Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About this Book -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Shipping and the Environment -- Abstract -- 1.1Man and the Sea -- 1.2Ships and Shipping -- 1.2.1 The Infrastructure: Fairways, Canals and Ports -- 1.2.2 Marine Spatial Planning -- 1.2.3 What Types of Cargo Are Transported by Ships, and Where Is the Cargo Transported? -- 1.3Sustainability and Shipping -- 1.3.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development -- 1.3.2 What Is an Environmental Concern? -- 1.3.3 Ecosystem Services -- 1.3.4 Planetary Boundaries -- 1.3.5 Resilience Thinking -- 1.4Ships and Their Environmental Impacts -- 1.4.1 A Ship's Life Cycle -- 1.4.2 The Hull and Ship Structure -- 1.4.3 The Propulsion System -- 1.4.3.1 Ship Resistance -- 1.4.3.2 Propulsors -- 1.4.3.3 Transmission Components -- 1.4.3.4 The Prime Mover -- 1.4.3.5 Oil Spills -- 1.4.4 Hotel Facilities -- 1.4.5 Auxiliary Systems -- 1.5Sustainability Challenges for the Maritime Industry -- References -- 2 The Natural Environment and Human Impacts -- Abstract -- 2.1The Hydrosphere -- 2.1.1 Hydrological Cycle---The Water Cycle -- 2.1.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Water -- 2.1.2.1 Water as a Solvent -- 2.1.2.2 Water Composition -- 2.1.2.3 Density and Stratification -- 2.1.2.4 Properties of Oceanic Water Affecting Organisms -- 2.1.3 Oceanography -- 2.2The Atmosphere -- 2.2.1 The Structure and the Composition of the Atmosphere -- 2.2.2 Radiation and Energy Budgets -- 2.2.2.1 Greenhouse Effect -- 2.2.2.2 Albedo Effect -- 2.2.2.3 Ozone Layer -- 2.2.3 Weather and Climate -- 2.3The Geosphere -- 2.4The Biosphere -- 2.4.1 Primary Production and Food Chains -- 2.4.2 Living in Sea Water---Implications for Marine Organisms -- 2.5Biogeochemical Cycles -- 2.5.1 The Sulphur Cycle -- 2.5.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 2.5.3 The Carbon Cycle. , 2.6Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Fossil Energy Sources -- 2.6.2 Renewable Energy Sources -- 2.7Human Impacts and Environmental Issues -- 2.7.1 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 2.7.2 Loss of Biodiversity -- 2.7.3 Chemical Pollution and the Release of Novel Entities -- 2.7.3.1 Uptake of Pollutants in Organisms -- 2.7.3.2 Effects of Pollutants -- 2.7.4 Climate Change -- 2.7.5 Ocean Acidification -- 2.7.6 Freshwater Consumption and the Global Hydrological Cycle -- 2.7.7 Land System Change -- 2.7.8 Alteration of Biogeochemical Flows -- 2.7.8.1 Eutrophication -- 2.7.8.2 Acidification of Soil and Freshwater -- 2.7.9 Air Pollution -- 2.7.9.1 Atmospheric Aerosol Loading -- 2.7.9.2 Ground-Level Ozone -- 2.8Summary -- References -- 3 Regulating Pollution from Ships -- Abstract -- 3.1A Short History of the Regulation of Ship Operations -- 3.2The History of the Regulation of Pollution from Ships -- 3.3The Legal Framework for Regulating Pollution from Ships -- 3.3.1 An Introduction to the International Law Context -- 3.3.2 An Introduction to the Law of the Sea Context -- 3.3.2.1 Legislative and Enforcement Jurisdiction -- 3.3.2.2 Flag State, Coastal State and Port State -- 3.3.2.3 Marine Spaces and their Division into Maritime Zones -- 3.3.2.4 Regulating Marine Pollution from Ships in Different Maritime Zones -- 3.3.3 Links Between the LOSC and the Role of IMO in the Regulation of Pollution from Ships -- 3.3.4 An Introduction to MARPOL 73/78 and its Annexes -- 3.3.5 Other International Agreements Regulating Pollution from Ships -- 3.3.5.1 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships -- 3.3.5.2 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments -- 3.3.5.3 Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. , 3.3.5.4 Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks -- 3.4The Role of IMO in the Regulation of Pollution from Ships -- 3.4.1 Functions and Structure -- 3.4.2 An Overview of Actors at IMO -- 3.4.2.1 Member States -- 3.4.2.2 Inter-Governmental Organisations -- 3.4.2.3 Non-Governmental Organisations -- 3.5An Introduction to the Crafting of International Agreements -- 3.5.1 Basic International Agreement Terminology -- 3.5.2 The Crafting of IMO Conventions on Pollution from Ships -- 3.5.2.1 Preparatory Work and Adoption Procedures -- 3.5.2.2 Entry into Force and Amendments -- References -- Part II Environmental Impacts -- 4 Discharges to the Sea -- Abstract -- 4.1Oil -- 4.1.1 Discharges of Oil from Shipping -- 4.1.1.1 Accidents/Groundings -- 4.1.1.2 Marine Governance and Regulations -- 4.1.1.3 Operational Discharges -- 4.1.1.4 Bilge Water -- 4.1.1.5 Shipwrecks -- 4.1.1.6 Leisure Boating -- 4.1.1.7 Propeller shaft bearings -- 4.1.1.8 Illegal discharges -- 4.1.2 Behaviour of Oil Spills -- 4.1.3 Impacts of Oil -- 4.1.4 Costs Related to Petroleum Contamination -- 4.1.4.1 Clean-up Costs -- 4.1.4.2 Socioeconomic Costs -- 4.1.4.3 Environmental Costs -- 4.2Wastewater -- 4.2.1 Origin and Characteristics of the Wastewater Streams -- 4.2.1.1 Passenger Ships and Pleasure Crafts -- 4.2.2 Environmental Effects -- 4.2.3 Regulations -- 4.3Fouling, Ship Hull Penalties and Antifouling Paint -- 4.3.1 Antifouling Paints -- 4.3.1.1 Tributyltin (TBT) -- 4.3.1.2 Copper -- 4.3.2 Non-metal-Based Booster Biocides -- 4.3.2.1 Irgarol 1051 -- 4.3.2.2 Diuron -- 4.3.2.3 DCOIT -- 4.3.3 Metal-Based Booster Biocides -- 4.3.4 Regulations -- 4.4Ballast Water -- 4.4.1 Background and History -- 4.4.2 Ecosystem Impacts -- 4.4.3 Estimated Costs and Societal Impacts -- 4.4.4 Human Health Impacts -- 4.4.4.1 Vibrio cholera -- 4.4.4.2 Toxins in Shellfish -- 4.4.5 Regulations. , 4.4.6 Ballast Water Exchange -- 4.5Marine Litter -- 4.5.1 Impacts of Marine Litter -- 4.5.1.1 Entanglement -- 4.5.1.2 Ingestion -- 4.5.2 Economic Consequences -- 4.5.3 Regulations -- References -- 5 Emissions to the Air -- Abstract -- 5.1Marine Diesel Engines and Emission Formation -- 5.1.1 Marine Diesel Engines -- 5.1.2 Combustion Process in Diesel Engines -- 5.1.3 Thermochemistry Related to Combustion in Diesel Engines -- 5.2Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) -- 5.2.1 Sources -- 5.2.1.1 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.2.1.2 Methane -- 5.2.1.3 Nitrous Oxide -- 5.2.1.4 Halocarbons -- 5.2.2 Human and Environmental Implications -- 5.2.3 Regulations -- 5.3Sulphur Oxides -- 5.3.1 Sources -- 5.3.2 Transboundary Impacts -- 5.3.3 Regulations -- 5.4Nitrogen Oxides -- 5.4.1 Formation -- 5.4.2 Human and Environmental Implications -- 5.4.3 Regulations -- 5.5Particles -- 5.5.1 Formation -- 5.5.1.1 In the Engine -- 5.5.1.2 In the Plume and Atmosphere -- 5.5.2 Human and Environmental Implications -- 5.5.3 Regulation -- 5.6Volatile Organic Compounds -- 5.6.1 Sources -- 5.6.2 Human and Environmental Implications -- 5.6.3 Regulations -- 5.7Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)---Refrigerants -- 5.7.1 Sources -- 5.7.2 Human and Environmental Implications -- 5.7.3 Regulations -- References -- 6 Anthropogenic Noise -- Abstract -- 6.1Noise -- 6.1.1 Underwater Noise -- 6.1.1.1 Types of Sounds/Sources -- 6.1.1.2 Organisms Affected and Impacts -- 6.1.1.3 Regulations -- 6.1.2 Noise from Port Areas -- 6.1.2.1 Regulations -- References -- 7 Infrastructure, Marine Spatial Planning and Shipwrecks -- Abstract -- 7.1Ports -- 7.2Fairways and Canals -- 7.3Dredging -- 7.4Ship Construction and Scrapping -- 7.4.1 Design Phase -- 7.4.2 Manufacturing Phase and Shipyards -- 7.4.3 Operational Phase -- 7.4.4 Scrapping of Ships -- 7.4.5 Regulations -- 7.5Shipwrecks -- 7.5.1 Regulations. , 7.6Marine Spatial Planning -- 7.6.1 Regulations -- References -- Part III Pollution Prevention Measures -- 8 Environmental Management -- Abstract -- 8.1What Is Environmental Management? -- 8.2Strategies in Environmental Management -- 8.3Environmental Management Systems and Standards -- 8.4Environmental Reporting and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRIGlobal Reporting Initiative) -- References -- 9 Methods and Tools for Environmental Assessment -- Abstract -- 9.1Principles of Systems Analysis -- 9.2Environmental Systems Analysis -- 9.3Procedural Tools -- 9.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) -- 9.3.2 Scenario Analysis -- 9.3.3 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 9.3.4 Risk Management -- 9.4Analytical Tools -- 9.4.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 9.4.2 Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) -- 9.4.3 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) -- 9.4.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) -- 9.4.5 Life Cycle Costing (LCC) -- 9.5Aggregated Tools -- 9.5.1 Indicators -- 9.5.2 Indices -- 9.5.3 Footprints -- References -- 10 Energy Efficiency and Fuel Changes to Reduce Environmental Impacts -- Abstract -- 10.1Energy Efficiency Potential and the Energy Efficiency Gap -- 10.2Improving Energy Efficiency from a Design Perspective -- 10.2.1 Reducing Ship Energy Requirements -- 10.2.1.1 Propulsion Energy -- 10.2.1.2 Auxiliary Energy -- 10.2.2 Improving the Energy Efficiency of Converters and Transmitters -- 10.2.2.1 Improvements in Diesel Engine Technology -- 10.2.2.2 Fuel Cells -- 10.2.2.3 Electric Power Integration -- 10.2.2.4 Harvesting Waste Energy -- 10.2.2.5 Systems Integration -- 10.2.3 Using Additional Renewable Energy Sources -- 10.2.3.1 Wind Propulsion -- 10.2.3.2 Solar Energy -- 10.3Improving Energy Efficiency from an Operational Perspective -- 10.3.1 The Assessed Potential. , 10.3.2 The Role of Ship Speed.

Note: Description based upon print version of record