Anmerkung: INTERFEROMETRY AND SYlNTHESIS IN RADIO ASTRONOMY -- CONTENT'S -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Introduction and Historical Review -- 1.1 Applications of Radio Interferometry -- 1.2 Basic Tenns and Definitions -- Cosmic Signals -- Source Positions and Nomenclature -- Receptiorl of Cosmic Signals -- 1.3 Development of Radio Interferometry -- Evolution of Synthesis Techniques -- Michelson Interferometer -- Early Two-Element Radio Interferometers -- Sea Interferometer -- Phase-Switching Interferometer -- Optical Identifications and Calibration Sources -- Early Measurements of Angular Width -- Survey Interferometers and the Mills Cross -- Centimeter-Wavelength Solar Mapping -- Measurements of Intensity Profiles -- Spectral Line Interferometry -- Earth-Rolation Synthesis Mapping -- Development of Synthesis Arrays -- Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- VLBI Using Orbiting Antennas -- 1.4 Quantum Effect -- 2 Introductory Theory of Interferometry and Synthesis Imaging -- 2.1 Planar Analysis -- 2.2 Effect of Bandwidth -- 2.3 One-Dimensional Source Synthesis -- Interferometer Response as a Convolution -- Convolution Theorem and Spatial Frequency -- Example of One-Dimensional Synthesis -- 2.4 Two-Dimensional Synthesis -- Projection-Slice Theorem -- 3 Analysis of the Interferometer Response -- 3.1 Fourier Transform Relationship between Intensity and Visibility -- 3.2 Cross-Correlation and the Wiener-Khinchin Relation -- 3.3 Basic Response of the Receiving System -- Antennas -- Filters -- Correlator -- Response to the Incident Radiation -- Appendix 3.1 Mathematical Representation of Noise-Like Signals -- Analytic Signal -- Truncated Function -- 4 Geometric Relationships and Polarimetry -- 4.1 Antenna Spacing Coordinates and (u, v) Loci -- 4.2 (u', v') Plane -- 4.3 Fringe Frequency -- 4.4 Visibility Frequencies. , 4.5 Calibration of the Baseline -- 4.6 Antenna Mounts -- 4.7 Beamwidth and Beam-Shape Effects -- 4.8 Polarimetry -- Parameters Defining Polarization -- Antenna Polarization Ellipse -- Stokes Visibilities -- Instrumental Polarization -- Matrix Formulation -- Calibration of Instrumental Polarization -- Appendix 4.1 Conversion Between Hour Angle-Declination and Azimuth-Elevation Coordinates -- Appendix 4.2 Leakage Parameters in Terms of the Polarization Ellipse -- Linear Polarization -- Circular Polarization -- 5 Antennas and Arrays -- 5. I Antennas -- 5.2 Sampling the Visibility Function -- Sampling Theorem -- Discrete Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform -- 5.3 Introductory Discussion of Arrays -- Phased Arrays and Correlator Arrays -- Spatial Sensitivity and the Spatial Transfer Function -- Meter-Wavelength Cross and T Arrays -- 5.4 Spatial Transfer Function of a Tracking Array -- Desirable Characteristics of the Spatial Transfer Function -- Holes in the Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 5.5 Linear Tracking Arrays -- 5.6 Two-Dimensional Tracking Arrays -- Open-Ended Configurations -- Closed Configurations -- VLBI Configurations -- Orbiting VLBI Antennas -- Planar Arrays -- 5.7 Conclusions on Antenna Configurations -- 5.8 Other Considerations -- Sensitivity -- Long Wavelengths -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- 6 Response of the Receiving System -- 6.1 Frequency Conversion, Fringe Rotation, and Complex Correlators -- Frequency Conversion -- Response of a Single-Sideband System -- Upper-Sideband Reception -- Lower-Sideband Reception -- Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Delay Tracking and Fringe Rotation -- Simple and Complex Correlators -- Response of a Double-Sideband System -- Double-Sideband System with Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Fringe Stopping in a Double-Sideband System -- Relative Advantages of Double- and Single-Sideband Systems. , Sideband Separation -- 6.2 Response to the Noise -- Signal and Noise Processing in the Correlator -- Noise in the Measurement of Complex Visibility -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a Synthesized Map -- Noise in Visibility Amplitude and Phase -- Relative Sensitivities of Different Interferometer Systems -- System Temperature Parameter α -- 6.3 Effect of Bandwidth -- Mapping in the Continuum Mode -- Wide-Field Mapping with a Multichannel System -- 6.4 Effect of Visibility Averaging -- Visibility Averaging Time -- Effect of Time Averaging -- Appendix 6.1 Partial Rejection of a Sideband -- 7 Design of the Analog Receiving System -- 7. I Principal Subsystems of the Receiving Electronics -- Low-Noise Input Stages -- Noise Temperature Measurement -- Local Oscillator -- IF and Signal Transmission Subsystems -- Optical Fiber Transmission -- Delay and Correlator Subsystems -- 7.2 Local Oscillator and General Considerations of Phase Stability -- Round-Trip Phase Measuring Schemes -- Swarup and Yang System -- Frequency-Offset Round-Trip System -- Automatically Correcting System -- Fiberoptic Transmission of LO Signals -- Phase-Locked Loops and Reference Frequencies -- Phase Stability of Filters -- Effect of Phase Errors -- 7.3 Frequency Responses of the Signal Channels -- Optimum Response -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Degradation of Sensitivity -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Gain Errors -- Delay-Setting Tolerances -- Implementation of Bandpass Tolerances -- 7.4 Polarization Mismatch Errors -- 7.5 Phase Switching -- Reduction of Response to Spurious Signals -- Implementation of Phase Switching -- Interaction of Phase Switching with Fringe Rotation and Delay Adjustment -- 7.6 Automatic Level Control and Gain Calibration -- Appendix 7.1 Sideband-Separating Mixer -- Appendix 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fiber. , 8 Digital Signal Processing -- 8.1 Bivariate Gaussian Probability Distribution -- 8.2 Periodic Sampling -- Nyquist Rate -- Correlation of Sampled but Unquantized Waveforms -- 8.3 Sampling with Quantization -- Two-Level Quantization -- Four-Level Quantization -- Three-Level Quantization -- Quantization with Eight or More Levels -- Quantization Correction -- Comparison of Quantization Schemes -- System Sensitivity -- 8.4 Accuracy in Digital Sampling -- Principal Causes of Error -- Tolerances in Three-Level Sampling -- 8.5 Digital Delay Circuits -- 8.6 Quadrature Phase Shift of a Digital Signal -- 8.7 Digital Correlators -- Correlators for Continuum Observations -- Principles of Digital Spectral Measurements -- Lag (XF) Correlator -- FX Correlator -- Comparison of Lag and FX Correlators -- Hybrid Correlator -- Demultiplexing in Broadband Correlators -- Appendix 8.1 Evaluation of ∑ R² (qrs) -- Appendix 8.2 Probability Integral for Two-Level Quantization -- Appendix 8.3 Correction for Four-Level Quantization -- 9 Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- 9.1 Early Development -- 9.2 Differences Between VLBI and Conventional Interferometry -- 9.3 Basic Performance of a VLBI System -- Time and Frequency Errors -- Retarded Baselines -- Noise in VLBI Observations -- Probability of Error in the Signal Search -- Coherent and Incoherent Averaging -- 9.4 Fringe Fitting for a Multielement Array -- Global Fringe Fitting -- Relative Performance of Fringe Detection Methods -- Triple Product, or Bispectrum -- Fringe Searching with a Multielement Array -- Multielement Array with Incoherent Averaging -- 9.5 Phase Stability and Atomic Frequency Standards -- Analysis of Phase Fluctuations -- Oscillator Coherence Time -- Precise Frequency Standards -- Rubidium and Cesium Standards -- Hydrogen Maser Frequency Standard -- Local Oscillator Stability -- Phase Calibration System. , Time Synchronization -- 9.6 Recording Systems -- 9.7 Processing Systems and Algorithms -- Fringe Rotation Loss (ηR) -- Fringe Sideband Rejection Loss (ηs) -- Discrete Delay Step Loss (ηD) -- Summary of Processing Losses -- 9.8 Bandwidth Synthesis -- Burst Mode Observing -- 9.9 Phased arrays as VLBI Elements -- 9.10 Orbiting VLBI (OVLBI) -- 10 Calibration and Fourier Transformation of Visibility Data -- 10.1 Calibration of the Visibility -- Corrections for Calculable or Directly Monitored Effects -- Use of Calibration Sources -- 10.2 Derivation of Intensity from Visibility -- Mapping by Direct Fourier Transformation -- Weighting of the Visibility Data -- Mapping by Discrete Fourier Transformation -- Convolving Functions and Aliasing -- Aliasing and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 10.3 Closure Relationships -- 10.4 Model Fitling -- Basic Considerations for Models -- Cosmic Background Anisotropy -- 10.5 Spectral Line Observations -- General Considerations -- VLBI Observations of Spectral Lines -- Variation of Spatial Frequency over the Bandwidth -- Accuracy of Spectral Line Measurements -- Presentation and Analysis of Spectral Line Observations -- 10.6 Miscellaneous Considerations -- Interpretation of Measured Intensity -- Errors in Maps -- Hints on Planning and Reduction of Observations -- Appendix 10.1 The Edge of the Moon as a Calibration Source -- Appendix 10.2 Doppler Shift of Spectral Lines -- Appendix 10.3 Historical Notes -- Maps from One-Dimensional Profiles -- Analog Fourier Transformation -- 11 Deconvolution, Aldaptive Calibration, and Applications -- 11.1 Limitation of Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 11.2 The Clean Deconvolution Algorithm -- CLEAN Algorithm -- Implementation and Performance of the CLEAN Algorithm -- 11.3 Maximum Entropy Method -- MEM Algorithm -- Comparison of CLEAN and MEM -- Other Deconvolution Procedures. , 11.4 Adaptive Calibration and Mapping With Amplitude Data Only.

Anmerkung: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources