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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a region from the human cholinergic gene locus that targets expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter to a subset of neurons in the medial habenular nucleus in transgenic mice (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 87 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We use a transgenic mouse model system to elucidate the regulatory regions within the human cholinergic gene locus responsible for vesicular acetylcholine transporter gene expression in vivo. In this report we characterized two transgenes for their ability to confer cholinergic-specific expression of the encoded vesicular acetylcholine transporter. An 11.2 kb transgene (named hV11.2) that spanned from about 5 kb upstream of the start of vesicular acetylcholine transporter translation down to the first choline acetyltransferase coding exon gave expression in the somatomotor neurons and a subpopulation of cholinergic neurons in the medial habenular nucleus. The second transgene (named hV6.7), a 5-prime truncated version of hV11.2 that was devoid of 4.5 kb of gene-regulatory sequences completely lacked vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression in vivo. Our data indicate that vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression in somatomotor neurons and in the medial habenular nucleus is uniquely specified within the cholinergic gene locus, and separable from cholinergic expression elsewhere. The identification of these two subdivisions of the cholinergic nervous system suggests that other cholinergic neurons in the CNS and PNS are similarly regulated by additional discrete domains within the cholinergic gene locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02095.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Tachykinin Neuroimmune Connection in Inflammatory Pain (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 632 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33116.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain virus burden and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase expression during lentiviral infection of rhesus monkey are concomitantly lowered by 6-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Increased kynurenine pathway metabolism has been implicated in the aetiology of lentiviral encephalopathy. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) initiates the increased production of kynurenine pathway metabolites like quinolinic acid (QUIN). QUIN itself is elevated in AIDS-diseased monkey and human brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid at levels excitotoxic for neurons in vitro. This study investigates the cellular origin of IDO biosynthesis in the brain of rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and explores the effects of CNS-permeant antiretroviral treatment. IDO transcript and protein were absent from the brain of non-infected and SIV-infected asymptomatic monkeys. IDO biosynthesis was induced in the brain of monkeys exhibiting AIDS. Nodule and multinucleated giant cell-forming macrophages were the main sources of IDO synthesis. Treatment with the lipophilic 6-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine suppressed IDO expression in the brain of AIDS-diseased monkeys. The effectiveness of this treatment was confirmed by the reduction of virus burden and SIV-induced perivascular infiltrates, mononuclear nodules and multinucleated giant cells. Our data demonstrate that brain IDO biosynthesis is induced in a subset of monocyte-derived cells, depends on viral burden and is susceptible to antiretroviral treatment. Thus, IDO induction is associated with reversible overt inflammatory events localized to areas of active viral replication in the SIV-infected brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03404.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIDS and the Central Nervous System: Examining Pathobiology and Testing Therapeutic Strategies in the SIV-Infected Rhesus Monkey (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 693 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26271.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential distribution of neuronal markers and neuropeptides in the human lacrimal gland (1996)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 234 (1996), S. 232-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract • Background: The present study was untertaken in an attempt to broaden the spectrum of known neuronal markers and neuropeptides in the main lacrimal gland of the human by light-microscopic immunohistochemistry. • Methods: Using antisera against the neuronal markers protein gene product (PGP) and S-100 protein (S-100), the distribution of nerve fibers in the human main lacrimal gland was studied. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were identified by their specific antisera. • Results: The nerve fibers are distributed throughout the interstice between the glandular tubules. Associations were also found between nerve fibers and both the interlobular ductal system and blood vessels (mainly arterioles). Within the glandular lobules isolated groups of secretory cells stained positive for S-100 protein. Nerve fibers situated in the glandular interstice between the tubules showed predominantly positive immunoreactions for the neuropeptide VIP, while only very few fibers stained positive for CGRP, NPY and the catecholamine marker TH. Nerve fibers associated with interlobular blood vessels were mainly CGRP and NPY positive and stained only very rarely for VIP. The epithelia of interlobular ducts and excretory ducts were associated with CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. • Conclusion: The neuropeptides identified in the lacrimal gland indicate the complexity with which a variety of biologic signals regulate and modulate the lacrimal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) immunoreactive nerves in inflamed appendix (1995)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 40 (1995), S. 366-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: appendix ; innervation ; chronic and acute inflammation ; pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The existence of chronic appendicitis is controversial. In this prospective study, we investigated possible changes in the innervation of the appendix under different pathological conditions and correlated histological findings with clinical observation. Thirty appendectomy specimens and 14 appendices obtained from organ donors or patients who underwent right hemicolectomy were immediately fixed in Bouin's solution and processed for immunocytochemistry using an antiserum directed against the panneuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). The density of PGP 9.5 immunostaining was evaluated by digitized morphometry. Significant differences in the density of the PGP 9.5-immunoreactive area were detected in the mucosal layer. In the nonacute appendicitis group, PGP 9.5 was increased (10.99±3.15%) as compared to acute appendicitis (3.89±1.77%) and controls (4.98±1.25%). The significant increase of PGP 9.5 in nonacute appendicitis may suggest axonal sprouting leading to hyperinnervation of the mucosa. This may be a neuronal factor in the pathophysiology of the disease and pain symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065423
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in pulmonary calcitonin gene-related peptide and protein gene product 9.5 innervation in rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 283 (1996), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Lung ; Neuro-immune link ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Protein gene product 9.5 ; Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mycoplasma pulmonis ; Rat (Lew/Ztm)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and polyneural protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) in hilar peribronchial innervation was investigated by immunohistochemistry in specific pathogen-free rats chronically infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis. Image analysis of immunostained sections revealed a reduction of approximately 62% in the amount of CGRP- and PGP-immunoreactive innervation of the peribronchial area in the infected animals. The portion of the total bronchial perimeter occupied by bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue was increased six-fold. The decrease in the CGRP-immunoreactive area could be the result either of an enhanced CGRP release or of a loss of nerve fibres. The decrease in the PGP-immunoreactive fibres indicates a degenerative loss of nerves. Increased bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and decreased bronchial innervation by neurons releasing the immunomodulatory neuropeptide CGRP might both contribute to the pathophysiology and symptoms of mycoplasmosis in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050532
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactivity in spinal cord and in primary sensory neurons of spinal and trigeminal ganglia of guinea-pig: correlation with tachykinin immunoreactivity* (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 387-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic factor ; Tachykinins ; Spinal cord ; Primary sensory afferents ; Spinal ganglia ; Trigeminal ganglia ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a cardiac hormone with various functions in body homeostasis. It is also processed in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system where it appears to play a role as a neuromodulator. Little is known about the presence of ANF throughout the spinal cord of the guinea-pig. We therefore examined the distribution of ANF and its possible interrelation with primary sensory afferents in this species. Using enzyme- and fluorescence-immunohistochemistry on deparaffinized sections, ANF-like immunoreactivity was found to be present in nerve fibers in laminae I/II of the spinal cord and in neurons of spinal and trigeminal ganglia. Tachykinins and ANF coexisted in very few fibers of the spinal cord but did not coexist in primary sensory spinal or trigeminal neurons. Our results indicate that spinal ANF-immunoreactive fibers are of dual origin, primary sensory and non-primary sensory. The possibly heterogeneous source of the non-primary sensory ANF, its possible coexistence with other co-transmitters and functional implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239459
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and coexistence of chromogranin A-, serotonin-and pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity in endocrine-like cells of the human anal canal (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anal canal ; Diffuse neuroendocrine system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Chromogranin A ; Serotonin ; Pancreastatin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The comparative distribution and coexistence of chromogranin A (CGA)-, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)- and pancreastatin (PST)-like immunoreactivity in endocrine-like cells of the human anal canal was investigated by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The largest population of colorectal endocrine-like cells consisted of CGA-immunoreactive (ir) cells, followed by the 5-HT-ir and PST-ir cell population. In the anal transitional zone (ATZ), CGA-and 5-HT-immunoreactivity was equally distributed; ir-PST was confined to a smaller endocrine-like cell population. In the squamous zone and the perianal skin, Merkel cells in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles exhibited ir-CGA and ir-PST but no ir-5-HT. Double immunofluorescence on identical sections revealed distinct coexistence patterns. In the colorectal zone, about 2/3 of the CGA-ir endocrine-like cells also stained for 5-HT, whereas in the ATZ epithelium, CGA- and 5-HT-immunoreactivity completely overlapped. No 5-HT-immunoreactivity could be detected in CGA-ir Merkel cells of the squamous zone of the anal canal and the perianal skin. PST-immunoreactivity was present in about 1/3 of the CGA-ir colorectal and anal transitional endocrine-like cells and in about 1/4 of the Merkel-cell population staining for CGA. These chemically heterogeneous phenotypes of the anal endocrine-like and Merkel cells may reflect a specific regulatory role of these cells in the various epithelial linings of the human anal canal and the perianal skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338059
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distinct gene expression of the pro-hormone convertases in the rat heart suggests potential substrates (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 539-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pro-hormone convertases ; Cardiovascular tissues ; Pro-atrial natriuretic factor ; Pro-endothelin ; Processing ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the distribution of the pro-hormone convertases PC1, PC2, furin, PACE4 and PC5 in the rat heart. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from cardiac tissues showed high levels of furin and PACE4 mRNA in the atria and ventricles, while PC5 mRNA was found to be expressed at high levels in the dorsal aorta. Although undetectable by Northern blot analysis, both PC1 and PC2 mRNA were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in discrete regions of the intracardiac para-aortic ganglia. In situ hybridization studies also showed that furin mRNA was observed in all cardiac tissues and cells, consistent with the previously reported ubiquitous expression of this gene. PACE4 mRNA was highly abundant in both the atria and ventricular cardiomyocytes, with low to undetectable levels observed in blood vessels. Finally, PC5 transcripts were expressed in the endothelial cells lining coronary vessels and the valve leaflets of the heart. The present localization studies in the heart and cardiac blood vessels suggests potential roles for each convertase in the processing of various neuropeptides, hormones and growth factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318166
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