of volatile organohalogens are discussed. Although marine macroalgae are not considered to be the major source of biogenically-produced volatile organohalogens, they contribute significantly to the bromine and iodine cycles in the environment. Under possible environmental changes like global warming and uncontrolled entrophication of the oceans their significance may be increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160000491
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and related enzyme reactions of marine macroalgae (2000)
    Springer
    Planta 211 (2000), S. 555-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Macroalgae – Photosynthesis – Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase – UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract.  Changes in physiological parameters related to photosynthesis were studied in five macroalgal species from Spitsbergen (Monostroma arcticum, Laminaria solidungula, Alaria esculenta, Palmaria palmata, Phycodrys rubens) during a 72-h exposure to UV radiation. Maximal quantum yield of photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) were measured with a pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometer; the activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were estimated using a photometric test. Proteins of crude extracts were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis and changes in cellular concentrations of Rubisco were determined. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a), and protein content, were measured photometrically. In all species, Chl a content, maximal quantum yield as well as ETRmax decreased during the UV treatment. Changes in ETRmax were related to the changes in the overall activity of Rubisco. Analysis of SDS gels showed that in P. rubens, L. solidungula, M. arcticum and A. esculenta decreasing Rubisco activity partly resulted from a degradation of the enzyme. However, in A. esculenta, the formation of a high-molecular-weight polypeptide was observed. In all species, the activity of Rubisco was more strongly impaired than that of G3PDH. Exposure to UV resulted in loss of total protein only in the deepwater species L. solidungula and P. rubens. The different sensitivities to UV exposure of the species tested reflect their zonation pattern in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250000313
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet sunscreen compounds in epiphytic red algae from mangroves (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 432 (2000), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: MAAs ; mangrove algae ; mycosporine-like amino acids ; UV-radiation ; UV-sunscreens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epiphytic red algae of the order Ceramiales from mangroves and salt marshes (nine species from Bostrychia, three from Stictosiphonia and four from Caloglossa) produce varying levels of the UV-absorbing compounds mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, porphyra-334, palythine, asterina-330 and palythinol, a suite of substances chemically assigned as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Mean MAA levels varied from 0.02 to 12.8 mg g−1 DW in field-collected and laboratory cultured specimens. While in field samples of Bostrychia montagneiHarvey, Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne and Caloglossa apomeiotica J.West et G.Zuccarello MAA concentrations were generally higher compared to cultured plants of the same taxa, Bostrychia tenella(Lamouroux) J.Agardh did not show such a difference. Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.Irvine, Catenella impudica (Montagne) J.Agardh and Catenella nipae Zanardini (Gigartinales, Caulacanthaceae) produce two novel UV-absorbing compounds: MAA-1 (1.4–4.3 mg g −1 DW) and MAA-2 (0.1–1.0 mg g−1 DW), which absorb at 334 nm and 320 nm, respectively. In laboratory culture of Bostrychia moritziana when photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was increased from 20 to 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1, the total level of palythinol increased by 85% (from 2.0 to 3.7 mg g−1 DW). In a culture of Caloglossa leprieurii when PAR was increased from 40 to 80 μmol m−2 s−1the porphyra-334 content increased by 77% (from 3.1 to 5.5 mg g−1 DW). Extremely high MAA contents of 〉30 mg g−1 DW were detected in mature tetrasporangial sori prepared from two isolates of laboratory-cultured reproductive Caloglossa apomeiotica compared to vegetative plants (about 10 mg MAAs g−1 DW) indicating tetraspores loaded up with UV-sunscreens. All data demonstrate that mangrove red algae contain high MAA concentrations, particularly the reproductive structures, and hence these compounds may act as biochemical photoprotectants against exposure to UV-radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004046909810
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  • 9
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    Antarctic polar seaweeds - 10 years of studies at the Dallmann Laboratory, Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica (2001)
    In:  EPIC315th Scientific Conference of the Phycology Section of the German Botanical Society, Stralsund, Germany, 2014-02-23-2014-02-26
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The Western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the regions most affected by stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate warming, resulting in an increased UVB radiation and a fast glacier retreat. During the last 10 years intensive studies on the seaweed communities and the physiology of single species were conducted at Potter Cove. It was found that UVB radiation can decrease the diversity of the seaweed community by direct and indirect effects (exerting negative effects on the grazers). A higher sediment inflow into the water column due to the melting glaciers is decreasing the light availability for photosynthesis, changing the lower depth distribution of the seaweeds. Additional laboratory and field experiments on the physiological performance and recruitment success of seaweed spores showed a strong species specific susceptibility to UV and photosynthetically active radiation. Altogether the seaweed community at Potter Cove is strongly shaped by the changes of their abiotic environment.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 10
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    Leben im Eismeer - Tauchuntersuchungen zur Biologie arktischer Meerespflanzen und Meerestiere (2000)
    In:  EPIC3Biologie in unserer Zeit 30(1), pp. 35-44, ISSN: 0045-205X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: English Summary - Living in Arctic watersThe Arctic ocean and its seasonally changing sea-ice cover influence the heat and energy exchange between cold air masses and warmer ocean currents which finally affects the climate. In these high latitudes scientists from various fields are searching for answers related to global change questions and theirs effects on marine communities. One problem is the ozone-hole and the resulting increase in biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation. The use of divers is essential for many field experiments such as measurements of the underwater radiation climate, collecting of marine organisms and observation and identification of ecological interactions between different species. Many physiological processes of marine macroalgae such as photosynthesis and growth are inhibited by UV radiation. The sensitivity of individual species is generally related to the depth zonation, i.e. eulittoral macroalgae are more resistant than sublittoral plants. The synthesis and accumulation of UV-absorbing substances may prevent photodamage and hence represents an important adaptation mechanism against UV stress. Although UV effects on whole macroalgal communities are not well investigated, losses in productivity and biomass, and consequently decreases in associated animals such as crustaceans and fish can be expected if the UV is further increasing. Benthic marine macroalgae represent suitable bio-indicators for environmental changes in Arctic coastal waters.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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