Note: INTERFEROMETRY AND SYlNTHESIS IN RADIO ASTRONOMY -- CONTENT'S -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Introduction and Historical Review -- 1.1 Applications of Radio Interferometry -- 1.2 Basic Tenns and Definitions -- Cosmic Signals -- Source Positions and Nomenclature -- Receptiorl of Cosmic Signals -- 1.3 Development of Radio Interferometry -- Evolution of Synthesis Techniques -- Michelson Interferometer -- Early Two-Element Radio Interferometers -- Sea Interferometer -- Phase-Switching Interferometer -- Optical Identifications and Calibration Sources -- Early Measurements of Angular Width -- Survey Interferometers and the Mills Cross -- Centimeter-Wavelength Solar Mapping -- Measurements of Intensity Profiles -- Spectral Line Interferometry -- Earth-Rolation Synthesis Mapping -- Development of Synthesis Arrays -- Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- VLBI Using Orbiting Antennas -- 1.4 Quantum Effect -- 2 Introductory Theory of Interferometry and Synthesis Imaging -- 2.1 Planar Analysis -- 2.2 Effect of Bandwidth -- 2.3 One-Dimensional Source Synthesis -- Interferometer Response as a Convolution -- Convolution Theorem and Spatial Frequency -- Example of One-Dimensional Synthesis -- 2.4 Two-Dimensional Synthesis -- Projection-Slice Theorem -- 3 Analysis of the Interferometer Response -- 3.1 Fourier Transform Relationship between Intensity and Visibility -- 3.2 Cross-Correlation and the Wiener-Khinchin Relation -- 3.3 Basic Response of the Receiving System -- Antennas -- Filters -- Correlator -- Response to the Incident Radiation -- Appendix 3.1 Mathematical Representation of Noise-Like Signals -- Analytic Signal -- Truncated Function -- 4 Geometric Relationships and Polarimetry -- 4.1 Antenna Spacing Coordinates and (u, v) Loci -- 4.2 (u', v') Plane -- 4.3 Fringe Frequency -- 4.4 Visibility Frequencies. , 4.5 Calibration of the Baseline -- 4.6 Antenna Mounts -- 4.7 Beamwidth and Beam-Shape Effects -- 4.8 Polarimetry -- Parameters Defining Polarization -- Antenna Polarization Ellipse -- Stokes Visibilities -- Instrumental Polarization -- Matrix Formulation -- Calibration of Instrumental Polarization -- Appendix 4.1 Conversion Between Hour Angle-Declination and Azimuth-Elevation Coordinates -- Appendix 4.2 Leakage Parameters in Terms of the Polarization Ellipse -- Linear Polarization -- Circular Polarization -- 5 Antennas and Arrays -- 5. I Antennas -- 5.2 Sampling the Visibility Function -- Sampling Theorem -- Discrete Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform -- 5.3 Introductory Discussion of Arrays -- Phased Arrays and Correlator Arrays -- Spatial Sensitivity and the Spatial Transfer Function -- Meter-Wavelength Cross and T Arrays -- 5.4 Spatial Transfer Function of a Tracking Array -- Desirable Characteristics of the Spatial Transfer Function -- Holes in the Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 5.5 Linear Tracking Arrays -- 5.6 Two-Dimensional Tracking Arrays -- Open-Ended Configurations -- Closed Configurations -- VLBI Configurations -- Orbiting VLBI Antennas -- Planar Arrays -- 5.7 Conclusions on Antenna Configurations -- 5.8 Other Considerations -- Sensitivity -- Long Wavelengths -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- 6 Response of the Receiving System -- 6.1 Frequency Conversion, Fringe Rotation, and Complex Correlators -- Frequency Conversion -- Response of a Single-Sideband System -- Upper-Sideband Reception -- Lower-Sideband Reception -- Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Delay Tracking and Fringe Rotation -- Simple and Complex Correlators -- Response of a Double-Sideband System -- Double-Sideband System with Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Fringe Stopping in a Double-Sideband System -- Relative Advantages of Double- and Single-Sideband Systems. , Sideband Separation -- 6.2 Response to the Noise -- Signal and Noise Processing in the Correlator -- Noise in the Measurement of Complex Visibility -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a Synthesized Map -- Noise in Visibility Amplitude and Phase -- Relative Sensitivities of Different Interferometer Systems -- System Temperature Parameter α -- 6.3 Effect of Bandwidth -- Mapping in the Continuum Mode -- Wide-Field Mapping with a Multichannel System -- 6.4 Effect of Visibility Averaging -- Visibility Averaging Time -- Effect of Time Averaging -- Appendix 6.1 Partial Rejection of a Sideband -- 7 Design of the Analog Receiving System -- 7. I Principal Subsystems of the Receiving Electronics -- Low-Noise Input Stages -- Noise Temperature Measurement -- Local Oscillator -- IF and Signal Transmission Subsystems -- Optical Fiber Transmission -- Delay and Correlator Subsystems -- 7.2 Local Oscillator and General Considerations of Phase Stability -- Round-Trip Phase Measuring Schemes -- Swarup and Yang System -- Frequency-Offset Round-Trip System -- Automatically Correcting System -- Fiberoptic Transmission of LO Signals -- Phase-Locked Loops and Reference Frequencies -- Phase Stability of Filters -- Effect of Phase Errors -- 7.3 Frequency Responses of the Signal Channels -- Optimum Response -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Degradation of Sensitivity -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Gain Errors -- Delay-Setting Tolerances -- Implementation of Bandpass Tolerances -- 7.4 Polarization Mismatch Errors -- 7.5 Phase Switching -- Reduction of Response to Spurious Signals -- Implementation of Phase Switching -- Interaction of Phase Switching with Fringe Rotation and Delay Adjustment -- 7.6 Automatic Level Control and Gain Calibration -- Appendix 7.1 Sideband-Separating Mixer -- Appendix 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fiber. , 8 Digital Signal Processing -- 8.1 Bivariate Gaussian Probability Distribution -- 8.2 Periodic Sampling -- Nyquist Rate -- Correlation of Sampled but Unquantized Waveforms -- 8.3 Sampling with Quantization -- Two-Level Quantization -- Four-Level Quantization -- Three-Level Quantization -- Quantization with Eight or More Levels -- Quantization Correction -- Comparison of Quantization Schemes -- System Sensitivity -- 8.4 Accuracy in Digital Sampling -- Principal Causes of Error -- Tolerances in Three-Level Sampling -- 8.5 Digital Delay Circuits -- 8.6 Quadrature Phase Shift of a Digital Signal -- 8.7 Digital Correlators -- Correlators for Continuum Observations -- Principles of Digital Spectral Measurements -- Lag (XF) Correlator -- FX Correlator -- Comparison of Lag and FX Correlators -- Hybrid Correlator -- Demultiplexing in Broadband Correlators -- Appendix 8.1 Evaluation of ∑ R² (qrs) -- Appendix 8.2 Probability Integral for Two-Level Quantization -- Appendix 8.3 Correction for Four-Level Quantization -- 9 Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- 9.1 Early Development -- 9.2 Differences Between VLBI and Conventional Interferometry -- 9.3 Basic Performance of a VLBI System -- Time and Frequency Errors -- Retarded Baselines -- Noise in VLBI Observations -- Probability of Error in the Signal Search -- Coherent and Incoherent Averaging -- 9.4 Fringe Fitting for a Multielement Array -- Global Fringe Fitting -- Relative Performance of Fringe Detection Methods -- Triple Product, or Bispectrum -- Fringe Searching with a Multielement Array -- Multielement Array with Incoherent Averaging -- 9.5 Phase Stability and Atomic Frequency Standards -- Analysis of Phase Fluctuations -- Oscillator Coherence Time -- Precise Frequency Standards -- Rubidium and Cesium Standards -- Hydrogen Maser Frequency Standard -- Local Oscillator Stability -- Phase Calibration System. , Time Synchronization -- 9.6 Recording Systems -- 9.7 Processing Systems and Algorithms -- Fringe Rotation Loss (ηR) -- Fringe Sideband Rejection Loss (ηs) -- Discrete Delay Step Loss (ηD) -- Summary of Processing Losses -- 9.8 Bandwidth Synthesis -- Burst Mode Observing -- 9.9 Phased arrays as VLBI Elements -- 9.10 Orbiting VLBI (OVLBI) -- 10 Calibration and Fourier Transformation of Visibility Data -- 10.1 Calibration of the Visibility -- Corrections for Calculable or Directly Monitored Effects -- Use of Calibration Sources -- 10.2 Derivation of Intensity from Visibility -- Mapping by Direct Fourier Transformation -- Weighting of the Visibility Data -- Mapping by Discrete Fourier Transformation -- Convolving Functions and Aliasing -- Aliasing and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 10.3 Closure Relationships -- 10.4 Model Fitling -- Basic Considerations for Models -- Cosmic Background Anisotropy -- 10.5 Spectral Line Observations -- General Considerations -- VLBI Observations of Spectral Lines -- Variation of Spatial Frequency over the Bandwidth -- Accuracy of Spectral Line Measurements -- Presentation and Analysis of Spectral Line Observations -- 10.6 Miscellaneous Considerations -- Interpretation of Measured Intensity -- Errors in Maps -- Hints on Planning and Reduction of Observations -- Appendix 10.1 The Edge of the Moon as a Calibration Source -- Appendix 10.2 Doppler Shift of Spectral Lines -- Appendix 10.3 Historical Notes -- Maps from One-Dimensional Profiles -- Analog Fourier Transformation -- 11 Deconvolution, Aldaptive Calibration, and Applications -- 11.1 Limitation of Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 11.2 The Clean Deconvolution Algorithm -- CLEAN Algorithm -- Implementation and Performance of the CLEAN Algorithm -- 11.3 Maximum Entropy Method -- MEM Algorithm -- Comparison of CLEAN and MEM -- Other Deconvolution Procedures. , 11.4 Adaptive Calibration and Mapping With Amplitude Data Only.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Laser snapshots of molecular motions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The interaction of intense femtosecond laser light with molecules -- 1.3 Femtosecond lasers -- 1.4 Femtosecond spectroscopy of molecular dynamics -- 1.4.1 Ultrafast molecular fragmentation -- 1.4.2 Ultrafast molecular collisions -- 1.4.3 Many-body effects on ultrafast dynamics -- 1.5 What else and what next? A speculative prognosis -- 1.5.1 Attosecond laser pulses -- 1.5.2 Coherent control of molecular dynamics -- 1.6 Further reading -- 2 Enzymology takes a quantum leap forward -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme catalysis in the classical world -- 2.3 A role for protein dynamics in classical transfers -- 2.4 Wave-particle duality and the concept of tunnelling -- 2.5 Electron tunnelling in proteins -- 2.6 Transition state theory and corrections for hydrogen tunnelling -- 2.7 Hydrogen tunnelling driven by protein dynamics -- 2.8 Experimental demonstration of vibration-driven tunnelling -- 2.9 Significance of hydrogen tunnelling in enzymes -- 2.10 Enzymology in the future -- 2.11 Further reading -- 3 World champion chemists: people versus computers -- 3.1 Further reading -- 4 Chemistry on the inside: green chemistry in mesoporous materials -- 4.1 Green chemistry -- 4.2 New mesoporous materials -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.4 Future prospects -- 4.5 Further reading -- 5 Diamond thin films: a twenty-first century material -- 5.1 The diamond in history -- 5.2 Chemical vapour deposition -- 5.3 Methods for production of CVD diamond -- 5.4 The chemistry of CVD diamond growth -- 5.5 The substrate material -- 5.6 Nucleation -- 5.7 The CVD diamond film -- 5.8 Applications -- 5.8.1 Cutting tools -- 5.8.2 Thermal management -- 5.8.3 Optics -- 5.8.4 Electronic devices -- 5.8.5 Field emission displays -- 5.8.6 Electrochemical sensors. , 5.8.7 Composite reinforcement -- 5.8.8 Particle detectors -- 5.9 Summary -- 5.10 Further reading -- 6 The secret of Nature's microscopic patterns -- 6.1 The biology of microarchitecture and self-assembly -- 6.1.1 Message and machinery -- 6.1.2 The inertia of natural patterns -- 6.1.3 Mimicking and modelling nature -- 6.2 Consideration of colloidal interactions and self-assembly -- 6.2.1 The unexpected behaviour of tiny objects -- 6.2.2 Creating pattern from instability -- 6.3 Synthetic self-assembled architecture and evolutionary implications -- 6.3.1 An experimental example -- 6.3.2 Of patterns and species -- 6.4 Future applications of biocolloid self-assembly -- 6.5 Further reading -- 7 Skeletal structure: synthesis of mechanics and cell biology -- 7.1 Introduction and historical background -- 7.2 Form and function in bone -- 7.2.1 Bone structure -- 7.2.2 Cells and matrix -- 7.2.3 Bone growth and maintenance -- 7.3 Mechanical regulation of bone structure -- 7.3.1 Adaptation experiments -- 7.3.2 Modelling -- 7.3.3 Imaging -- 7.4 Visions for the future -- 7.5 Further reading -- 8 The making of the virtual heart -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Martians and the Highway Code -- 8.2 The need for computational modelling in bio-medical research -- 8.2.1 What can we learn from Martians? -- 8.2.2 Combined opposites -- 8.3 The Physiome Project -- 8.3.1 The vision -- 8.3.2 The route -- 8.3.3 The tools -- 8.4 The virtual heart -- 8.4.1 Science or fiction? -- 8.4.2 Single cell models -- 8.4.3 Organ models -- 8.4.4 Simulating the ECG -- 8.4.5 Summary: The virtual heart -- 8.5 The utility of virtual organs -- 8.5.1 Added value for research -- 8.5.2 Added value for drug and device development -- 8.5.3 Added value for society -- 8.6 Further reading -- 9 Exploring human organs with computers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Making cars -- 9.3 Designing drugs. , 9.4 Bone and skin -- 9.5 Cell interactions -- 9.6 The heart -- 9.7 An ear model -- 9.8 The next 10 years -- 9.9 The year 2020 -- 9.10 The year 2050 -- 9.11 Further reading -- 10 Reverse engineering the human mind -- 10.1 Further reading -- Contributor biographies -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Lecture Notes in Computer Science -- Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware -- Copyright -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Automatic Synthesis, Placement, and Routing of an Amplifier Circuit by Means of Genetic Programming -- Immunotronics : Hardware Fault Tolerance Inspired by the Immune System -- Ant Colony System for the Design of Combinational Logic Circuits -- Evolving Cellular Automata for Self-Testing Hardware -- Dynamic Optimisation of Non-linear Feed-Forward Circuits -- From the Sea to the Sidewalk: The Evolution of Hexapod Walking Gaits by a Genetic Algorithm -- Experiments in Evolvable Filter Design using Pulse Based Programmable Analogue VLSI Models -- The Intrinsic Evolution of Virtex Devices Through Internet Reconfigurable Logic -- Evolution of Controllers from a High-Level Simulator to a High DOF Robot -- The Evolution of 3-d C.A. to Perform a Collective Behavior Task -- Initial Evaluation of an Evolvable Microwave Circuit -- Towards an Artificial Pinna for a Narrow-Band Biomimetic Sonarhead -- Towards a Silicon Primordial Soup: A Fast Approach to Hardware Evolution with a VLSI Transistor Array -- Understanding Inherent Qualities of Evolved Circuits: Evolutionary History as a Predictor of Fault Tolerance -- Comparison between Three Heuristic Algorithms to Repair a Large-Scale MIMD Computer -- A Hardware Implementation of an Embryonic Architecture Using Virtex® FPGAs -- Everything on the Chip: A Hardware-Based Self-Contained Spatially-Structured Genetic Algorithm for Signal Processing -- Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics -- Biology Meets Electronics: the Path to a Bio-Inspired FPGA -- The Design and Implementation of Custom Architectures for Evolvable Hardware Using Off-the-Shelf Programmable Devices -- Mixtrinsic Evolution -- Evolution of Robustness in an Electronics Design. , Circuit Evolution and Visualisation -- Evolutionary Robots with Fast Adaptive Behavior in New Environments -- The Advantages of Landscape Neutrality in Digital Circuit Evolution -- Genetic Algorithm-Based Design Methodology for Pattern Recognition Hardware -- A Flexible Model of a CMOS Field Programmable Transistor Array Targeted for Hardware Evolution -- Author Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Part I: Defining the Discourse -- 1. A Brief on Environmental Justice -- 2. Ecology, Justice, and the End of Development -- Part II: Case Studies -- 3. A Revolution in Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development: The Political Ecology of Nicaragua -- 4. The Long March for Livelihoods: Struggle Against the Narmada Dam in India -- 5. A 'Necessary Sacrifice:' Industrialization and American Indian Lands -- 6. The Circle of Life: Preserving American Indian Traditions and Facing the Nuclear Challenge -- 7. Powering Injustice: Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba -- 8. The Global Commons and Environmental Justice-Climate Change -- Part III: Expanding the Discourse -- 9. Ecosocialization and Environmental Justice -- 10. globalization.com vs. ecologicaljustice.org: Contesting the End of History -- 11. The Production of Unequal Nature -- Contributors -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Notes on contributors -- INTRODUCTION: THE ROOTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS -- 1 THE ENGLISH, THE TREES, THE WILD AND THE GREEN -- 2 ANIMALS, CHILDREN AND PEASANTS IN TUSCANY -- 3 NARRATING NATURE -- 4 WHEN THE WATER COMES -- 5 'OUR LAND IS OUR ONLY WEALTH' -- 6 USING COMMUNITY MEMORY AGAINST THE ONSLAUGHT OF DEVELOPMENT -- 7 SIGNS OF THINGS TO COME -- 8 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN KAZAKSTAN -- 9 PATHS TO ECOFEMINIST ACTIVISM -- 10 PATHWAYS TO THE AMAZON -- REVIEWS -- 'Not otherwise touchable somehow': ecocriticism and literature Jeff Wallace -- Archetypal history: Simon Schama's Landscape and Memory -- Name index -- Subject index.

Note: CURRENT ORNITHOLOGY VOLUME 16 -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1 AVIAN COLONIALITY -- CHAPTER 2 BEGGING IN NESTLING BIRDS -- CHAPTER 3 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPHOBIA AND NEOPHILIA IN BIRDS -- CHAPTER 4 AVIAN QUANTITATIVE GENETICS -- CHAPTER 5 MALE PARENTAL CARE AND PATERNITY IN BIRDS -- CHAPTER 6 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF DESERT BIRDS -- CHAPTER 7 REPRODUCTIVE ENERGY EXPENDITURE, INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION AND FITNESS IN BIRDS -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Transdisciplinarity: Joint Problem Solving among Science, Technology, and Society -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- 1 Summary and Synthesis -- 2 Introduction -- 3 Keynote Addresses -- 4 Interactive Sessions -- 5 The Swiss Transdisciplinarity Award -- 6 Outcomes -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix A Conference Organizers -- Appendix B References -- Appendix C List of Participants -- Appendix D List of Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms.

Note: PERSPECTIVES IN ETHOLOGY Volume 13 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- Chapter 1 BUILT FOR SPEED: PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE VARIATION AND THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN CULTURE -- Chapter 2 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY, INTELLIGENCE AND DIET AMONG CHIMPANZEES AND HUMAN FORAGERS -- Chapter 3 CULTURES AS SUPRAORGANISMAL WHOLES -- Chapter 4 NICHE CONSTRUCTION AND GENE-CULTURE COEVOLUTION: AN EVOLUTIONARY BASIS FOR THE HUMAN SCIENCES -- Chapter 5 BIOLOGICAL AND MATERIAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION: ARE THERE ANY TRUE PARALLELS? -- Ctuipter 6 PITFALLS OF BEHAVIORAL SELECTIONISM -- Chapter 7 BEING CONCRETE ABOUT CULTURE AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION -- Chapter 8 INTENTIONALITY IS THE MARK OF THE VITAL -- Chapter 9 EVOLUTIONARY MODELS OF MUSIC: FROM SEXUAL SELECTION TO GROUP SELECTION -- Chapter 10 BIOLOGY, CULTURE, & -- RELIGION -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Title -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Copyright -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER ONE Arabian Origins -- CHAPTER TWO Building on the Shield -- CHAPTER THREE Collision with Asia -- CHAPTER FOUR Man upon the Scene -- CHAPTER FIVE From Stone to Bronze -- CHAPTER SIX Coast to Coast -- INDEX -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.