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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (352 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057113
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.78
    DDC: 333.7
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Irrigation -- 1 Identification of Farming Systems in Tribal Region of Zone IV-B of Rajasthan (India) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Area Under Various Crops in Study Area -- Livestock Population in the Study Area -- Farming Systems -- Farming Systems in Dungarpur District -- Rain-Fed Condition -- Farming Systems in Banswara District -- Rain-Fed Condition -- Irrigated Condition -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy Assessment of Rice Under Conventional and Drip Irrigation Systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Operations -- Method of Energy Calculation -- Evaluation of Manual Energy Input -- Evaluation of Mechanical Energy Use -- Data Recorded for Energy Determination -- Energy Indices -- Results and Discussions -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Response of Okra Under Microsprinkler and Surface Methods of Irrigation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussions -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Development of Universal Ultimate Total Green Chemistry and Eco-Agriculture for Sustainable Productivity -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Method -- Results -- The Green Chemistry -- Chemistry in Production System -- Salt Formation -- Measures to Overcome the Toxic Heavy Metal and Toxic Gases Generated in the Production Process -- The Racy Nature Agriculture Technology -- The Technology -- Technology Module -- Validation of the Technology -- Crops and Cropping Patterns -- Yearly Yield Enhancement and Water Conservation -- New Cropping Practice Based on Nitrogen Cycle Management -- Improvement in Quality -- Reduction in GHG Releases -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 5 Landscape Gardening and Environmental Restoration: Concerns in Mughal Kashmir -- Abstract -- Landscape Garden Ecology -- Source and Methodology -- Mughal Concerns -- Other Notable Gardens Established Around Dal Lake -- Of Water and Plants in the Mughal Gardens of Kashmir -- Significance of Water and the water Channels -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Eco-Treatment Zone in Open Drain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Make Drains Treatment Zones -- Ecotechnologies -- Advantages -- Case Study I -- Ecological Restoration of Rasoolabad Stream Complex on the Bbanks of Ganga River, Allahabad (Patil et al. 2012) -- Ecological Treatment System Installed Under Rasoolabad Stream Complex -- Some Important Highlight of the Project -- Case Study II -- Ecological Restoration of Udaipur's Ahar River (Kodarkar and Joshi 2010) -- Analysis of Ahar River -- Transparency of River at Various Locations -- Conclusion -- References -- Water Resources Planning and Management -- 7 Water Crisis: Issues and Challenges in Punjab -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Water and Their Status in Punjab -- Groundwater -- Rainfall -- Rivers and Canal -- Water Quality and Health Issues -- Government Initiatives -- Future Prospects -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Issues and Challenges of River Health Assessment in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- River Health-Issues of Concern -- Water Quality Index-Issues of Concern -- Category of Indicators and Sub-indicators for River Health -- Aggregation of Sub-indicators/Indicators -- Grading Scale for River Health -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Coastal Reservoir-How to Develop Freshwater from the Sea Without Desalination -- Abstract -- Introduction and Problem Statement -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Leakage Detection Studies for Water Supply Systems-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background. , Recent Studies on Leakage Detection -- Discussion -- References -- 11 Quantification of Water Footprint of National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Footprint: Status Quo -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Assessment of Domestic Water Footprint -- Assessment of Agricultural Water Footprint -- Assessment of Industrial Water Footprint -- Assessment of Virtual Water -- Results and Discussion -- Domestic Water Footprint -- Agriculture Water Footprint -- Industrial Water Footprint -- Virtual Water -- Total Water Footprint -- Conclusion -- Limitations -- References -- 12 Salt Water Intrusion and Water Security Issues of Coastal Community: Case of Thane District (Maharashtra) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 1: Spatial Relations -- Bibliography -- 13 Study of Suction Versus Water Content of Soil of Turamdih Area Mixed with Bentonite and Its Implication on the Liner Property of Tailing Dam: A Case Study of East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, Eastern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical Background of Suction -- Methods Used -- Soil Total Suction Measurement -- Experimental Procedure -- Soil Matric Suction Measurements -- Experimental Procedure -- Test Materials -- Result and Discussion -- References -- 14 Long-Term Water Planning: A Review of Kenya National Water Master Plan 2030 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- General Background -- Historical Background -- Study Area -- Socio-economic Development -- Problem Statement -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- The Legal and Institutional Setup -- Climate Change -- Population Projections -- Water Availability -- Water Uses -- Balance of Demand and Available Water Resources -- Challenges in Long-Term Water Planning -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Integrated Water Management at Local Government Level for Southern Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Main Objectives and Methodology -- Water Cycle -- Institutional Models -- South Africa -- Namibia -- Zimbabwe -- Botswana -- Zambia -- The WDM Model -- Evaluation Criteria -- Evaluation -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 16 Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia: Some Initiatives at the Basin Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Integrated Water Resources Management -- Langat River Basin in Malaysia -- Water Resources Management Issues in Langat -- Some Initiatives at Basin Level -- Through Establishment of IWRM Research Group -- Through IWRM R& -- D Projects -- Through IWRM Capacity Building Programmes -- Through Stakeholders and Community Engagements -- Key Challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 A Mechanical System for Lake Environment Management -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Hyacinth Management in Lakes -- The Invention -- Water Hyacinth Chopper Cum Crusher -- Significant Achievements and Advantages of the Developed Machine -- References -- 18 Wetland Characterization and Implications on Agriculture in L. Victoria Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- ERT Imaging -- Transect 1 -- Transect 2 -- Transect 3 -- Transect 4 -- Stable Isotope Signatures -- Results and Discussion -- ERT Imaging -- Profile 1 -- Profile 2 -- Profile 3 -- Profile 4 -- Borehole Distribution in the Study Area -- Stable Isotope Signatures -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Coastal Land Use/Land Cover and Shoreline Studies for Dakshina Kannada Coast, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Used -- Methodology -- General Methodology -- Shoreline Configuration -- LU/LC Mapping. , Results and Discussion -- Analysis of Shoreline Change -- Land Use Land Cover -- Conclusions -- References -- 20 Management of Coalbed Methane and Coal Mine Produced Water for Beneficial Use in Damodar Basin of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Results and Discussions -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 21 Water Supply-Demand Assessment in Ur River Watershed in Tikamgarh District -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Water Balance Equation -- System Inflows -- System Water Use -- Evaporation from Water Bodies -- Evapotranspiration -- Evapotranspiration from Cropped Areas -- Evapotranspiration from Forested Areas -- Water Use for Domestic and Livestock Use -- Water Use for Non-agricultural Production -- System Outflows -- Surface Water Outflow -- Groundwater Outflow -- System Storages -- Unaccounted Water -- Establishment of Water Balance -- Analysis and Results -- Inflows to the System -- Computation of Mean Areal Rainfall -- Water Use in the System -- Evapotranspiration from Cropped Areas -- Evapotranspiration from Forested Areas -- Water Use for Domestic Purposes and Livestock Needs -- System Outflows -- Surface Runoff -- Groundwater Outflow/Inflow -- Change in Storage in the System -- Water Budget -- Conclusions -- References -- 22 Analysis of Spring Discharge in the Lesser Himalayas: A Case Study of Mathamali Spring, Aglar Watershed, Uttarakhand -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methods of Analysis -- Data Characteristics -- Data Analysis -- Simple Exponential -- Least Squares Method -- Hyperbola -- Autocorrelation -- Flow Duration Curve -- Performance Evaluation -- Results and Discussions -- Autocorrelation -- Flow Duration Curve (FDC) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 23 Submerged Geotextile Sand Containers for Coastal Defence -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives. , Experimental Details.
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Climatic changes-Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (318 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057144
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.82
    DDC: 551.6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Climatic Characteristics -- 1 Trends in Temperature for the Himalayan Environment of Leh (Jammu and Kashmir), India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Estimation of Magnitude of Trends -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Changes in Sunshine Duration in Humid Environments of Agartala (Tripura), India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area and Meteorological Data -- Methods of Trend Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Application of Multiple Linear Regression as Downscaling Methodology for Lower Godavari Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Selection of Predictors and Predictands -- Selection of GCM and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) -- Data Preparation -- Statistical Downscaling -- Results and Discussion -- Application of Downscaled Scenarios for Future Periods -- Analysis for Grid 1: 17.5N-80.5E -- Analysis for Grid 2: 17.5N-81.5E -- Analysis for Grid 3: 18.5N-80.5E -- Analysis for Grid 4: 18.5N-81.5E -- Analysis for Grid 5: 18.5N-82.5E -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Statistical Downscaling of Minimum Temperature of Raipur (C.G.) India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) -- Study Area and Data Used -- Methodology -- Analysis of Results -- CGCM A1B Forcing Condition -- Generation of Series for A2 Forcing Condition -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Statistical Downscaling of Daily Temperatures and Precipitation Data from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5)-RCPs Experiment: In Weyib River Basin, Southeastern Ethiopia -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area (Weyib River Basin) -- Earth System Model (ESM) and RCP Scenarios -- Types of Data Used -- Downscaling Methods -- Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) -- Precipitation and Temperatures Scenario Statistics -- Mann-Kendall Trend Test -- SDSM Performance Evaluation -- Coefficient of Determination (R2) -- Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (E) -- Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) -- Results and Discussion -- Selected Potential Predictor Variables -- Calibration and Validation of SDSM for Both Temperatures and Precipitation -- Scenarios Developed for Future Temperatures and Precipitation -- Maximum Temperature Scenarios -- Minimum Temperature Scenarios -- Precipitation Scenarios -- Mann-Kendall Trend Test of Future Temperatures and Precipitation -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Global Climate Pattern Behind Hydrological Extremes in Central India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Quantification of Dry and Wet Events Through Standardized Precipitation Anomaly Index (SPAI) -- Identification of the Global Climate Pattern (GCP) for Central India -- Utilization of the Identified GCP for Prediction of Dry and Wet Events in Central India -- Reduction of Dimensionality of GCP -- Model for Classification of Dry and Wet Events -- Evaluation of the Prediction Performance Using GCP as Input -- Results and Discussions -- Identification of the Global Climate Pattern for Central India -- Global Fields of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) -- Global Fields of Surface Pressure (SP) -- Global Fields of Air Temperature (AT), Wind Speed (WS), and Total Precipitable Water (TPW) -- Utilization of the Identified GCP for Prediction of Dry and Wet Events in Central India -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 7 Changes in ENSO and IOD Effects on the Extreme Rainfall of Hyderabad City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Results and Discussions -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Rainfall Analysis -- 8 Detecting Changes in Regional Rainfall Series in India Using Binary Segmentation-Based Multiple Change-Point Detection Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Estimation of the Multiple Change-Points Using Binary Segmentation Approach -- Estimation of Test Statistics Lambda -- Study Area and Data -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Analyzing Non-stationarity in the Hyderabad City Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Trend Analysis -- The Non-stationary IDF Curves -- Results and Discussion -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Development of Finer Resolution Rainfall Scenario for Kangsabati Catchment and Command -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data Acquisition -- Methodology -- Development of Downscaling Model for NCEP Reanalysis Outputs -- Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- Kernel Regression (KR) -- Performance Evaluation of MLR and KR Downscaling Techniques -- Establishment of Downscaling Technique for Multi-GCM Ensemble Outputs -- Results and Analysis -- Performance Comparison of MLR and KR Statistical Downscaling Techniques -- Multi-GCM Ensemble Rainfall Prediction for Historical and RCP8.5 Scenarios -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 Investigation of the Relationship Between Natural Aerosols and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Using a Climate Model -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Data Set and Methods -- Results -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change -- 12 Change Point Analysis of Air Temperature in India -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Data Used -- Pettit's Test -- Results and Discussions -- Change Point Analysis -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 13 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Sewage Treatment Plants Based on Sequential Batch Reactor in Maharashtra -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Study of Climate Change in Uttarakhand Himalayas: Changing Patterns of Historical Rainfall -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data Used -- Methodology -- Trend Analysis -- Regression Model -- Mann Kendall Model -- Data Preparation -- Trend Analysis and Results -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 The Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Variability: A Study in Central Himalayas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Study Area -- Data Used -- Methodology -- Determination of Anomalies -- Regression Model -- Magnitude of Trend -- Significance of Trend -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Estimation of Changes in Annual Peak Flows in Netravathi River Basin, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Used and Methodology -- Trend of Historical Changes of Annual Peak Flows -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Flood-Frequency Analyses for Full Periods of Record -- Results and Discussions -- Flood-Frequency Analysis for Observed Peak Stream Flows -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Semi-Arid Region of Chittorgarh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Study Framework -- Data Collection -- Data Analysis Using PROMETHEE -- Results and Discussion -- Verification of Results -- Using Analytical Hierarchy Process -- Using Social Choice Method -- Climate Change Impact and Its Prediction -- Conclusions -- References. , 18 Water Availability Under Changing Climate Scenario in Ur River Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Computation of Aerial Average Rainfall -- Potential Evapotranspiration -- Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Model -- Monthly Water Balance Model -- Assessment of Climate Change Impacts -- Results and Discussion -- Assessment of Climate Change Impacts -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 Water Sustainability Assessment Under Climatic Uncertainty-A Case Study of Chhattisgarh (India) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Terminology Used in the Assessment of WSI -- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- Probability Density Function Used in SPI -- Goodness-of-Fit Tests -- Reliability-Resilience-Vulnerability for SPI Time Series -- Reliability -- Resilience -- Vulnerability -- Relative Vulnerability -- Water Sustainability -- Distance-Based Multicriteria Decision Making -- Proposed Methodology for Water Sustainability Assessment -- Case Study -- WSI Under HadCM3-A2 Climate Change Scenario -- WSI Under HadCM3-B2 Climate Change Scenario -- Conclusions -- References -- Low Flow and Drought -- 20 Coupling of Tennant Concept with Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the Prediction of Environmental Flow Condition from Rainfall in Upper Narmada Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Standardized Precipitation Index -- Tennant Method -- Results and Discussion -- Mohegaon Catchment -- Hridaynagar Catchment -- Manot Catchment -- Sher Catchment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Assessment of Drought in Balangir District of Odisha, India Using Drought Indices -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of Study Area -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , 22 Impact of HFC Fire Extinguishing Clean Agents on Climate Change and Its System Design Requirements for Fire Hazards in India-A Brief Study.
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Schlagwort(e): Irrigation--Management. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (680 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780128118566
    DDC: 333.913
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Milton :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Schlagwort(e): Groundwater--Quality. ; Electronic books.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The book starts with the basics of recapping groundwater and an overview of the development of electrical resistivity methods. It covers the resistivity tomography for the identification of potential boreholes in hard rock regions, resource evaluation through remote sensing along with GIS, and aquifer parameterization through pumping tests. It discusses the enhancement of yield in hard rock regions through hydraulic fracturing. It also provides an understanding of the flow and transport mechanism in an aquifer and the recharge mechanism in the vadoze and saturated zone.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (534 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781498742856
    DDC: 551.49
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Groundwater Resources and Assessment -- 1: Coastal Groundwater Development: Challenges and Opportunities -- 2: Gangetic Alluvial Plains: Uniqueness of the Aquifer System for Food Security and for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- 3: Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil: Current Status of Knowledge -- Section II: Exploration -- 4: An Overview of Six Decades of Research and Evolution in Resistivity Exploration for Groundwater in Hard-Rock Terrain of India -- 5: Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Delineation of Saltwater and Freshwater Transition Zone: A Case Study in West Coast of Maharashtra, India -- 6: GIS-Based Probabilistic Models as Spatial Prediction Tools for Mapping Regional Groundwater Potential -- 7: Hydraulic Fracturing from the Groundwater Perspective -- Section III: Flow Modeling -- 8: Significance of Dar Zarrouk Parameters in Groundwater Management and Aquifer Protection -- 9: Estimation of Stream Conductance -- 10: Conceptual Understanding and Computational Models of Groundwater Flow in the Indian Subcontinent -- 11: Simulation Optimization Models for Groundwater Management -- 12: A New Approach for Groundwater Modeling Based on Connections -- 13: Mathematical Modeling to Evolve Predevelopment Management Schemes: A Case Study in Boro River Valley, Okavango Delta, Botswana, Southern Africa -- 14: Tackling Heterogeneity in Groundwater Numerical Modeling: A Comparison of Linear and Inverse Geostatistical Approaches-Example of a Volcanic Aquifer in the East African Rift -- Section IV: Transport Modeling -- 15: Transform Techniques for Solute Transport in Ground Water. , 16: Precise Hydrogeological Facies Modeling for Vertical 2-D and 3-D Groundwater Flow, Mass Transport, and Heat Transport Simulation -- 17: Simulation of Flow and Transport in Fractured Rocks: An Approach for Practitioners -- 18: Modeling of Radionuclide Transport in Groundwater -- 19: Benchmarking Reactive Transport Codes for Subsurface Environmental Problems -- Section V: Pollution and Remediation -- 20: Toward Quantification of Ion Exchange in a Sandstone Aquifer -- 21: Evolution of Arsenic Contamination Process and Mobilization in Central Gangetic Plain Aquifer System and Its Remedial Measures -- 22: Fluoride in Groundwater: Mobilization, Trends, and Remediation -- 23: Compound Wells for Skimming Freshwater from Fresh Saline Aquifers -- 24: An Overview of Electrochemical Processes for Purification of Water Contaminated by Agricultural Activities -- 25: Fashionable Techniques for Assessment of Groundwater Potential, Pollution, Prevention, and Remedial Measures -- Section VI: Management of Water Resources and the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 26: Managing Groundwater Resources in a Complex Environment: Challenges and Opportunities -- 27: Water Availability and Food Security: Implication of People's Movement and Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) -- 28: Utilization of Groundwater for Agriculture with Reference to Indian Scenario -- 29: Groundwater Resource Management Using GIS Tools -- 30: Application of Natural and Artificial Isotopes in Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 31: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 32: Multimodeling Approach to Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Rice Productivity: A Case Study in Cauvery River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India -- Index.
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Milton :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This handbook is designed to provide a discussion of each of the important aspects of effective factors on crop production, such as climate change, soil management, deficit irrigation and different methods for sustainable agriculture.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (301 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781000700015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Pollution-Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (568 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057922
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.77
    DDC: 628.5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environmental Pollution -- 1 Socioeconomic Environment Assessment for Sustainable Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Description of the Study Area -- Types of Data Collected -- Tools of Data Collection -- Data Collection Analysis -- Personal Profile -- Age -- Sex -- Marital Status -- Literacy -- Occupation -- Assessment and Mitigation -- Impact Assessment -- Topography and Land Use -- Drainage -- Air Environment -- Water Environment -- Impacts of Ecology -- Impacts on Soil and Agriculture -- Land Use -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Research Need on Environmental Gains in Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Relocation -- Protected Areas -- Classification of Protected Areas -- Need for Conservation of Biodiversity -- Need for Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Need for Study of Environmental Gains Due to CIR -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Environmental Issues Due to Fire in Coal Mines: Its Impact and Suggestions for Implementing Precautionary and Control Measures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Environmental Pollution -- Case Study -- Location -- Geology of the Seam -- Scientific Investigation -- Results and Discussion -- Suggestions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Redevelopment of Urban Slum Dwellings: Issues and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background and Need of Study -- Housing Scenario in India -- Requirements to Achieve the Vision by 2022 -- Strategies for Increasing Supply of Affordable Housing -- Strategies for Optimum Use of Existing Land Resources by Encouraging Redevelopment -- Strategies for Improving Quality of Life, Overall Living Standards with Concern for Environment -- Strategies for Ease of Doing Business -- Objectives of the Study. , Methodology -- Study Area -- Current Project -- Flat Scheme for Slum Rehabilitation -- Detail of Money Contribution -- Sanctioned Cost of Single House Type A -- Pandharabodi Area -- Problems on Site During Construction -- Time Overrun -- Causes of Time Overrun -- Material Quality and Quantity -- Scarcity of Skilled Labour -- Problems During Operation -- Grouping of work -- Work Breakdown Structure for 75 Houses -- Limitation -- Conclusions and Findings -- References -- 5 Importance of Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) -- Effect of Poor IEQ on Human Health -- Parameters of IEQ -- Building Characteristics -- Thermal Comfort -- Visual Comfort -- Acoustic Comfort -- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Meteorological Factors Influencing Dispersion of Vehicular Pollution in a Typical Highway Condition -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Site Characteristics -- Traffic Characteristics -- CALINE 4 Model Description -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Results and Discussion -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Study of Air and Noise Pollution in Mega Cities of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Exposure on Health -- Research Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Pollution Indicators -- 8 A Critical Review on Air Quality Index -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective -- Air Quality Index (AQI) -- Definition -- Classification of Indices -- US EPA Air Quality Index -- The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) -- Application of the MAQI -- Extreme Value Index (EVI) -- Application of the EVI -- Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) -- Application of the ORAQI -- Air Quality Depreciation Index -- Air Quality Index Worldwide -- Air Quality Index China. , Air Quality Index United States -- I maxi Ii -- Air Quality Index India -- NAAQS Dependent Air Quality Index -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Aquatic Insects as Pollution Indicator-A Study in Cachar, Assam, Northeast India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Methods of Collection and Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Aquatic Insects -- Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Monitoring of Air Pollution in Different Regions Along Road Network, Jharia Coalfield, Dhanbad, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Variations of Traffic Composition -- Variations of Air Pollutant Concentration -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Spatial Distribution and Baseline Concentration of Heavy Metals in Swell-Shrink Soils of Madhya Pradesh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Description of Study Area -- Collection of Soil Samples -- Chemical Analysis of Soils -- Soil pH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Oxidizable Organic Carbon -- Calcium Carbonate -- Total Heavy Metal Concentration -- Determination of Baseline Concentrations of Metals -- Results and Discussion -- Soil Characteristics -- Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals -- Baseline Concentrations of Heavy Metals -- Correlation Coefficient Between Heavy Metals and Soil Properties -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Associative Study of Aerosol Pollution, Precipitation and Vegetation in Indian Region (2000-2013) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Datasets Used -- Results -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation of EIA Reports for Hydroelectric Projects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives and Scope -- Methodology. , Fuzzy Logic Based Expert Rule System -- Result and Discussion -- Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Dibbin Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Pauk Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Ting Ting Hydroelectric Project, Sikkim -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Assessment and Prediction of Environmental Noise Generated by Road Traffic in Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background of Nagpur City -- Noise Prediction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Evaluation of Traffic Noise -- Data Extraction -- Traffic Noise Modelling -- Reference Energy Mean Emission Level -- Volume and Speed Correction -- Distance Correction -- Results and Discussions -- Data Analysis -- Spectral Analysis of Junction and Highway Traffic -- Model Illustration -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Time-Dependent Study of Electromagnetic Field and Indoor Meteorological Parameters in Individual Working Environment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An EMF and Indoor Meteorological Parameters -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Working and Non-working Hours -- Contour -- Additional Measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Fish Biodiversity and Its Periodic Reduction: A Case Study of River Narmada in Central India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Site S1: Shahganj -- Site S2: Bandrabhan (Sangam) -- Site S3: Budhni Ghat -- Site S4: Moukala -- Site S5: Holipur -- Fish Collection and Identification -- Result. , Present Scenario of Fish Diversity of River Narmada at Hoshangabad -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on the Fresh Water Ecosystem-A Case Study of Kappithodu in Kerala -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Result -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Degradation of Heptachlor by High-Carbon Iron Filings (HCIF) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Generation of Pollution -- 19 Biomedical Waste Generation and Management in Public Sector Hospital in Shimla City -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Management of Biomedical Waste -- Methodology -- Observation -- Questionnaire Session -- Management and Implementation at Public Sector Hospital -- Results and Discussions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Fuel Loss and Related Emissions Due to Idling of Motorized Vehicles at a Major Intersection in Delhi -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Fuel Consumption Measurement -- Emission Estimation Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Emission Inventorisation and Modelling of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds from Petrol Distribution Centres in an Urban Area -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The Study Site -- Data Collection -- Emission Load Estimation -- Air Quality Dispersion Modelling -- Results and Discussion -- NMVOCs Emission Load -- NMVOCs Concentrations Prediction -- Model Validation -- Conclusions -- References -- 22 Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization of Coal Combustion Residues from a Thermal Power Station of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Selection of Thermal Power Station -- Geographical Location and Study Area Details. , Ash Pond and Ash Handling System.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Water quality management-United States. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (489 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057953
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.79
    DDC: 363.7394560973
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Investigation on the Treatment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plant Wastewater and Its Safe Use in Agriculture-A Green Technology Concept -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparation of Biocarbon -- Collection and Analysis Grey Water -- Treatment of Grey Water: Biosorption Process -- Evaluation of Capacity of Biocarbon -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Biocarbon (BC) -- Surface Analysis -- Characteristics of Grey Water and Treated Water -- Effect of Biocarbon Dose on Heavy Metals Removal -- Removal of Colour from a Grey Water -- Water Reuse in Agriculture Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Arsenic-Free Drinking Water Supply, Disposal of Backwash Water and Exhausted Media in Bihar, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arsenic Pollution in Bihar -- Mitigation Techniques Adopted -- Probable Waste Disposal Strategies -- Status of Waste Disposal in Bihar -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Nitrate in Anaerobic Batch Reactors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Setup -- Inoculum and Starting up -- Analytical Methods -- Results -- Nitrate and Arsenic Removal -- Characterization of Precipitates -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Oxyanions Removal by Biological Processes: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Sources of Oxyanions -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Conventional Treatment Strategies for Oxyanions -- Overview of Biological Oxyanion Removal -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Factors Affecting Oxyanion Removal -- Temperature -- PH. , Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- COD/Oxyanion Ratio -- COD/Sulfate -- COD/Nitrate -- COD/Perchlorate -- Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Oxyanion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Factors Influencing Electrocoagulation Treatment of UASB Reactor Effluent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental -- Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Model Development and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Performance Evaluation of Filters for Sedimentation Particle Filtration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Particle Size Distribution -- Particles Filtration Efficiency -- Results -- Particle Size Distribution -- Different Particle Sizes -- Particle Volume Distribution -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Magnetic Extracellular Polymer Composite for the Effective Removal of Microcystin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Chemical and Reagent -- Screening and Culturing of Polymer-Producing Microorganisms -- Preparation of Magnetic-Induced ECP -- Removal of Microcystin-LR -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Matrices -- Separation of Microcystin-LR by ECP-Fe2O3 -- Characterization of MC-LR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Bioremediation of Chromium Complex Dye by Growing Aspergillus flavus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Bioremediation Study in Batch Mode -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Response Surface Optimization -- Combined Effect of Different Parameters on Color Removal -- Confirmatory Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosorption as a Novel Approach for Removing Aluminium from Water Treatment Plant Residual-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biosorption as a Promising Alternative -- Aluminium Removal Through Biosorption -- Conclusion -- References. , 10 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulphide Laden Tannery Wastewater Without Sludge Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Presence of Sulphide in Effluent -- Treatment of Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Materials and Methods -- Source and Collection of Lime Sulphide Liquor and Methods -- Materials -- Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Activated Carbon (NPAC) -- Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Wastewater -- Treatment Methods for Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of NPAC -- Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) -- Optimization of pH -- Optimization of H2O2 -- Optimization of NPAC (Nanoporous Activated Carbon) -- Overall Processes -- Instrumental Analyses -- Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies -- FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Textile Industry by Electrocoagulation and Fenton Oxidation: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes -- Classification of Dyes -- Classification Based on the Source of Materials -- Classification Based on Industrial Use of the Dyes -- Usage of Various Dyes in Textile Industries -- Dyeing Wastewater from Textile Industry -- Electrocoagulation -- Mechanism of Electrocoagulation -- Application of Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Fenton Oxidation Process (H2O2/Fe2+) -- Application of Fenton and Electro-Fenton Methods in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Kitchen Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland Microcosm Using Aquatic Macrophytes -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Experimental Plants -- Experimental Set-up for Greywater Treatment -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Greywater Quality in FWS Microcosm -- Greywater Quality in VSF Microcosm -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Assessment of Aerobic Biodegradability for Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater Generated from Leather Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Analytical Methods -- Characterization of Vegetable Tannin Wastewater -- Aerobic Biodegradation of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis -- Results -- Characterization of Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater -- Aerobic Treatment of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- FTIR Analysis of VTW Before and After Aerobic Treatment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Biodegradability of Syntans Using Ozonation as a Pretreatment Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Ozonation Studies -- Experiment Setup for Biodegradation of Syntans Under Aerobic Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater-Sulfone and Phenol Based -- Ozonation Studies -- Optimization of Contact Time for Phenol-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Optimization of Contact Time for Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Assessment of Biological Treatment of Phenol- and Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater Before and After Ozonation -- Assessment of Biodegradability Before and After Ozonation of Sulfone-Based Syntan -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in Anoxic Reactors at Varied Feed Phenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials. , Chemicals and Reagents -- Biomass Support Material -- Experimental Methodologies -- Seed Sludge -- Synthetic Feed -- Acclimatization of the Anoxic Reactors -- Reactor Operations with Varying Phenol -- Kinetics Study -- Analytical Methods -- Microscopic Images -- Results and Discussion -- Steady-State Performance of the Anoxic Reactors During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Removal Kinetics of Phenol, Sulphide, Nitrate, Organic COD During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fluoride Pollution Abatement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Fluoride -- Effects of Fluoride -- Effects on Humans -- Effects on Teeth -- Skeletal Effects -- Cancer -- Status of Fluoride Contamination Around the Globe -- The World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal -- Water Supply Scheme by PHED, West Bengal -- Objective of the Study -- Remedial Material -- Alumina and Aluminum -- Activated Alumina -- Various Removal Methods of Fluoride -- Alternate Water Sources -- Better Nutrition -- De-fluoridation of Water -- Adsorption -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Ion Exchange -- Limitations -- Coagulation-Precipitation -- Advantages -- Limitations -- A Special Case of Co-precipitation is Nalgonda Technique Which is Briefly Described Below -- Nalgonda Technique -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Membrane Process -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Electro-Coagulation Process -- An Experimental Data Collection From Some Fluoride-Affected Area of Birbhum -- Background -- The Study Area -- Primary Data Collection -- Methodology -- Aim -- Methodology -- Sample Preparation and Collection -- Measurement of Fluoride -- De-fluoridation -- Mechanism -- Apparatus Required -- Solution Required -- Development of De-fluoridation Filtration Unit -- Preparation of the Filter Bed. , Details of the Process Are Described Below.
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Groundwater-Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (252 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057892
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.76
    DDC: 553.79
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Groundwater -- 1 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Jaisamand Basin of Udaipur District -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of Study Area -- Data acquisition -- Software Used -- Determination of Aquifer Parameters by Pumping Test -- Analyzing Pumping Test Data by Curve-matching Technique -- Groundwater Potential Assessment by Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- Selection of Thematic Layers -- Generation of Thematic Layers -- Groundwater Recharge Map -- Transmissivity Map -- Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- Suitable Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- Results and Discussion -- Aquifer Parameters -- Estimation of Aquifer Parameters -- Groundwater Recharge -- Features of Different Thematic Maps -- Groundwater Potential Zoning -- Weights for thematic maps -- Groundwater Potential Zones -- Groundwater Resources Management -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level: A Case Study of Wainganga Sub-basin, Nagpur, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Ordinary Kriging -- Results and Discussion -- Temporal Analysis -- Spatial Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatio-Temporal Variation and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Spatiotemporal Relationship Linking Land Use/Land Cover with Groundwater Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data -- Methodology -- Base Map Creation -- Groundwater Level Kriging -- Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Classification -- Grid Generation. , Overlay Analysis -- Results -- Geostatistical Analysis of Groundwater Level -- LU/LC Classification -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Groundwater System Modelling and Sensitivity of Groundwater Level Prediction in Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Groundwater System Simulation -- Study Area -- Geology of Study Area -- MODFLOW Model Design and Software -- Model Calibration and Validation -- Steady-State Calibration -- Transient State Calibration -- Model Validation -- Results and Discussion -- Groundwater Level Prediction -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model Coupling with Hydrochemical Parameters in Hard Rock Area from Southern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Collection -- DRASTIC Model -- Results and Discussion -- DRASTIC Model Parameters -- Depth to Groundwater Table -- Recharge -- Aquifer Yields -- Soil Media -- Topography -- Impact of Vadose Zone -- Conductivity -- Vulnerable Map Using the DRASTIC Model -- Validation Aquifer Vulnerability -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Recharge -- 7 Development of Groundwater Recharge Plan for Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh Using GIS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Paleochannel Recharge Sources in the Central Godavari Delta, A.P., India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Irrigation Canal Network -- Hydrogeology -- Identified Paleochannel -- Sampling and Analysis -- Stable Isotope Characterization -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Change of Land Use/Land Cover on Groundwater Recharge in Malaprabha Catchment, Belagavi, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Study Area -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Rainfall Analysis -- Infiltration and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using Empirical Methods -- Modelling -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Quality -- 10 Causes and Sources of Groundwater Pollution: A Case Study of Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Modeling Leachate Migration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Experimental Study -- Leachate Quality Analysis -- Soil Column Test to Determine the Parameters -- Analytical Model -- Assumptions -- Initial Conditions -- Boundary Conditions -- Numerical Model -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Identification of Hydrogeochemical Process in Hard Rock Terrain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Geology of the Study Area -- Sample Collection -- Analytical Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogeochemical Process -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Major Ion Chemistry -- Water Quality Assessment -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Cations -- Anions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Spatial and Temporal Nitrate Transport in Deep Heterogeneous Vadose Zone of India's Alluvial Plain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Governing Equations for Flow -- Governing Equations for Solute Transport -- Model Domain and Boundary Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Riverbank Filtration as a Sustainable Solution for Drinking Water Quality and Quantity Problems in Haridwar, Uttarakhand -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area Description -- Hydrogeological Settings -- Materials and Method -- Water Sampling and Detailed Methodology. , Water Quality Analysis of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters -- Results of Water Quality Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 A Study of the Characteristics of Groundwater Solute Transport Parameters -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Present Study and Objectives -- Mathematical Background -- Case Studies -- Injection/Pumping Well Problem -- 3-D Waste Dump Problem -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Prioritization for Management of Groundwater Quality-Related Problems of Rajsamand District of Rajasthan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Location -- Geomorphology and Drainage -- Rainfall and Climate -- Soil, Land Use and Irrigation Practices -- Physiography and Geology -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Groundwater Samples -- Results -- Well Depth -- Water Level -- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- PH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Cationic Composition -- Anionic Composition -- Classification of Groundwater for Irrigation Suitability -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Effect of Biochar Amendment on Nitrate Leaching in Two Soil Types of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Details -- Preparation of Soil Columns -- Biochar Amendment -- Soil Columns Incubation and Leaching -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Vertisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Vertisol -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in and Around Laharpur Reservoir, Bhopal -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Frequency -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion. , References.
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Schlagwort(e): Water resources development--Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (261 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811057984
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.80
    DDC: 333.91
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environment: Hydrologic Impacts -- 1 Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material Used for Construction of Pavements -- Plastic Cell -- Cement -- Soil and Moorum -- Crushed Aggregate for Surface Layer -- Crushed Aggregate for WBM Subbase -- Soil-Cement Mix for Subbase Layer -- Mix Composition and Strength of Cement Concrete -- Roller Compacted Concrete -- Construction of Test Sections -- Preparation of Subgrade -- Construction of Subbase -- Construction of Surface Layer -- Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Using Falling Weight Deflectometer -- Using Benkelman Beam -- Comparison of Deflections Measured Using Benkelman Beam Method and FWD -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Global Warming Issues-Need for Sustainable Drainage System in Urban Areas-Green Construction Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indian Climate and Monsoon -- Reasons of Global Warming -- Literature Review -- Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement -- Permeable Asphalt -- Permeable Concrete -- Concrete for Sustainable Development -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Bio-environment -- 3 Water Hyacinth: A Useful Plant to Improve Rural Economy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Hyacinth Control and Its Applications -- Practical Utilization of Water Hyacinth -- References -- 4 Growth, Biomass and Carbon Sequestration by Trees in Nutrient-Deficient Bhata Land Soil of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Growth and Biomass of Different Tree Species -- CO2 Sequestration of Different Tree Species -- Soil Organic Carbon Under Different Tree Species -- Conclusion -- References. , 5 Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth of Different Bacterial Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Performance of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell Using Earthenware Separator -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Operating Principle of MFC -- Methodology -- MFC Construction -- MFC Operation -- Preparation of Earthenware Separator -- Analysis and Calculation -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Characterization of Separator -- EDS Analysis -- Power Production in MFC -- Coulombic Efficiency -- Polarization Study and Internal Resistance -- Wastewater Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Chemical Environment -- 7 Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials -- Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles -- Characterization Techniques -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Superiority of Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Over Existing Reactor Arrangements for Chemical Looping Combustion-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) -- CLC Requirements -- Existing Reactor Configuration for CLC -- Issues Related to the Existing Interconnected Reactors Arrangement -- Bed Particle Attrition -- Loop-Seal Operation -- Heat Losses -- Cluster Formation -- Gas Bypassing -- Short Residence Time -- Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Design for CLC -- Working -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Enhancing N Use Efficiency and Reducing N2O Emission by Coating Urea with Newly Identified Bio-Molecule (C20H30O2), Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Protocol for the Preparation of Nano-ZnO and Nano-rock Phosphate Coated Urea. , Pot Culture Experiment on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Experimental Details and Measurement of N2O Emission -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Nutrient Content of Coated Fertilizers -- Impact of Urea Coated with Pine Oleoresin, Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Trends in N2O Emission During Incubation Period -- Cumulative Emission of N2O from Coated Fertilizers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Gamma Radiation Technology for Hygienization of Municipal Dry Sewage Sludge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Environment: Social Environment -- 11 Participatory Approach for Corporate Social Responsibility Plan in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Socio-economic Baseline Data for CSR Plan -- Participatory Survey -- Participatory Approach -- Team Building -- Other Impacts -- Steps in Conducting CSR -- CSR Methods and Tools -- Examples of Questions to Be Addressed in CSR Planning -- Sources of Information -- The CSR Plan Requires Both Primary and Secondary Data -- Data Collection Methods for Preparing CSR Plan -- Qualitative Methods -- Quantitative Methods -- Reference -- Energy: Solar Energy -- 12 Solar-Powered Cold Storage System for Horticultural Crops -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Solar PV Powered Refrigeration System -- Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Panel System -- Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -- Battery Bank -- Sensor for Temperature and RH Controller in Cold Storage -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Feasibility of Solar Pumps for Salt Farmers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Process of Salt Production -- Highlights of Yearly Cycle -- Components Involved in the System -- Operation of Solar Water Pumping System. , Net Present Value for Solar Versus Diesel -- Features for Safe Future -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Energy: Hydropower -- 14 Development of Uttarakhand Using Alternative Energy Source as Micro Hydropower -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective of the Study -- Study Area -- Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Problems Faced by the Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Kotabagh Micro Hydro Power Project Description and Its Problems -- Results and Conclusion -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Selected References -- 15 Comparative Studies on Performance of Commercially Available High-Power PC-LED Bulbs Under Tropical Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction to Solid State Lighting -- Standard Research Methodology "Useful Life" of High-Power PC-LED -- Proposed Experimental Setup and Methodology -- Lumen Depreciation Measurement -- Ambient and Body Temperature of High-Power PC-LED -- Results Obtained -- Outcome and Further Research work -- References -- 16 Design and Development of Pedal Operated Flour Mill with Multi-Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Energy: Biogas -- 17 Development of Family Size FRP Biogas Plant Based on Kitchen Waste -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 A Computer-Based Expert System to Design Deenbandhu Biogas Plant -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Procedure -- Data Collection -- Assumptions for Model -- Validation and Evaluation of Expert System -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Prosopis juliflora-A Potential Problematic Weed for Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods. , Results and Discussion -- Composition of Biomass -- Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment -- Selection of Optimal Pretreatment Conditions -- Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- Fermentation Profile of Enzymatic Hydrolysate -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Oil Extraction, Biodiesel Production and CI Engine Investigation Using Madhuca indica Methyl Ester -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oil Extraction Process -- Biodiesel Production -- Cloth Filtering -- Caustic Pre-treatment -- Acid Pre-treatment -- Transesterification Process -- Comparison of Properties of Diesel and Biodiesel -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 21 Design and Development of Producer Gas-Based Heat Exchanger for Drying Application -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Performance Evaluation of Updraft Gasifier -- Development of Single Pass Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Design Parameters of Updraft Biomass Gasifier and Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Fuel Consumption Rate on Producer Gas Composition and Calorific Value for Various Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate, and Gas Flow Rate on Air Outlet Temperature of Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate on LMTD, Heat Transfer Area, and Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Using Different Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate and Fuel Consumption Rate on Dryer Inlet Hot Air Temperature Using Different Biomass -- Conclusion -- References -- 22 Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput District of Odisha -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Sampling and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- Above Ground Carbon (AGC). , Conclusions.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Schlagwort(e): Hydraulic engineering. ; Electronic books.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    Seiten: 1 online resource (523 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319551258
    Serie: Water Science and Technology Library ; v.75
    DDC: 363.610954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Water Resource Planning Management -- 1 Hydrological Planning of Watershed of RGSC, Mirzapur, UP, Using GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 5 Data Used -- 5.1 Satellite Data -- 5.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Gabion Weirs -- 6.2 Check Dams -- 6.3 Farm Pond -- 6.4 Bund -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Hydrological Simulation of a Large Catchment Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Case Study Area and Database -- 4 Establishing the VIC Model for the Tekra Catchment -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Rainfall Assessment Through Space and Time from 1999 to 2014 in Salem District, South India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Mean Annual Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall -- 4.2.1 Winter Season -- 4.2.2 Summer Season -- 4.2.3 Southwest Monsoon (SW) -- 4.2.4 Northeast Monsoon (NE) -- 4.2.5 Precipitation Ratio (PR) -- 4.2.6 Winter Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.7 Summer Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.8 Southwest (SW) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.9 Northeast (NE) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessing Stormwater Harvesting Potential in Dehradun City Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Geography of the Area -- 2.2 Drainage -- 2.3 Climate and Rainfall -- 2.4 Soil Types -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Spatial Data Collection -- 3.1.1 Land-Use Map -- 3.1.2 Soil Depth and Soil Texture -- 3.1.3 Runoff Coefficient -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Derivation of Geomorphology-based IUH Using GIS-supported GIUH Model for the Barak River Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Database and Drainage Network Development -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Computation of Horton's Ratios -- 2.2 Derivation of IUH Using GIUH Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 3.2 Derivation of IUH from Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Flow Analysis in a Meandering River Using HEC-RAS Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 2.1 Methodology -- 2.2 Model Application -- 2.3 Performance Evaluation Criteria -- 3 Results and Conclusion -- 3.1 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Study of Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport in Gulf of Khambhat, Western Coast India-A Numerical Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Field Data Analysis -- 2.2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Model Studies Conducted -- 3.2 Simulation of Flow Field for Non-monsoon -- 3.3 Simulation of Flow Field for Monsoon -- 3.4 Sedimentation Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Recommendation for Further Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Assessment of Sedimentation in Barak River Reach Using HEC-RAS -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of HEC-RAS Model -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Hydraulic Calibration of Model -- 3.2 Selection of Sediment Transport Function -- 3.3 Prediction of Invert Changes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Neuro Fuzzy Application in Capacity Prediction and Forecasting Model for Ukai Reservoir -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Literature Review -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) -- 3.1 Methodology -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Calibration. , 6 Validation -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Use of Mathematical Techniques for Determining the Reliability of Springs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time-Lag -- 3 Rainfall Versus Spring Yield -- 4 Discharge Rate Prediction of Spring -- 5 Spring Yield -- 6 Optimization of the Size of Water Storage Structure -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Impact of Rainwater on Bituminous Road Surfacing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanism of Stripping -- 2.1 Detachment -- 2.2 Displacement -- 2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification -- 2.4 Pore Pressure -- 2.5 Hydraulic Scouring -- 3 Experimental Details -- 4 Test Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stripping of Aggregate Due to Extended Contact Time -- 4.2 Stripping Value of Aggregate Under Acidic/Alkaline Water Condition -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in the Upper Ganga River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change & -- Global Warming -- 13 Transport of Contaminants During Groundwater Surface water Interaction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminant Transport During GW-SW Interaction -- 2.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Hydrologic Exchange Between GW and SW -- 2.2 Contaminant Characteristics -- 2.3 Transport Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Advection -- 2.3.2 Diffusion -- 2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- 2.3.4 Adsorption -- 2.4 Reactions -- 3 Numerical Methods for Contaminant Transport Modelling -- 3.1 Modelling Approach -- 3.2 Solution Methods for Numerical Model -- 3.2.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) -- 3.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) -- 3.2.3 Meshfree Method (MM). , 3.3 Contaminant Transport Models -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Spatiotemporal Variations in the Precipitation Deficit and Groundwater Recharge Deficit of Mula-Mutha Watershed, Maharashtra, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 3.3 Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Patterns of Rainfall in the Study Area -- 5.2 Variations in the Precipitation Deficit -- 5.3 Variations in the Groundwater Recharge Deficit -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Drawdown Minimization by EMPSO in a Heterogenous Aquifer System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Governing Equations -- 2.2 Finite Element Formulation -- 2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 2.4 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 3 Simulation-Optimization Model Formulation -- 3.1 Minimization of Drawdown for 10 Proposed Wells at Given Location -- 4 Tuning of PSO Parameters -- 5 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Downscaling Precipitation in Hemavathy River Basin by Three Different Approaches -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Downscaling Using LARS Weather Generator -- 3.2 Linear Scaling -- 3.3 Quantile Mapping -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Model Calibration -- 4.2 Downscaling -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Quality of Rooftop Harvested Rainwater Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Container -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area of Study -- 3 Locations for Sample Collection -- 4 Methodology and Data Presentation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Comparison of Turbulent Hydrodynamics with and without Emergent and Sparse Vegetation Patch in Free Surface Flow -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Experimental Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Time-Averaged Velocity of Flow -- 3.2 Normal Stresses -- 3.3 Reynolds Shear Stresses -- 3.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Spectrum -- 3.5 Secondary Current -- 3.6 Strength of Vortex -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Pan Evaporation Model Developed Using ANN -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Artificial Neural Networks -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Input Selection -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Estimation of Pan Evaporation and Actual Evapotranspiration Using GIS and Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area Description -- 3 Data Collection -- 4 Research Method -- 4.1 Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration -- 4.2 Estimation of Evaporation from Water Bodies -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Image Classification -- 5.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration for Vegetation from the NDVI and Kc Model -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Context of Climate Change for Central India (Madhya Pradesh) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test -- 3.2 Sen's Slope Estimation Test -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Runoff Curve Number for 36 Small Agricultural Plots at Two Different Climatic Conditions in India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 SCS-CN Method -- 2.3 Estimation of CN from Observed P-Q Data -- 2.4 Goodness of Fit -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Curve Number Estimation -- 3.2 Effect of Land Use, Soil Type and Plot Slope on Runoff Coefficient (Rc) and Curve Number (CN) -- 3.3 Performance Evaluation -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 23 Comparison of Various Functional Forms for Wheat Crop Yield in Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh).
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