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  • 2015-2019  (10)
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  • 1
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    Chapter 16 Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheets: Alexandrium (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference, Wiley-Blackwell, 12 p., pp. 563-574, ISBN: 978-1-118-99465-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-28
    Description: The genus Alexandrium (Halim) is perhaps the most intensively studied among toxic marine dinoflagellates. This is largely attributable to the devastating consequences of toxigenic blooms of this genus, with human poisonings from contaminated seafood, primarily from shellfish and more rarely from finfish; socio–economic losses to the aquaculture and fisheries industries; marine faunal mortalities; and food web disruptions common in coastal waters throughout the world. Members of this genus are globally distributed from the Arctic to the tropics, and in both hemispheres from sub–polar through temperate to sub–tropical to tropicalwaters. At least four distinct groups of marine phycotoxins are associated with various Alexandrium species, along with poorly characterized bioactive compounds (allelochemicals) that may affect species interactions among the plankton. According to the most recent iteration of the IOC–UNESCO reference list of toxic microalgae, there are now more than 30 recognized morphological species of Alexandrium, posing a daunting challenge for risk assessment and accurate identification in toxic phytoplankton monitoring programs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 2
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    A Review on the Biodiversity and Biogeography of Toxigenic Benthic Marine Dinoflagellates of the Coasts of Latin America (2019)
    Frontiers in Marine Science
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(148)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Many benthic dinoflagellates are known or suspected producers of lipophilic polyether phycotoxins, particularly in tropical and subtropical coastal zones. These toxins are responsible for diverse intoxication events of marine fauna and human consumers of seafood, but most notably in humans, they cause toxin syndromes known as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). This has led to enhanced, but still insufficient, efforts to describe benthic dinoflagellate taxa using morphological and molecular approaches. For example, recently published information on epibenthic dinoflagellates from Mexican coastal waters includes about 45 species from 15 genera, but many have only been tentatively identified to the species level, with fewer still confirmed by molecular criteria. This review on the biodiversity and biogeography of known or putatively toxigenic benthic species in Latin America, restricts the geographical scope to the neritic zones of the North and South American continents, including adjacent islands and coral reefs. The focus is on species from subtropical and tropical waters, primarily within the genera Prorocentrum, Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa, Coolia, Ostreopsis and Amphidinium. The state of knowledge on reported taxa in these waters is inadequate and time-series data are generally lacking for the prediction of regime shift and global change effects. Details of their respective toxigenicity and toxin composition have only recently been explored in a few locations. Nevertheless, by describing the specific ecosystem habitats for toxigenic benthic dinoflagellates, and by comparing those among the three key regions - the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the subtropical and tropical Pacific coast, insights for further risk assessment of the global spreading of toxic benthic species is generated for the management of their effects in Latin America.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Docking Simulation of the Binding Interactions of Saxitoxin Analogs Produced by the Marine Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum to the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.4 (2016)
    MPDI
    In:  EPIC3Toxins, MPDI, 8(129)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-28
    Description: Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogs are paralytic alkaloid neurotoxins that block the voltage-gated sodium channel pore (Nav), impeding passage of Na+ ions into the intracellular space, and thereby preventing the action potential in the peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. The marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum produces an array of such toxins, including the recently discovered benzoyl analogs, for which the mammalian toxicities are essentially unknown. We subjected STX and its analogs to a theoretical docking simulation based upon two alternative tri-dimensional models of the Nav1.4 to find a relationship between the binding properties and the known mammalian toxicity of selected STX analogs. We inferred hypothetical toxicities for the benzoyl analogs from the modeled values. We demonstrate that these toxins exhibit different binding modes with similar free binding energies and that these alternative binding modes are equally probable. We propose that the principal binding that governs ligand recognition is mediated by electrostatic interactions. Our simulation constitutes the first in silico modeling study on benzoyl-type paralytic toxins and provides an approach towards a better understanding of the mode of action of STX and its analogs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Guanidinium toxins: natural biogenic origin, chemistry, biosynthesis and biotechnological applications (2018)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Blue Technologies: Production and Use of Marine Molecules, Wiley, 896 p., ISBN: ISBN: 978-3-527-3413
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-28
    Description: Neurotoxins belonging to the group of saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) analogs are guanidinium alkaloids that share a common high affinity and ion flux blockage capacity for voltage-gated sodium ion channels (Nav. Members of the STX group, also known as paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), are produced among three genera of marine dinoflagellate and several genera of phylogenetically distant and primarily freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria. The origin of the biosynthetic genes in dinoflagellates remains controversial and may represent single or multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events from progenitor eubacteria and/or cyanobacteria. The TTXs occur primarily among marine puffer fish and a host of terrestrial amphibians. The biosynthetic pathway has not been completely elucidated and the origin of tetrodotoxicity,including the syndrome puffer fish poisoning (PFP) in human seafood consumers,remains somewhat enigmatic. Although symbiotic bacteria are most often invoked as the source of TTX in macrofauna, endogenous biosynthesis independent of bacteria cannot be excluded. Integration of knowledge on the biogenic origins, linked to heterogeneity of the biogeographical and phylogenetic distribution of these respective toxin groups, provides the basis for rational inferences and reasonable speculation about the functional role in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Recent identification of the biosynthetic genes for STX analogs in both cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates has yielded insights into biosynthetic mechanisms of toxin heterogeneity among strains and the evolutionary origins of their respective elements of the toxin gene clusters. Although it is not fully understood how or why these molecules are produced in nature, development of improved detection methods will make possible the discovery of new sources and analogs. Once genetic mechanisms for toxin biosynthesis are fully incorporated with modeling of receptor binding interactions and the structural–functional affinities of the ion channels, this will facilitate further biotechnological exploitation of these exquisite bioactive compounds and point the way toward future development of pharmaceuticals and therapeutic applications.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 5
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    Chapter 16: Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheets: Gymnodinium catenatum (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference, Wiley-Blackwell, 8 p., pp. 605-612, ISBN: 978-1-118-99465-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 6
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    Species occurrence of the potentially toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the associated neurotoxin domoic acid in the Argentine Sea (2017)
    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 63, pp. 45-55, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, the major known producer of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) responsible for the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) syndrome in humans and marine mammals, is globally distributed. The genus presents high species richness in the Argentine Sea and DA has been frequently detected in the last few years in plankton and shellfish samples, but the species identity of the producers remains unclear. In the present work, the distribution and abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species and DA were determined from samples collected on two oceanographic cruises carried out through the Argentine Sea (∼39–47°S) during summer and spring 2013. Phytoplankton composition was analysed by light and electron microscopy while DA was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The genus Pseudo-nitzschia was recorded in 71 and 86% of samples collected in summer and spring, respectively, whereas DA was detected in only 42 and 21% of samples, respectively. Microscopic analyses revealed at least five potentially toxic species (P. australis, P. brasiliana, P. fraudulenta, P. pungens, P. turgidula), plus putatively non-toxigenic P. dolorosa, P. lineola, P. turgiduloides and unidentified specimens of the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. The species P. australis showed the highest correlation with DA occurrence (r = 0.55; p 〈 0.05), suggesting its importance as a major DA producer in the Argentine Sea. In the northern area and during summer, DA was associated with the presence of P. brasiliana, a species recorded for the first time in the Argentine Sea. By contrast, high concentrations of P. fraudulenta, P. pungens and P. turgidula did not correspond with DA occurrence. This study represents the first successful attempt to link toxigenicity with Pseudo-nitzschia diversity and cell abundance in field plankton populations in the south-western Atlantic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Co-development of Climate services for adaptation to changing Marine Ecosystems – focus on the North Sea Case Study (2018)
    In:  EPIC3International Conference on Harmful Algae - ICHA 2018, Nantes, France, 2018-10-21-2018-10-26
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-13
    Description: The CoCliME project co-develops and co-produces bespoke, proof-of-concept or prototype marine ecosystem climate services and a transferable framework for climate services development, to support informed decision making relevant to climate change-related ecological and socio-economic impacts across different coastal regions. The consortium brings together a transdisciplinary team of natural- and social scientists, decision makers, and users of climate services that will dynamically interact to identify common priority climate change-related vulnerabilities and solutions in six European coastal areas. In these case studies from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic-, Black-, Mediterranean-, North- and Norwegian Seas. CoCliME focuses on coastal ecosystem status indicators, e.g. harmful algal blooms, biotoxins, pathogens and microbial biodiversity, that can be markedly influenced by climate change and have direct impacts on human health, economic prosperity and social wellbeing. Available global IPCC climate change scenarios are selected and refined to adapt to the specific regional requirements of the case study area. Here we define the first project results of a hindcast data study, including preliminary analyses of the modelling component of the North Sea case study. In addition, we present a coordinated CoCliME sampling initiative to document the presence or absence of potential toxigenic representatives of the benthic dinoflagellate genera Ostreopsis, Gambierdiscus, Coolia and Prorocentrum at various sites of the case study areas
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
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    Association of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii With spirolide accumulation in cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) From Northwest Mexico (2018)
    Frontiers
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers, 5, pp. 1-14
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-16
    Description: Spirolides are polyether cyclic imines considered as “fast acting toxins.” Long-term human health consequences of spirolide ingestion are uncertain, and hence regulatory limits for human consumption have not been established. Nevertheless, monitoring these toxins in shellfish is essential because they can interfere with detection by mouse bioassay of lipophilic regulated toxins. Todos Santos Bay (TSB), in the northwest of the Baja California Peninsula, is an important shellfish cultivation and fish-farming area in Mexico. The toxin analog 13-desmethyl spirolide C has been reported in cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from TSB, but the causative species associated with accumulation of this toxin has not been previously identified. We assessed the occurrence of Alexandrium ostenfeldii, the unique known producer of spirolides, by inverted light microscopy and by PCR with species-specific oligonucleotides designed for the ITS and 18S rDNA. We determined the presence and abundance of this species at the surface and at the thermocline from samples collected over two annual sampling periods (2013–2014 and 2016–2017). During the 2013–2014 period, A. ostenfeldii was found in 50% of the samples analyzed by light microscopy. The highest cell abundance occurred in October 2013. During 2016–2017 the dinoflagellate was present in low cell abundances and was detected in only 20.9% of the samples. Cells of this species were usually found when sea surface temperature ranged from 17 to 20 C. We also evaluated spirolide accumulated in cultivated mussels from TSB by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The only spirolide detected was 13-desmethyl spirolide C, found mainly during the 2013–2014 sampling period, with the highest concentration in June 2014. During winter, toxin concentration was at or below the detection limit. During 2016–2017,spirolides were below the detection limit, coinciding with the absence of the causative species. Cell abundance of A. ostenfeldii and spirolide concentration in mussels did not present a clear correlation. This study represents the first record of A. ostenfeldii in TSB and provides evidence that this species is the primary origin of spirolides accumulated in mussels.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
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    Molecular diversity patterns among various phytoplankton size-fractions in West Greenland in late summer (2017)
    In:  EPIC3Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 121, pp. 54-69, ISSN: 0967-0637
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Arctic regions have experienced pronounced biological and biophysical transformations as a result of global change processes over the last several decades. Current hypotheses propose an elevated impact of those environmental changes on the biodiversity, community composition and metabolic processes of species. The effects on ecosystem function and services, particularly when invasive or toxigenic harmful species become dominant, can be expressed over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales in plankton communities. Our study focused on the comparison of molecular biodiversity of three size-fractions (micro-, nano-, picoplankton) in the coastal pelagic zone of West Greenland and their association with environmental parameters. Molecular diversity was assessed via parallel amplicon sequencing the 28S rRNA hypervariable D1/D2 region. We showed that biodiversity distribution within the area of Uummannaq Fjord, Vaigat Strait and Disko Bay differed markedly within and among size-fractions. In general, we observed a higher diversity within the picoplankton size fraction compared to the nano- and microplankton. In multidimensional scaling analysis, community composition of all three size fractions correlated with cell size, silicate and phosphate, chlorophyll a (chl a) and dinophysistoxin (DTX). Individually, each size fraction community composition also correlated with other different environmental parameters, i.e. temperature and nitrate. We observed a more homogeneous community of the picoplankton across all stations compared to the larger size classes, despite different prevailing environmental conditions of the sampling areas. This suggests that habitat niche occupation for larger-celled species may lead to higher functional trait plasticity expressed as an enhanced range of phenotypes, whereas smaller organisms may compensate for lower potential plasticity with higher diversity. The presence of recently identified toxigenic harmful algal bloom (HAB) species (such as Alexandrium fundyense and A. ostenfeldii) in the area points out the potential risk for this vulnerable ecosystem in a changing world.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
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    Distribution of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) cysts in Greenland and Iceland, with an emphasis on viability and growth in the Arctic (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 547 (2016): 33-46, doi:10.3354/meps11660.
    Description: The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense has been extensively studied due its toxin-producing capabilities and consequent impacts to human health and economies. This study investigated the prevalence of resting cysts of A. fundyense in western Greenland and Iceland to assess the historical presence and magnitude of bloom populations in the region, and to characterize environmental conditions during summer, when bloom development may occur. Analysis of sediments collected from these locations showed that Alexandrium cysts were present at low to moderate densities in most areas surveyed, with highest densities observed in western Iceland. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted on clonal cultures established from isolated cysts or vegetative cells from Greenland, Iceland, and the Chukchi Sea (near Alaska) to examine the effects of photoperiod interval and irradiance levels on growth. Growth rates in response to the experimental treatments varied among isolates, but were generally highest under conditions that included both the shortest photoperiod interval (16h:8h light:dark) and higher irradiance levels (~146-366 µmol photons m-2 s-1), followed by growth under an extended photoperiod interval and low irradiance level (~37 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Based on field and laboratory data, we hypothesize that blooms in Greenland are primarily derived from advected Alexandrium populations, as low bottom temperatures and limited light availability would likely preclude in situ bloom development. In contrast, the bays and fjords in Iceland may provide more favorable habitat for germling cell survival and growth, and therefore may support indigenous, self-seeding blooms.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by the James M. and Ruth P. Clark Arctic Research Initiative to Anderson and Richlen, and for the ARCHEMHAB expedition via the Helmholtz Institute initiative Earth and Environment under the PACES Program Topic 2 Coast (Workpackage 3) of the Alfred Wegener Institute. Additional support was provided by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1314642 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Grant 1-P01-ES021923-01.
    Description: 2017-04-07
    Keywords: Arctic ; Alexandrium ; Dinoflagellate ; Cysts ; Harmful algal bloom
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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