Schlagwort(e):
Land degradation.
;
Electronic books.
Materialart:
Online-Ressource
Seiten:
1 online resource (312 pages)
Ausgabe:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781405147705
Serie:
Sheffield Analytical Chemistry Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=238369
DDC:
543
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The risk assessor as the customer, K. Clive Thompson and C. Paul Nathanail -- 1.1 Analysis issues -- 1.2 Definition of analysis -- 1.3 Quality issues in contaminated land analysis -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 ISO 17025 -- 1.3.3 The six valid analytical measurement (VAM) principles -- 1.3.4 MCERTS -- 1.4 Sampling point frequency considerations -- 1.5 Sample pre-treatment issues -- 1.6 Analysis method requirements -- 1.7 Measurement uncertainty -- 1.8 Proficiency schemes -- 1.9 New areas of analysis -- 1.9.1 Organic carbon -- 1.9.2 Partition coefficients (Kd values) -- 1.9.3 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility -- Note -- References -- Publications relevant to the CLR R& -- D programme -- 2 The requirements of the analytical method, David Westwood -- 2.1 Need for fully documented and properly validated methods -- 2.2 Current regimes -- 2.3 How to validate international, national and individual laboratory methods -- 2.4 Quality control - quality assurance -- 2.5 Prescribed method versus minimum performance characteristics approach -- 2.6 Proficiency testing for contaminated soil analysis -- 2.7 Reference materials -- References -- 3 Initial sample preparation, Mark Allen -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An overview of initial sample preparation -- 3.2.1 Receipt of samples by the laboratory -- 3.2.2 Pre-preparation -- 3.2.3 Coarse comminution -- 3.2.4 Sieving for preparation purposes -- 3.2.5 Homogenisation -- 3.2.6 Sub-sampling -- 3.2.7 Fine comminution -- 3.2.8 Finishing -- 3.2.9 Comminution of vegetation -- 3.3 Processes and problems -- 3.3.1 Contamination from preparation equipment -- 3.3.2 Cross-contamination -- 3.3.3 Sub-sampling bias -- 3.3.4 Sub-sampling bias caused by sieving operations -- 3.3.5 Loss of fine particulates, volatile and labile components.
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3.4 Quality control -- 3.5 Good laboratory practice in initial sample preparation -- 3.5.1 Health and safety -- 3.5.2 Provisional protocols -- References -- 4 Metal analysis, Patrick Thomas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General discussion -- 4.2.1 Overview of digestion methods -- 4.2.2 Dry ashing -- 4.2.3 Wet digestion -- 4.2.4 Heating devices -- 4.3 Overview of instrumental methods of analysis -- 4.3.1 What is atomic absorption? -- 4.3.2 Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.3 Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.4 Hydride generation atomic absorption and fluorescence methods -- 4.3.5 Cold vapour atomic absorption and fluorescence methods for mercury -- 4.4 What is atomic emission spectrometry? -- 4.4.1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry -- 4.5 What is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry? -- 4.6 How to select the proper technique? -- 4.7 Overview of trace element speciation -- References -- 5 Analysis of inorganic parameters, George E. Rayment, Ross Sadler, Andrew Craig, Barry Noller and Barry Chiswell -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrical conductivity -- 5.2.1 Soil:water extract -- 5.2.2 EC measurement and reporting -- 5.3 pH -- 5.3.1 pH of 1:5 soil/water suspension (pHw) -- 5.3.2 pH of 1:5 soil/0.01 M calcium chloride extract (pHc) -- 5.3.3 pH of 1:5 soil/1 M potassium chloride extract (pHK) -- 5.3.4 pH of sodium fluoride suspension (pHF) -- 5.3.5 pH of hydrogen peroxide extract (pHHO) -- 5.3.5.1 Procedure -- 5.3.6 d pH -- 5.4 Redox potential -- 5.4.1 Summary -- 5.4.2 Capacity factor (Poise) -- 5.4.3 Usefulness of pe -- 5.4.4 Measurement of soil redox and electrodes -- 5.5 Water soluble chloride -- 5.5.1 Chloride - 1:5 soil/water extract, ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent conductivity -- 5.6 Water soluble boron -- 5.6.1 Hot water extractable soil B -- 5.7 Sulfur.
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5.7.1 Total sulfur - X-ray fluorescence -- 5.7.1.1 Preparation of standard pellets -- 5.7.1.2 Preparation of soil pellets -- 5.7.1.3 Analysis -- 5.7.2 Pyrite and other iron disulfides and acid volatile sulfides (chromium reducible sulfur) -- 5.7.2.1 Procedure -- 5.7.2.2 Calculation of the chromium reducible sulfur content -- 5.7.3 Water extractable sulfur - ICPAES -- 5.7.4 Water extractable sulfate-sulfur - ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent condu... -- 5.8 Cyanides, thiocyanates and cyanates -- 5.8.1 Cyanides -- 5.8.2 Thiocyanates -- 5.8.3 Cyanates -- 5.8.4 Standard digestion procedures and free cyanide -- 5.8.5 Speciation techniques for metallo-cyanide complexes -- 5.8.5.1 Ion chromatography -- 5.8.5.2 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.8.5.3 Capillary zone electrophoresis -- 5.8.6 Determination of other cyanide compounds in soil -- 5.9 Asbestos -- 5.9.1 Introduction - the asbestos minerals and their uses -- 5.9.2 The health effects of asbestos -- 5.9.3 Common building materials and products that contained asbestos -- 5.9.4 Common asbestos containing materials that may be found in contaminated land sites -- 5.9.5 Encountering asbestos containing materials during a site investigation or redevelopment -- 5.9.6 The packaging of suspected asbestos containing materials for transportation to a testing laboratory -- 5.9.7 Choosing a suitable testing laboratory -- 5.9.8 Analysis of suspect asbestos containing materials -- 5.9.9 Achievable laboratory detection limits and interpretation of results -- 5.9.9.1 Bulk materials -- 5.9.9.2 Soil materials -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- 6 Petroleum hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Jim Farrell-Jones -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Chemical characteristics -- 6.1.2 Architecture of organic molecules -- 6.1.3 Aromatics -- 6.1.4 Chemical composition of petroleum.
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6.1.4.1 Product characteristics -- 6.1.4.2 Gasoline (called petrol in the UK) -- 6.1.4.3 Aviation gasoline -- 6.1.4.4 Jet fuels -- 6.1.4.5 Kerosene - domestic heating fuel -- 6.1.4.6 Diesel fuel -- 6.1.4.7 Fuel oils -- 6.1.4.8 Lubricating oils -- 6.2 Environmental fate of petroleum products -- 6.3 Factors influencing the analytical process -- 6.3.1 Collection and preservation -- 6.3.2 Sample extraction -- 6.3.2.1 Soxhlet -- 6.3.2.2 Manual shake -- 6.3.2.3 Accelerated solvent extraction -- 6.3.2.4 Microwave -- 6.3.2.5 Thermal extraction and static headspace -- 6.3.2.6 Purge and trap (dynamic headspace) -- 6.3.3 Concentration of sample extract -- 6.3.3.1 Sorbant/cryogenic trapping -- 6.3.3.2 Snyder column -- 6.3.3.3 Kuderna-Danish concentrator (K-D concentrator) -- 6.3.3.4 Nitrogen evaporation -- 6.3.3.5 Vacuum -- 6.3.4 Clean-up of sample -- 6.3.4.1 Removal of non-petroleum species -- 6.3.4.2 Isolation of particular species -- 6.3.4.3 Concentration of particular analytes -- 6.3.5 Measurement -- 6.3.5.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 6.3.5.2 Petroleum group type analysis (not suitable for risk estimation) -- 6.3.5.3 Individual compound analysis -- 6.4 Total petroleum hydrocarbons: a detailed method review -- 6.4.1 Gas chromatography -- 6.4.1.1 Gasoline range organics (GRO) -- 6.4.1.2 Diesel range organics -- 6.4.1.3 Total petroleum hydrocarbons -- 6.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) TPH -- 6.4.3 Gravimetric TPH methods -- 6.4.4 Immunoassay TPH methods -- 6.5 Petroleum group type analysis (detailed review) -- 6.5.1 Thin layer chromatography (Iatroscan™ method) -- 6.5.2 Speciated group type TPH -- 6.6 Individual compound analysis -- 6.7 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 6.7.1 Structure -- 6.7.2 Sources -- 6.7.3 Carcinogenic nature -- 6.7.4 Methods of analysis -- 6.7.4.1 Screening test kits -- 6.7.4.2 Gravimetric.
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6.7.4.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) -- 6.7.4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4.5 Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) -- 6.7.4.6 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) -- Abbreviations -- Glossary of terms -- Bibliography -- Editors' note -- 7 Volatile organic compounds, Sue Owen and Peter Whittle -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Presence of VOCs in soil -- 7.3 Sampling and sub-sampling -- 7.3.1 Artefacts -- 7.4 Methods of analysis -- 7.4.1 Methanol extraction -- 7.4.2 Head-space -- 7.4.3 Purge and trap -- 7.4.4 Direct aqueous injection -- 7.5 Chromatography -- 7.5.1 Capillary columns -- 7.6 Detectors and quantitation -- 7.6.1 Mass spectrometric detection (MS) -- 7.6.2 Flame ionisation detector (FID) -- 7.6.3 Electron capture detector (ECD) -- 7.6.4 Electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) -- 7.6.5 Photo-ionisation detector (PID) -- 7.6.6 Standards and quantitation -- 7.7 Screening techniques -- 7.7.1 Qualitative analysis -- 7.7.2 Semi-quantitative analysis -- 7.8 Specific groupings -- References -- Commonly used groupings for analysing VOC samples -- 8 Non-halogenated organic compounds including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), Joop Harmsen and Paul Frintrop -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Extraction -- 8.2.1 Presence of organic compounds in soil -- 8.2.1.1 Soxhlet -- 8.2.1.2 Shaking (agitation) procedure -- 8.2.1.3 Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) -- 8.2.1.4 Super critical fluid extraction (SFE) -- 8.2.2 Pre-treatment in relation to extraction -- 8.3 Screening or quantitative determination -- 8.3.1 Group parameters -- 8.4 The bioavailable fraction -- 8.5 Detection, identification and quantification -- 8.5.1 Detection -- 8.5.2 Identification -- 8.5.3 Quantification -- 8.6 Examples -- 8.6.1 Group parameters for organo-halogens -- 8.6.2 Phthalates -- 8.6.3 Organotin compounds.
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8.6.4 More polar herbicides and pesticides.
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