Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Front Cover -- Metal-Organic Frameworks for Chemical Reactions -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Metal-organic frameworks and their composites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Metal-organic framework composites -- 1.2.1 Processing of metal-organic framework composites -- 1.2.2 Types of metal-organic framework composites -- 1.2.2.1 Metal-organic framework-polymer composites -- 1.2.2.2 Metal-organic framework-quantum dot composites -- 1.2.2.3 Metal-organic framework-metal nanoparticle composites -- 1.2.2.4 Metal-organic framework-graphene oxide composites -- 1.2.2.5 Metal-organic framework-polyoxometalate composites -- 1.2.2.6 Metal-organic framework-enzyme composites -- 1.2.2.7 Metal-organic framework-cellulose composites -- 1.2.2.8 Metal-organic framework-silica composites -- 1.2.2.9 Metal-organic framework-activated carbon composites -- 1.2.2.10 Metal-organic framework-aluminum composites -- 1.2.2.11 Metal-organic framework-molecular species composites -- 1.2.2.12 Metal-organic framework-hybrid composites -- 1.3 Characterization of metal-organic framework composites -- 1.3.1 X-ray diffraction analysis -- 1.3.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- 1.3.3 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy -- 1.3.4 Scanning electron microscopy analysis -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Metal-organic framework for batteries and supercapacitors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Metal-organic frameworks -- 2.3 Metal-organic frameworks for batteries -- 2.3.1 Lithium-ion batteries -- 2.3.2 Sodium-ion batteries -- 2.3.3 Li-O2 batteries -- 2.3.4 Li-S batteries -- 2.4 Metal-organic frameworks for supercapacitors -- 2.4.1 Metallic oxides/sulfides for supercapacitors -- 2.4.2 Carbon for supercapacitors -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Titanium-based metal-organic frameworks for photocatalytic applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Ti-chemistry. , 3.2 Preparation of titanium-based metal-organic frameworks and the selection of precursors -- 3.2.1 Direct synthesis -- 3.2.2 Solvothermal synthesis -- 3.2.3 Ultrasonic and microwave-assisted synthesis -- 3.2.4 The method of coordination-covalent combination -- 3.2.5 Method of postsynthetic cation exchange -- 3.2.6 Vapor-assisted crystallization method -- 3.2.7 Synthesis of titanium-based metal-organic framework composites -- 3.3 The structure of titanium-based metal-organic frameworks -- 3.3.1 Photocatalytic application of titanium-based metal-organic frameworks -- 3.4 Photocatalytic oxidation reaction -- 3.4.1 Titanium-based metal-organic framework composites -- 3.4.2 Photocatalytic NO oxidation and antibacterial activity -- 3.4.3 Photocatalytic CO2 reduction -- 3.4.4 Photocatalytic H2 generation from water splitting -- 3.4.5 Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants -- 3.4.6 Photocatalytic polymerization -- 3.4.7 Photocatalytic deoximation reaction -- 3.4.8 Photocatalytic sensors -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Electrochemical aspects of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electrochemical synthesis of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.2.1 Direct electrosynthesis of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.2.1.1 Anodic dissolution -- 4.2.1.2 Reductive deprotonation -- 4.2.2 Indirect electrosynthesis of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.2.2.1 Anchoring of a linker -- 4.2.2.2 Galvanic displacement -- 4.2.2.3 Electrophoretic deposition -- 4.2.2.4 Self-templated synthesis from metal oxide/hydroxide nanostructures -- 4.3 Electrochemical applications of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.3.1 Battery applications of various metal-organic frameworks -- 4.3.1.1 Metal-organic frameworks for Li-ion batteries -- 4.3.1.2 Metal-organic frameworks for Li-S batteries and other batteries -- 4.3.2 Supercapacitors applications of various metal-organic frameworks. , 4.3.3 Electrocatalysis applications of various metal-organic frameworks -- 4.3.4 Electrochemical sensing applications of various metal-organic frameworks -- 4.3.5 Other electrochemical applications of metal-organic frameworks -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Permeable metal-organic frameworks for fuel (gas) storage applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Concept of porosity in fuel storage -- 5.3 Permeable metal-organic frameworks for H2 storage application -- 5.4 Permeable metal-organic frameworks for CH4 storage applications -- 5.5 Permeable metal-organic frameworks for C2H2 storage applications -- 5.6 Permeable metal-organic frameworks for CO2 storage applications -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Excessively paramagnetic metal organic framework nanocomposites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Discussion and applications -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Expanding energy prospects of metal-organic frameworks -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metal-organic frameworks in Li-ion batteries -- 7.3 Applications of metal-organic frameworks as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries -- 7.4 Applications of high conductive metal-organic frameworks -- 7.5 Utilization of metal-organic frameworks as electric double-layer capacitors (supercapacitors) -- 7.5.1 Applications of optimizing the surface area -- 7.6 Utilization of lithium-oxygen as separators -- 7.7 Utilization of solid-state electrolytes -- 7.8 Applications of electrode-electrolyte alliances -- 7.9 Fuel cell applications -- 7.10 Electrocatalytic applications -- 7.11 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Metal-organic framework-based materials and renewable energy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 0D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.2.1 Multishell 0D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles. , 8.2.2 Hollow 0D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.3 1D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.3.1 Nanotube 1D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.3.2 Nanorod 1D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.3.3 Nanowire 1D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.4 2D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.4.1 Nanosheet 2D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.4.2 Holey 2D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.5 3D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.5.1 Array 3D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.5.2 Hierarchical 3D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.5.3 Superstructured 3D-metal-organic framework-based materials-nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Applications of metal-organic frameworks in analytical chemistry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Desirable characteristics of MOFs for analytical chemistry applications -- 9.3 Recent applications -- 9.3.1 Recent applications in sample preparation -- 9.3.1.1 Solid-phase extraction -- 9.3.1.2 Dispersive solid-phase extraction -- 9.3.1.3 Solid-phase microextraction -- 9.3.1.4 Matrix solid-phase dispersion -- 9.3.1.5 Stir bar sorptive extraction -- 9.3.2 Recent applications in chromatography -- 9.3.2.1 Gas chromatography -- 9.3.2.2 Liquid chromatography -- 9.3.2.3 Electrophoretic separations -- 9.3.3 Recent applications in sensor development -- 9.3.3.1 Electrochemical sensors -- 9.3.4 Electroluminescent/optical sensors -- 9.4 Conclusion and future remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 Modified metal-organic frameworks as photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structure, merits, and strategies -- 10.3 Metal-organic framework modification. , 10.3.1 Ligands and clusters -- 10.3.2 Metals -- 10.3.3 Semiconductors -- 10.3.4 Dyes -- 10.3.5 Composites/hybrids -- 10.4 Applications -- 10.4.1 Hydrogen production -- 10.4.2 Water splitting -- 10.4.3 Other applications -- 10.5 Conclusion and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 11 The sensing applications of metal-organic frameworks and their basic features affecting the fate of detection -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Type of metal-organic frameworks -- 11.2.1 MOF-5 -- 11.2.2 HKUST-1 -- 11.2.3 UiO -- 11.2.4 ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 -- 11.2.5 MOF-76 -- 11.2.6 MIL-101 -- 11.3 Pore diameter -- 11.4 Pore morphology -- 11.5 Combination with different nanoparticles -- 11.6 The sensing applications carried out with metal-organic frameworks -- 11.6.1 Gas-sensing applications -- 11.6.2 Metal ion sensing applications -- 11.6.3 Hydrophobic molecule sensing applications -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Thermomechanical and anticorrosion characteristics of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Design of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.2.1 Key structures in metal-organic frameworks -- 12.2.2 Dimensionality of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.2.3 Methods for the construction of metal-organic framework structures -- 12.2.3.1 Hydro(solvo)thermal method -- 12.2.3.2 Microwave and ultrasonic methods -- 12.2.3.3 Electrochemical production -- 12.2.3.4 Diffusion method -- 12.2.3.5 Mechanochemical synthesis -- 12.2.3.6 Solvent evaporation and isothermal synthesis -- 12.3 Stability of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.3.1 Various aspects regarding the stability of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.3.1.1 Thermal stability of metal-organic frameworks -- 12.3.1.2 Mechanical stability -- 12.3.1.3 Chemical stability -- 12.3.1.4 Water stability -- 12.4 Application -- 12.4.1 Anticorrosion properties of metal-organic frameworks. , 12.4.1.1 Metal-organic frameworks as a corrosion inhibitors.

Note: Front Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Waste to energy: an overview by global perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Potential waste biomass -- 1.2.1 Agricultural and forest residue -- 1.2.2 Industrial waste biomass -- 1.2.3 Municipal waste biomass -- 1.2.4 Micro- and macroalgae waste biomass -- 1.3 Biofuels from waste -- 1.3.1 Biodiesel -- 1.3.2 Bioethanol fermentation -- 1.3.3 Bio-oil and biochar -- 1.3.4 Biomethane and biohydrogen -- 1.3.5 Syngas and bioelectricity -- 1.4 Socioeconomic perspective -- 1.5 Environmental perspective -- 1.6 Integrated approaches of biofuel from waste -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potential of advanced photocatalytic technology for biodiesel production from waste oil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Biodiesel-strength and weakness -- 2.1.2 Biodiesel as an alternative fuel -- 2.1.3 WCO as a feedstock for biodiesel production -- 2.2 Reaction process to produce biodiesel -- 2.2.1 Microemulsion technique -- 2.2.2 Direct use and blending technique -- 2.2.3 Pyrolysis of oil -- 2.2.4 Transesterification process -- 2.2.5 Esterification process -- 2.3 Catalyst for biodiesel production -- 2.4 Photocatalyst -- 2.4.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis -- 2.4.2 Important circumstances influence photocatalyst performance -- 2.4.3 Synthesis of photocatalysts -- 2.5 Fundamental of photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.1 TiO2 as a photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.2 Zinc oxide \(ZnO\) nanocatalyst as heterogeneous photocatalyst -- 2.6 Parameters affecting on photocatalytic esterification -- 2.6.1 Effect of alcohol to oil ratio -- 2.6.2 Effect of catalyst loading -- 2.6.3 Effect of stirring speed -- 2.6.4 Effect of UV irradiation time and lamp power -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 3 Biofuel production from food waste biomass and application of machine learning for process management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Growing concern for food loss waste (FLW) -- 3.3 Conversion techniques -- 3.3.1 Biochemical technology -- 3.4 Thermochemical technology -- 3.4.1 Gasification -- 3.4.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.4.3 Liquefaction -- 3.5 Sustainable management of FW with machine learning -- 3.5.1 Machine learning overview for FW and biofuel -- 3.6 Prediction of energy demand and biofuel production from FW -- 3.6.1 Life cycle of machine learning-based energy demand and biofuel production -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biological conversion of lignocellulosic waste in the renewable energy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Lignocellulosic biomass and technical benefits -- 4.3 The role of bacteria in the decomposition of plant biomass and the production of RE -- 4.4 The future of RE and the challenges -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biogas components -- 5.3 Factors affecting biogas production -- 5.4 Anaerobic fermentation -- 5.4.1 Bacteria -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.3 pH -- 5.4.4 Carbon to nitrogen ratio -- 5.4.5 Concentration of the solid in the feeding solution -- 5.4.6 Feeding rates of organic matter (degree of loading) -- 5.4.7 Time of solution remaining in the fermenter -- 5.4.8 Toxic substances in nutrition -- 5.4.9 Use prefixes -- 5.4.10 Flipping inside the fermenter -- 5.5 Environmental and economic benefits from biogas generation -- 5.6 The properties of the different gases compared to the biogas -- 5.7 Prospects for the development of biogas production technology and current problems -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6 Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels by advanced technology to convert food wastes into fuels and chemicals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Food valorization to produce chemicals -- 6.2.1 Multitudinous valorization methods for chemical production -- 6.3 Transformation of food waste into bioenergy -- 6.3.1 Biogas formation -- 6.3.2 Biohydrogen production -- 6.3.3 Distinctive techniques for biofuel production -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic waste into renewable energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structural and functional attributes of LCMs -- 7.2.1 Socioeconomic aspects of LCMs -- 7.2.2 Biorefinery-based bioeconomy-considerations -- 7.2.3 Biotransformation of LCMs -- 7.2.4 Enzyme-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.2.5 Chemical-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.3 Biofuels generation -- 7.4 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Recent trends on the food wastes valorization to value-added commodities -- 8.1 Introduction-food waste and its global scenario -- 8.2 FW hierarchy -- 8.3 FW-generating sectors -- 8.4 FW valorization to worth-added commodities -- 8.5 Biotransformation of FWs -- 8.6 Value-added components recovery -- 8.6.1 Recovery of organic acids -- 8.6.2 Nutraceuticals -- 8.6.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6.4 Dietary fiber -- 8.7 Production of biomaterials and biofertilizer -- 8.7.1 Biopolymers -- 8.7.2 Single-cell protein (microbial biomass) -- 8.7.3 Bio-based colorants -- 8.7.4 Bioadsorbent -- 8.7.5 Biofertilizer -- 8.7.6 Bio-based high value-added products -- 8.7.7 Enzymes production from FW and their application -- 8.8 Conclusion and recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Thermochemical conversion methods of bio-derived lignocellulosic waste molecules into renewable fuels -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.1 Sources of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.2 Properties and composition of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.3 Pretreatment techniques -- 9.3.1 Physical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.2 Chemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.3 Physiochemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.4 Biological pretreatment technique -- 9.3.5 Combination pretreatment technique -- 9.4 Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.1 Thermochemical lignocellulosic biorefineries -- 9.4.2 Biochemical refineries for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.3 Hybrid biorefineries -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ionic liquids as catalyst -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recent trends -- 10.3 Waste cooking oil -- 10.4 Transesterification of WCO -- 10.5 Experimental analysis -- 10.5.1 Catalytic ethanolysis of waste cooking soybean oil using the IL [HMim][HSO4] -- 10.5.2 Preparation of a supported acidic IL on silica-gel and its application to the synthesis of biodiesel from WCO -- 10.5.3 Improving biodiesel yields from WCO using ILs as catalysts with a microwave heating system -- 10.5.4 Biodiesel production from WCO by acidic IL as a catalyst -- 10.5.5 Biodiesel production process by using new functionalized ILs as catalysts -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.1 Feedstock used for biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.2 FFAs and their effect on biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.3 Types of catalysts and its significance -- 11.3 Cavitation -- 11.3.1 Acoustic cavitation -- 11.3.2 HC and its mechanism -- 11.4 Review of current status of utilization of WCO for synthesis of biodiesel -- 11.4.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using AC. , 11.4.2 Synthesis of biodiesel using HC -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of biochar from renewable resources -- 12.1 Biochar definition -- 12.2 Biochar applications -- 12.3 Biochar production -- 12.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 12.3.2 Gasification -- 12.3.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 12.3.4 Other processes -- 12.4 Factors affecting biochar production -- 12.4.1 Feedstocks of biochar -- 12.4.2 Thermochemical temperature -- 12.5 Mechanism of biochar production -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Microbial fuel cell technology for bio-electrochemical conversion of waste to energy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 MFC technology -- 13.2.1 Technological background, performance indicators, and operating parameters -- 13.3 Role of microbial species and mechanism of electron transport in MFC -- 13.3.1 Substrate composition in MFC -- 13.3.2 Electrode material -- 13.3.3 MFC design and architecture -- 13.4 Bioenergy production from MFC -- 13.4.1 Simple substrate molecules for electricity generation -- 13.4.2 Complex wastewater used for electricity generation -- 13.4.3 Pitfalls and future prospects -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Case study of nonrefined mustard oil for possible biodiesel extraction: feasibility analysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and methods -- 14.2.1 Catalyst preparation -- 14.2.2 Collection of nonrefined mustard oil -- 14.2.3 Design of experiment using Taguchi -- 14.2.4 Transesterification -- 14.2.5 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3 Results and discussion -- 14.3.1 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3.2 ANOVA and RSM -- 14.3.3 Effect of operating parameters -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Waste oil to biodiesel -- 15.1 Second-generation feedstock for biodiesel production -- 15.1.1 Used cooking oil -- 15.1.2 Grease -- 15.1.3 Animal fat -- 15.1.4 Soapstock -- 15.1.5 Nonedible oils. , 15.2 Conclusion.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Design of a Proper Recycling Process for Small-Sized E-Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mobile Phones -- 3 LED Lamps -- 4 Computers -- 5 Electrical Wires and Cables -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- Sustainable Bioprospecting of Electronic Waste via Omics-Aided Biometallurgy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Distribution of E-waste -- 2.1 E-waste Scenario in West Africa -- 3 Composition and Nature of E-waste -- 3.1 Precious Metals -- 3.2 Rare Earth Elements (REE) -- 4 Biometallurgy -- 4.1 Approaches Adopted in Biometallurgy -- 4.2 The Biometallurgical Process -- 5 Bioprospecting of Metal Recovery Microorganisms Using Omics Technologies -- 5.1 Application of Omics in Studying Bioleaching Communities -- 5.2 Omics in Rewiring the Metabolic Pathways -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Diverse Technological Initiatives for E-Waste Management and Its Impact on Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Categories of E-Waste -- 3 Existence Elements in E-Waste -- 4 Generation of E-Waste at Global Level -- 5 Recovering of Valuable Metals from E-Waste -- 6 Biotechnological Recycling of E-Wastes -- 7 Tokyo Olympic 2020 Medals Made from Electronic Scrap: An Initiative for an Innovative Future for All -- 8 Impacts of E-Waste on the Ecosystem -- 8.1 Atmospheric Environment -- 8.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 8.3 Aquatic Environment -- 9 Impacts of E-Waste on Human Health -- 10 E-Waste Management Rules -- 11 Approaches for Regulating of E-Waste -- 11.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 11.2 Material Flow Analysis (MFA) -- 11.3 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 11.4 Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) -- 12 Biotechnological Approach of E-Waste Recycling and Business Opportunities -- 13 Conclusion -- References -- Persistent Toxic Substances Released from Uncontrolled E-waste Recycling and Action for the Future -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is E-waste?. , 1.2 E-waste Challenges: A Global Scenario -- 1.3 The Role of Informal Sector in E-waste Recycling -- 2 Hazardous Substances Present in Electrical and Electronic Waste -- 3 Hazards Caused by Imprudent E-waste Management -- 3.1 Heavy Metals: Impact on Health and Environment -- 3.2 Hazards Caused by Dioxins on Human and Nature -- 3.3 Noxious Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Impact -- 3.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Substituting Toxicants in E-products -- 3.5 Action to Replace PVC and PBDE -- 4 Future Prospective -- References -- Overview of E-Waste Reverse Logistics: How to Promote the Return of Electronic Waste to the Production Chain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reverse Logistics System in the World -- 3 Reverse Logistics System in Brazil -- 4 Recycling and Processing of WEEE-Private Companies and Cooperatives -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- E-Plastic Waste Use as Coarse-Aggregate in Concrete -- 1 Introduction to E-Plastic Wastes -- 2 E-Plastic Types, Composition, and Potential Reuses -- 2.1 Types and Composition of E-Plastics -- 2.2 E-Plastic Waste Application in Construction Industry -- 2.3 Preparation of E-Plastic Waste for Use in Concrete -- 3 Material Properties of E-Plastic Aggregates -- 3.1 Aggregate Crushing Value and Impact Value -- 3.2 Specific Gravity -- 3.3 Bulk Density -- 4 Properties of Concrete Containing E-Plastic Waste Aggregates -- 4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 4.2 Durability Properties of Concrete Containing E-Plastic Waste Aggregates -- 4.3 Thermal Properties of E-Plastic Concrete -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Recycling of Mobile Phones: Case Study of the Lithium-Ion Cell Phone Batteries in Brazil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Functional Unit -- 2.3 Process Flow -- 2.4 System Boundaries -- 2.5 Leaching LCA -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 General Composition of Batteries -- 3.2 Application of LCA to Chemical Reprocessing of Cell Phone Batteries -- 3.3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts in the Life Cycle -- 3.4 Potential Environmental Impacts of Acids on Acid Leaching -- 3.5 Potential Impacts on the Recovery of Cobalt and Lithium -- 3.6 Comparison of Potential Environmental Impacts -- 3.7 Sensitivity Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- A Bibliometric Approach to the Current State of the Art of Risks in E-waste Supply Chains -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 E-Waste Management -- 2.2 Supply Chain Challenges -- 2.3 Bibliometry -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Formulate Research Question -- 3.2 Database Selection -- 3.3 Search Terms Definition -- 3.4 Bibliometric Analysis -- 4 Results of Bibliometric Study -- 4.1 (RQ1) Which are the Leading Research Countries Considering E-waste Management? -- 4.2 (RQ2) Which are the Most Relevant Sources and Main Topics Covered by the Most Cited Papers? -- 4.3 (RQ3) Which are the Main Concepts Associated with E-waste Management? -- 4.4 (RQ4) Which are the Main Research Gaps Considering E-waste Management? -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- E-Waste Management Strategies Across Recycling Industry of Northern India: An Empirical Investigation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Design -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Results Discussion of the Findings -- 6 Correlation Analysis -- 7 Regression Analysis -- 8 Conclusions and Limitation -- References -- Circular E-Waste Supply Chains' Critical Challenges: An Introduction and a Literature Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 E-Waste -- 2.2 Strategies for E-Waste Management -- 2.3 E-Waste Supply Chains -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Formulate Research Question -- 3.2 Database Selection -- 3.3 Search Terms Definition -- 3.4 Screening Process. , 4 The Constructs of a Circular WEEE Economy -- 4.1 Circular Economy -- 4.2 E-Waste Management -- 4.3 Closed-Loop Supply Chains -- 4.4 Supply Chain Resilience -- 4.5 Smart Cities -- 4.6 Integrated Framework -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Culture-Customers Must Contribute to the Process -- 5.2 Channel Integration-Omnichannel Approach -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Sustainable Use of Plastic E-Waste with Added Value -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study of Low-Margin High-Turnover Products: Outdoor Luminaries -- 3 Case Study of High-Margin Low-Turnover Products: Design Objects -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Note: Intro -- Hybrid Perovskite Composite Materials: Design to Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Nano-crystalline perovskite and its applications -- 1.1 Common material structures -- 1.2 Nonstoichiometry in perovskites -- 1.3 Crystallography and chemistry of perovskite structures -- 1.3.1 Size effects -- 1.3.2 Effect of the composition variation from the ideal ABO3 -- 1.3.3 Single perovskite -- 1.3.4 Double perovskite -- 1.4 Nano-structured perovskite level -- 1.5 Applications for nano-perovskites -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Preparation and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanocomposites based on conventional semiconductor nanocrystals-Brief overview -- 2.3 Fabrication and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.3.1 Preparation of silica, titania, zirconia, and siloxane-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.1.1 Preparation of nanocomposites of LHP NCs/SiO 2 and SiO 2 -related compounds -- 2.3.1.2 Preparation of LHP NCs/titania (TiO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.3 Preparation of LHP NCs/alumina (Al 2 O 3) composites -- 2.3.1.4 Preparation of LHP NCs/zirconia (ZrO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.5 Miscellaneous -- 2.3.2 Preparation of polymer-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.2.1 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) composites -- 2.3.2.2 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/polystyrene (PS) composites -- 2.3.2.3 Role of polymeric oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in improving properties of CsPbX 3 NCs -- 2.3.3 Nanocomposites of mixed perovskite phases -- 2.3.4 Miscellaneous -- 2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Thin films for planar solar cells of organic-inorganic perovskite composites -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 History of perovskite solar cells -- 3.2 Perovskite solar cells: Architecture, evolution, and thin-film synthesis -- 3.2.1 The architecture of PSCs -- 3.2.2 Evolution of PSC -- 3.2.3 Thin film formation -- 3.2.3.1 Vacuum thermal coevaporation -- 3.2.3.2 Layer-by-layer sequential vacuum sublimation -- 3.2.3.3 Vapor deposition by dual-source -- 3.2.3.4 Spin coating -- 3.2.3.5 Spray coating -- 3.2.3.6 Screen printing -- 3.2.4 Thin-films for perovskite solar cells: A case study -- 3.2.4.1 Fundamentals of photovoltaic devices -- 3.2.4.2 Optical and electrical properties of perovskite solar cells -- 3.3 Future scope of perovskite solar cells -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Perovskite-type catalytic materials for water treatment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure of perovskites -- 4.3 Synthesis methods of perovskites -- 4.3.1 Sol-gel method -- 4.3.2 Coprecipitation method -- 4.3.3 Hydrothermal method -- 4.3.4 Solid-state method -- 4.3.5 Microwave radiation method -- 4.4 Perovskite catalyst for water treatment -- 4.4.1 Process based on advanced oxidation process (AOPs) -- 4.4.1.1 Dye degradation -- 4.4.2 Process based on photocatalysis -- 4.5 Summary and perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Perovskite-based material for sensor applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthesis of perovskite materials -- 5.2.1 Solid-state reactions -- 5.2.2 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 5.2.3 Coprecipitation method -- 5.2.4 Sol-gel method -- 5.2.5 Gas phase reaction -- 5.2.6 Microwave synthesis -- 5.2.7 Wet chemical methods -- 5.3 Fabrication of sensors -- 5.3.1 Screen printing -- 5.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 5.3.3 Sol-gel method -- 5.3.4 Spray pyrolysis -- 5.3.5 Physical vapors deposition -- 5.4 Perovskites as sensors -- 5.4.1 Perovskites as temperature sensors. , 5.4.2 Humidity sensors -- 5.4.3 Perovskites as gas sensors -- 5.4.4 Perovskite sensors for explosive species -- 5.5 Conclusions and future outlook -- References -- Further reading -- 6 High-sensitivity piezoelectric perovskites for magnetoelectric composites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical background of ME coupling -- 6.3 Theoretical background -- 6.3.1 Perovskite oxide -- 6.3.2 Key piezoelectric and magnetostrictive parameters -- 6.3.3 ME effect -- 6.4 Factors influencing performance of ME composites -- 6.4.1 Nature of prominent phases -- 6.4.2 Geometrical configurations -- 6.4.3 Selection criteria for ME composites -- 6.5 Perovskite structure-based ME materials -- 6.5.1 Pb-based composites -- 6.5.2 Green ME composites -- 6.5.2.1 Barium titanate-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.2 Bismuth ferrite-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.3 Potassium niobate-based composites -- 6.6 Applications of ME composites -- 6.6.1 ME nanoparticles in nanomedicine -- 6.6.2 Energy harvesters -- 6.6.3 Magnetic sensors -- 6.7 Future directions -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Spectroscopic parameters of red emitting Eu3 +-doped La2Ba3B4O12 phosphor for display and forensic applicatio ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis and characterization of prepared phosphor -- 7.2.1 Materials and methods -- 7.2.2 Experimental details -- 7.3 Results and discussion -- 7.3.1 Phase identification and structural refinement -- 7.3.2 FTIR analysis of prepared LBBO:Eu3 + phosphors -- 7.3.3 Morphology -- 7.3.4 PL excitation and emission spectra for LBBO doped with Eu3 + -- 7.3.4.1 PL excitation studies of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- Charge-transfer (CT) transition -- 7.3.4.2 Emission transitions of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- 7.3.4.3 Concentration quenching -- 7.4 Fingerprint detection in different materials -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 8 Perovskite's potential functionality in a composite structure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure of perovskites -- 8.2.1 Structure of LaCrO3 -- 8.2.2 Structure of LaFeO3 -- 8.3 Methods of synthesis -- 8.3.1 Pechini method -- 8.3.2 Conventional method -- 8.3.3 Citrate method -- 8.3.4 Oxalate method -- 8.3.5 Microwave-aided method -- 8.3.6 Combustion method -- 8.3.7 Sol-gel method -- 8.3.8 Solid-state oxide reaction method -- 8.3.9 Coprecipitation method -- 8.3.10 Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) -- 8.3.11 Polymer precursor method -- 8.4 Applications of perovskite oxides -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Compositional engineering of perovskite materials -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis methods for the compositional engineering -- 9.2.1 Solid-state reaction -- 9.2.2 Wet chemical methods -- 9.2.2.1 The chemical coprecipitation methods include two typical strategies -- 9.2.2.2 The sol-gel method -- 9.2.3 Hydrothermal synthesis method -- 9.3 Compositional engineering in BiFeO3-based perovskites -- 9.4 Compositional engineering in bismuth-layered perovskites -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Development of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) composites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of HOIPs -- 10.2.1 Development of ferroelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.1.1 1D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.2 2D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.3 3D-HOIPs -- 10.2.2 Development of dielectric HOIPs -- 10.2.3 Development of piezoelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.4 Development of pyroelectric HOIPs -- 10.3 Development in electrochemical and photovoltaic behavior of HOIPs -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Progress in efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices in high reactive environments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Progress in efficiency -- 11.3 Progress in stability. , 11.3.1 Factors affecting stability -- 11.3.1.1 Effect of oxygen and moisture -- 11.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature -- 11.3.1.3 Effect of illumination -- 11.3.1.4 Other factors -- 11.4 Summary and future scope -- References -- 12 Enhancement of photoluminescence/phosphorescence properties of Eu3 +-doped Gd2Zr2O7 phosphor -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experimental -- 12.3 Results and discussion -- 12.3.1 X-ray diffraction analysis -- 12.3.2 SEM images of phosphor -- 12.3.3 Photoluminescence studies of pure and Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4 PL studies of Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4.1 CIE coordinate -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications -- 13.1 Introduction and general features -- 13.2 Perovskite and perovskite structure -- 13.3 Three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites -- 13.3.1 Gold Schmidt's and tolerance factor concept -- 13.4 Low-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid layered halide perovskites -- 13.4.1 Dimensionality -- 13.4.2 Two-dimensional perovskite system -- 13.5 Double perovskite structure -- 13.6 Hybrid halide double perovskite -- 13.7 Applications -- 13.7.1 Electronic applications (photovoltaic and solar cells) -- 13.7.2 Optoelectronic applications -- 13.7.2.1 Light-emitting diode -- 13.7.2.2 Lasers -- 13.7.2.3 Photodetectors -- 13.7.2.4 Water-splitting -- 13.7.2.5 Field effect transistors -- 13.8 Conclusion -- 13.9 Vision for the future -- References -- 14 Hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices: Architecture and fabrication methods based on solution-processed metal oxide tr ... -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Electron transport layer (ETL) -- 14.1.2 Hole transport layer (HTL) -- 14.2 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References. , 15 Composite perovskite-based material for chemical-looping steam methane reforming to hydrogen and syngas.

Note: Front Cover -- Nanomaterials-based Electrochemical Sensors: Properties, Applications, and Recent Advances -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction: nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Voltammetric methods -- 1.3 Cyclic voltammetry -- 1.4 Differential pulse voltammetry -- 1.5 Square wave voltammetry -- 1.6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 1.7 Electronic tongue: concepts, principles, and applications -- 1.8 Future prospects -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Nanomaterial properties and applications -- 2.1 Nanomaterials -- 2.2 History -- 2.3 Nanomaterial type -- 2.3.1 According to their dimension -- 2.3.2 According to origin -- 2.3.3 According to chemical composition -- 2.3.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 2.4 Metal nanomaterials -- 2.4.1 Bimetallic nanomaterials -- 2.5 Metal oxide nanomaterials -- 2.5.1 Composite nanomaterials -- 2.5.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 2.5.3 Silicates -- 2.6 Properties of nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Optical properties -- 2.6.2 Electronics properties -- 2.6.3 Mechanical Properties -- 2.6.4 Magnetic properties -- 2.6.5 Thermal properties -- 2.6.6 Physiochemical properties -- 2.7 Application -- 2.7.1 As a chemical catalyst -- 2.7.2 In food and agriculture -- 2.7.3 In energy harvesting -- 2.7.4 In medication and drug -- 2.7.5 Applications in electronics -- 2.7.6 In mechanical industries -- 2.7.7 In the environment -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.2.1 Electron Microscopy -- 3.2.1.1 Transmission electron microscope -- 3.2.1.2 Scanning electron microscope -- 3.2.2 Dynamic light scattering -- 3.2.2.1 Correlation function -- 3.2.3 Atomic force microscope -- 3.2.4 X-ray diffraction -- 3.2.5 Zeta potential instrument. , 3.2.6 Emmett, Brunauer, and Teller or surface area -- 3.2.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 3.2.8 Thermogravimetric analysis -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Nanomaterials -- 4.1.2 Effect of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials on toxicity -- 4.2 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on humans and animals -- 4.3 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on microorganisms -- 4.4 Toxic effects of nanoparticles on plants -- 4.5 Assessment of toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.5.1 Cytotoxic assays -- 4.5.1.1 5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay -- 4.5.1.2 Reactive oxygen species/oxidative assays -- 4.5.1.3 Neutral red uptake assay -- 4.5.1.4 Apoptosis assay -- 4.5.2 Genotoxicity/mutagenicity assays -- 4.5.2.1 In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test -- 4.5.2.2 In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the Hprt and xprt Genes -- 4.5.2.3 In vitro mammalian micronucleus test -- 4.5.3 In vivo assessment of nanomaterials -- 4.5.3.1 Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test -- 4.5.3.2 Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (OECD 474-TG) -- 4.5.4 In silico models -- 4.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Electrochemical sensors and their types -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Electroanalytical chemistry -- 5.1.1.1 Electroanalytical techniques -- 5.1.1.2 Recent developments in detection techniques -- 5.1.1.3 Advantages -- 5.1.1.4 Improvements needed -- 5.1.2 Sensors -- 5.1.2.1 Ideal sensor -- 5.1.2.2 Chemical sensors -- 5.1.2.3 Types of chemical sensors -- 5.1.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.1 Construction of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.2 Advantages of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.3 Types of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.4 Cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.4.1 Basic principle of cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.5 Applications of electrochemical sensors. , 5.1.6 Electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions -- 5.1.6.1 General experimental setup -- 5.1.7 Carbon-based electrode materials -- 5.1.7.1 Glassy carbon electrodes -- 5.1.7.2 Chemically modified electrodes -- 5.1.7.3 Material used for chemical modification of a glassy carbon electrode -- 5.2 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Electrochemical sensors and nanotechnology -- Objectives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nanotechnology -- 6.2.1 Drug delivery -- 6.2.2 Nanofilms -- 6.2.3 Water filtration -- 6.2.4 Nanotubes -- 6.2.5 Nanoscale transistors -- 6.2.6 Nanorobots -- 6.2.7 Nanotechnology and space -- 6.2.8 Nanotechnology in electronics: nanoelectronics -- 6.2.9 Nanotechnology in medicine -- 6.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.1 Carbonaceous materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.2 Metal-derived materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.3 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.4 Nanosensing technology -- 6.5 Challenges -- 6.6 Future perspective -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Sensing methodology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Advancements in nanotechnology -- 7.1.2 Development of nanomaterials -- 7.1.3 2-Dimensional nanomaterials -- 7.2 Sensing methodology -- 7.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors -- 7.2.2 Electrochemical sensors -- 7.3 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for biomedical applications -- 7.3.1 Types of nanotechnologies used in the medical field -- 7.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes -- 7.3.1.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 7.3.1.3 Nanotubes -- 7.4 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors for tumor cell diagnosis -- 7.4.1 Nanoshells and quantum dots -- 7.4.2 Electrochemical biosensor in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.3 Electrochemical immunosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.4 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.5 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental applications. , 7.5.1 Sensor applications for pollution detection and environmental contaminants -- 7.5.1.1 Emerging contaminants and toxic gases -- 7.5.1.2 Screen-printed electrodes -- 7.5.1.3 Nanowires -- 7.5.2 Electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detection -- 7.5.2.1 Components and working of electrochemical sensors -- 7.5.2.2 Configurations of electrochemical sensors -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Fabrication of biosensors -- 8.1 Introduction to biosensors -- 8.2 Components of biosensors -- 8.3 Biosensor transducers -- 8.3.1 Optical biosensors -- 8.3.2 Piezoelectric biosensors -- 8.3.3 Calorimetric biosensors -- 8.4 Electrochemical biosensor -- 8.4.1 Potentiometric biosensors -- 8.4.2 Amperometric biosensors -- 8.5 Electrode fabrication technologies -- 8.5.1 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based biosensors -- 8.5.1.1 Coating-based methods -- 8.5.1.2 Deposition-based methods of biosensor fabrication -- 8.5.1.3 Printing-based methods -- 8.6 Direct growth -- 8.7 Self-powered implantable biosensor -- 8.7.1 Glucose detection -- 8.8 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 9 Metal oxide and their sensing applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Metal-oxides-based chemical sensors -- 9.1.2 Metal oxides-based biosensors -- 9.2 Overview of metal oxides for different applications -- 9.2.1 ZnO-based sensors -- 9.2.2 Indium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.3 Nickel oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.4 Titanium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.5 Copper oxides-based sensors -- 9.2.6 Tin oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.7 Cerium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.8 Iron oxide-based sensors -- 9.3 Different sensing techniques for sensing applications -- 9.3.1 Electrochemical sensing technique -- 9.3.1.1 Cyclic voltammetry -- 9.3.1.2 Linear sweep voltammetry -- 9.3.1.3 Amperometry -- 9.3.1.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 9.3.2 Colorimetric technique. , 9.3.3 Fluorescence technique -- 9.3.4 Quartz crystal microbalance technique -- 9.3.5 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique -- 9.3.5.1 Electromagnetic process -- 9.3.5.2 Chemical process -- 9.4 Electrochemical sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.5 Colorimetric and fluorometric sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.6 Fluorescent and chemiluminescent sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.7 Issues and drawbacks -- 9.8 Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 10 RFID sensors based on nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nanomaterials for RFID sensors -- 10.3 Inkjet printing of nanomaterial-based RFID sensors -- 10.4 Applications of RFID nanosensors -- 10.4.1 Energy -- 10.4.2 Food industry -- 10.4.3 Biomedical applications -- 10.4.4 Structural health -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Components of electrochemical sensors -- 11.2.1 Hydrophobic membrane -- 11.2.2 Electrodes -- 11.2.3 Electrolyte -- 11.2.4 Filters -- 11.3 Working principle of electrochemical sensors -- 11.4 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor -- 11.4.1 Magnetic nanomaterials -- 11.4.2 Polymer -- 11.4.3 Metal oxide -- 11.4.4 Noble metals -- 11.4.4.1 Gold nanoparticles -- 11.4.4.2 Silver nanoparticles -- 11.4.5 Carbon nanotubes -- 11.4.5.1 Graphene -- 11.5 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.5.1 In Metabolite -- 11.5.1.1 Glucose -- 11.5.2 Body fluid ketones -- 11.5.3 Recognition of H2O2 from breast cancer cells -- 11.5.4 Quantitation of neurochemicals -- 11.5.5 Electrochemical detection of antibiotics in biological samples -- 11.5.6 Measurement of biomolecules -- 11.5.7 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in human beings -- 11.5.8 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in plants. , 11.5.9 Electrochemical sensors for detecting pathogens.