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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Milton :Jenny Stanford Publishing,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This book focuses on the current state of the art of polymer-based capsules. It discusses the fundamental knowledge of the formations and formulations and the properties and performances of typical polymers capsules, together with their applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (419 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780429767883
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Redox-Responsive Nanocarriers: A Promising Drug Delivery Platform -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Redox-Responsive Polymeric Micelles -- 1.3 Redox-Responsive Liposomes -- 1.4 Redox-Responsive Polymersomes -- 1.5 Redox-Responsive Nanogels -- 1.6 Redox-Responsive Nanospheres -- 1.7 Redox-Responsive Nanocapsules -- 1.8 Conclusions -- 2. Smart Polymers-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Delivery Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Polymers-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Drugs Delivery -- 2.2.1 Paclitaxel -- 2.2.2 Doxorubicin -- 2.2.3 Platinum Metallodrugs -- 2.3 Polymers-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Delivery -- 2.4 Polymers-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Protein Delivery -- 2.5 Summary and Future Perspectives -- 3. Smart Polymer Capsules -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation -- 3.2.1 The Method of the Self-Assembly Approaches of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers -- 3.2.1.1 Film dispersion technique -- 3.2.1.2 Solvent-switching technique -- 3.2.1.3 Polymerization-induced self-assembly -- 3.2.2 Self-Assembly Approaches of Homopolymers -- 3.2.3 Self-Assembly Approaches of Hyperbranched Polymers -- 3.2.4 Self-Assembly Approaches of Graft Copolymers -- 3.2.5 Self-Assembly Approaches of Proteins -- 3.2.6 Dendrimers -- 3.2.7 Layer-by-Layer Assembly Approach -- 3.2.8 Surface/Interfacial Polymerization Approaches -- 3.2.8.1 NMRP techniques -- 3.2.8.2 ATRP techniques -- 3.2.8.3 RAFT techniques -- 3.2.8.4 Precipitation polymerization -- 3.2.8.5 Photopolymerization -- 3.2.9 Single-Step Adsorption Approaches -- 3.2.10 Polymerization and Self-Assembly Approaches in Nanodroplet -- 3.3 Application -- 3.3.1 Drug Delivery -- 3.3.1.1 Physical stimuli for drug delivery -- 3.3.1.2 Chemical stimuli for drug delivery -- 3.3.1.3 Biological stimuli for drug delivery. , 3.3.2 Gene Delivery -- 3.3.3 Biomimetic Microreactors -- 3.3.3.1 Enzyme catalysis -- 3.3.3.2 Polymerization -- 3.3.3.3 Nanoparticles synthesis -- 3.3.3.4 Artificial organelles -- 3.3.4 Sensing -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4. On the Use of Complex Coacervates for Encapsulation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Coacervation -- 4.2.1 Conditions for Complex Coacervation -- 4.2.1.1 Polyelectrolytes -- 4.2.1.2 Ions -- 4.2.1.3 Temperature -- 4.2.1.4 Foreign molecules -- 4.2.2 Properties of Complex Coacervate Phase -- 4.2.2.1 Response to changes in external conditions -- 4.2.2.2 Wetting -- 4.2.2.3 Rheological properties -- 4.3 Process of Encapsulation -- 4.3.1 Emulsification -- 4.3.2 Loading -- 4.3.3 Crosslinking -- 4.3.4 Separation and Further Processing -- 4.4 Application of Complex Coacervates for Encapsulation -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- 5. Improving Drug Biological Effects by Encapsulation into Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nanostructures -- 5.2.1 Nanoemulsion -- 5.2.2 Nanospheres -- 5.2.3 Nanotubes -- 5.2.4 Nanogels -- 5.2.5 Dendrimers -- 5.2.6 Nanocapsules -- 5.3 Nanocapsule and Its Advantages over Other Nanostructures -- 5.3.1 Nanocapsules -- 5.3.1.1 Efficiency parameters of nanocapsules -- 5.3.1.2 Fabrication techniques -- 5.4 Benefits of Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.4.1 Increased Drug Stability Against Chemical- and Photodegradation -- 5.4.2 Increased Interaction with Cells and Tissues and Drug Targeting -- 5.4.2.1 High Specific Surface Area to Volume Ratio -- 5.4.2.2 Polymeric Shell -- 5.4.2.3 Surface Modifications -- 5.4.2.4 Representative Examples of Polymeric Nanocapsules with Enhanced Interaction with Cells and Tissues -- 5.5 Other Ways to Enhance Efficiency of Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.6 Evaluation Tests on Efficiency of Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.6.1 In Vitro Research Test of Polymeric Nanocapsules. , 5.6.1.1 Antioxidative Effects of Drugs -- 5.6.1.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Drugs -- 5.6.1.3 Anti-proliferative Effects of Drugs -- 5.6.1.4 Anti-microbial Effects -- 5.6.1.5 Photodynamic Therapy -- 5.6.2 In Vivo Research Test of Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.6.2.1 Anti-proliferative Effects of Drugs -- 5.6.2.2 Surface Active Targeting Effects of Drugs -- 5.6.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy -- 5.6.2.4 Medical Applications of Drug Delivery -- 5.6.2.5 Efficacy of Lipid-Core Nanocapsules -- 5.6.2.6 Polymeric Nanocapsules Efficiency -- 5.7 Safety Concerns Over Polymeric Nanocapsules -- 5.7.1 In Vitro Tests -- 5.7.2 In Vivo Tests -- 5.8 Conclusion -- 6. Drug and Protein Encapsulation by Emulsification: Technology Enhancement Using Foam Formulations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Particle Parameters -- 6.2 Double Emulsification-Based Techniques -- 6.2.1 Water in Oil in Water Emulsification (W/O/W) -- 6.2.2 Water in Oil in Oil Emulsification (W/O/O) -- 6.2.3 Solid in Oil in Water (S/O/W) or Solid in Oil in Oil (S/O/O) Emulsification -- 6.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Based Techniques -- 6.3.1 Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS) -- 6.3.2 Rapid Expansion from Saturated Solutions (RESS) -- 6.3.3 Supercritical Anti-solvent (SAS) -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 7. Drug Delivery Vehicles with Improved Encapsulation Efficiency: Taking Advantage of Specific Drug-Carrier Interactions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Drug Delivery Mechanism -- 7.2 Commonly Used Anticancer Drug: Doxorubicin -- 7.3 Types of Carriers -- 7.3.1 Dendrimers -- 7.3.1.1 Properties of dendrimers -- 7.3.1.2 Dendrimer-drug interactions -- 7.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2.1 Factors affecting loading capacity (EE) of lipids -- 7.3.2.2 Specific SLN interaction with DOX -- 7.3.2.3 Doxorubicin-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) interactions -- 7.3.2.4 Doxorubicin-alpha-tocopherol succinate (TS). , 7.3.3 Polymeric Micelles -- 7.3.3.1 Formation of micelle and encapsulation interactions -- 7.3.3.2 Enhancing EE via π-π stacking interactions -- 7.3.3.3 Hydrogen bonding interactions and crystallinity of PCL-DOX drug delivery systems -- 7.3.4 Liposomes -- 7.3.4.1 Effect of composition on EE of hydrophilic drugs -- 7.3.4.2 Effect of charge -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 8. Biodegradable Multilayer Capsules for Functional Foods Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Polysaccharides-Based Polyelectrolyte Multilayers -- 8.3 Proteins or Poly(Amino Acid)s-Based Multilayers -- 8.4 Composite Multilayers -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 9. Essential Oils: From Extraction to Encapsulation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Structure of Oil-Secreting Plants -- 9.1.2 Chemical Composition and Structure of Essential Oils -- 9.1.2.1 Terpenes -- 9.1.2.2 Terpenoids -- 9.1.3 Properties and Applications of Essential Oils -- 9.2 Extraction Methods -- 9.2.1 Hydrodistillation -- 9.2.1.1 Turbo-distillation -- 9.2.2 Organic Solvent Extraction -- 9.2.3 Cold Pressing -- 9.2.4 Innovations in Essential Oils Extraction -- 9.2.4.1 Supercriticalfluidextraction (SCFE) -- 9.2.4.2 Subcritical extraction liquids -- 9.2.4.3 Extraction with subcritical carbon dioxide -- 9.2.4.4 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) -- 9.2.4.5 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) -- 9.2.4.6 Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) -- 9.2.4.7 Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) -- 9.2.4.8 Microwave steam distillation (MSD) and microwave steam diffusion (MSDf) -- 9.3 Methods of Encapsulation -- 9.3.1 Encapsulation in Polymeric Particles -- 9.3.1.1 Nanoprecipitation -- 9.3.1.2 Coacervation -- 9.3.1.3 Spray drying -- 9.3.1.4 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) -- 9.3.2 Encapsulation in Liposomes -- 9.3.2.1 Thin film hydration -- 9.3.2.2 Reverse phase evaporation -- 9.3.2.3 Supercritical fluid technology. , 9.4 Encapsulation in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 10. Semipermeable Polymeric Envelopes for Living Cells: Biomedical Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Properties of Semipermeable Envelopes -- 10.2.1 Permeation Selectivity -- 10.2.2 Biocompatibility and Biostability -- 10.2.3 Mechanical Stability -- 10.3 Types of Semipermeable Envelopes -- 10.3.1 Macro-isolation Systems -- 10.3.1.1 Intravascular devices -- 10.3.1.2 Extravascular devices -- 10.3.2 Micro-isolation Systems -- 10.4 Fabrication Methods -- 10.4.1 Conformal Coating -- 10.4.2 Layer-by-Layer Technique -- 10.4.3 EMC Formation -- 10.4.4 Thermoreversible Gelation -- 10.4.5 Interfacial Polymerization -- 10.4.6 In Situ Polymerization -- 10.4.7 Interfacial Precipitation -- 10.4.8 Coacervation -- 10.4.9 Suspension Crosslinking -- 10.4.10 Coloidosomes -- 10.4.11 Incorporation of Porins -- 10.5 Polymers for Cell Encapsulation -- 10.6 Applications -- 10.6.1 Mammal Cells -- 10.6.1.1 Cell therapy -- 10.6.1.2 Cell transplantation -- 10.6.1.3 In vivo gene therapy by viral vectors -- 10.6.1.4 Stem cell therapy -- 10.6.1.5 Assisted reproduction technologies -- 10.6.1.6 Biosensors -- 10.6.1.7 Advanced tissue engineering -- 10.6.1.8 Minimizing of cell injuries upon cryopreservation -- 10.6.1.9 Other bioapplications -- 10.6.2 Bacteria -- 10.6.2.1 Probiotics -- 10.6.2.2 Bioreactor for delivery of therapeutic products -- 10.7 Conclusion -- 11. Bacteriophage Encapsulation: Trends and Potential Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Motivations and Potential Applications -- 11.2.1 Food Preservation Technology -- 11.2.2 Healthcare -- 11.3 Biomaterials Involved in Encapsulation -- 11.3.1 Encapsulation Techniques -- 11.3.2 Emulsification -- 11.3.3 Extrusion -- 11.3.4 Spraydrying -- 11.3.5 Electrospun Nanofibers -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Index.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: We present Nemo-Nordic, a Baltic and North Sea model based on the NEMO ocean engine. Surrounded by highly industrialized countries, the Baltic and North seas and their assets associated with shipping, fishing and tourism are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Ocean models providing reliable forecasts and enabling climatic studies are important tools for the shipping infrastructure and to get a better understanding of the effects of climate change on the marine ecosystems. Nemo-Nordic is intended to be a tool for both short-term and long-term simulations and to be used for ocean forecasting as well as process and climatic studies. Here, the scientific and technical choices within Nemo-Nordic are introduced, and the reasons behind the design of the model and its domain and the inclusion of the two seas are explained. The model's ability to represent barotropic and baroclinic dynamics, as well as the vertical structure of the water column, is presented. Biases are shown and discussed. The short-term capabilities of the model are presented, especially its capabilities to represent sea level on an hourly timescale with a high degree of accuracy. We also show that the model can represent longer timescales, with a focus on the major Baltic inflows and the variability in deep-water salinity in the Baltic Sea.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-07-21
    Description: Author(s): Xiaohui Wang, Tingting Liu, Ye Xiong, and Peiqing Tong The spontaneous parity-time ( PT ) symmetry breaking is discussed in non-Hermitian PT -symmetric Kitaev and extended Kitaev models whose Hermiticity is broken by the presence of two conjugated imaginary potentials ± i γ at two end sites. In the case of the non-Hermitian Kitaev model, a spontaneous PT -sym… [Phys. Rev. A 92, 012116] Published Mon Jul 20, 2015
    Keywords: Fundamental concepts
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-04-15
    Description: Author(s): Meng-Zheng Zhu and Liu Ye An efficient scheme is proposed to implement a quantum cloning machine in separate cavities based on a hybrid interaction between electron-spin systems placed in the cavities and an optical coherent pulse. The coefficient of the output state for the present cloning machine is just the direct product... [Phys. Rev. A 91, 042319] Published Tue Apr 14, 2015
    Keywords: Quantum information
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-03-03
    Description: Catheter-related infection makes up a large part of hospital infection and contributes 80% to all nosocomial urological infection, costing hundreds of millions dollar per year for treatment. Biodegradable hydrophilic material incorporating antibiotic substance is a promising way to prevent catheter-related infection. And antimicrobial peptide seems an optimal drug for its desirable antibiotic effect. In the current research, we produced a new kind of antibiotic material by incorporating antimicrobial peptide Bmap-28 with polyurethane PEGU25 and tested its effect on Proteus mirabilis in vitro. Compared with the control group, PEGU25 membrane incorporating Bmap-28 had a significant lower bacteria load after co-cultured with the Proteus mirabilis. And its antibiotic effect could be observed throughout the whole 7-day test. Also the Bmap-28 membrane could delay catheter obstruction caused by encrustation. Our findings reveal that PEGU25 incorporating Bmap-28 can well inhibit bacterial biofilm formation of common pathogens for catheter-related urinary tract infection in vitro, which makes it a promising antibiotic material for medical tubes for urology. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08634
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-03-05
    Description: Ice nuclei are very important factors as they significantly affect the development and evolvement of convective clouds such as hail clouds. In this study, numerical simulations of hail processes in the Zhejiang Province were conducted using a mesoscale numerical model (WRF v3.4). The effects of six ice nuclei parameterization schemes on the macroscopic and microscopic structures of hail clouds were compared. The effect of the ice nuclei concentration on ground hailfall is stronger than that on ground rainfall. There were significant spatiotemporal, intensity, and distribution differences in hailfall. Changes in the ice nuclei concentration caused different changes in hydrometeors and directly affected the ice crystals, and, hence, the spatiotemporal distribution of other hydrometeors and the thermodynamic structure of clouds. An increased ice nuclei concentration raises the initial concentration of ice crystals with higher mixing ratio. In the developing and early maturation stages of hail cloud, a larger number of ice crystals competed for water vapor with increasing ice nuclei concentration. This effect prevents ice crystals from maturing into snow particles and inhibits the formation and growth of hail embryos. During later maturation stages, updraft in the cloud intensified and more supercooled water was transported above the 0°C level, benefitting the production and growth of hail particles. An increased ice nuclei concentration therefore favors the formation of hail.
    Print ISSN: 1687-9309
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-9317
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-09-20
    Description: Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are recently identified sugar transporters that can discriminate and transport di- or monosaccharides across a membrane following the concentration gradient. SWEETs play key roles in plant biological processes, such as pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, seed filling, and phloem loading. SWEET13 from Arabidopsis thaliana...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: Author(s): Weiwei Jin, Yang Jiao, Lufeng Liu, Ye Yuan, and Shuixiang Li An ellipsoid, the simplest nonspherical shape, has been extensively used as a model for elongated building blocks for a wide spectrum of molecular, colloidal, and granular systems. Yet the densest packing of congruent hard ellipsoids, which is intimately related to the high-density phase of many con… [Phys. Rev. E 95, 033003] Published Wed Mar 22, 2017
    Keywords: Solid Mechanics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-09-09
    Description: Langmuir DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02252
    Print ISSN: 0743-7463
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5827
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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