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  • 1
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    (Supplement Table 1) Individual measurements of prosome length, dry weight and lipid sacs (length, width, area) in arctic calanoid copepods (2010)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Vogedes, Daniel; Varpe, Øystein; Søreide, Janne E; Graeve, Martin; Berge, J; Falk-Petersen, Stig (2010): Lipid sac area as a proxy for individual lipid content of arctic calanoid copepods. Journal of Plankton Research, 32(10), 1471-1477, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq068
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: We present an accurate, fast, simple and non-destructive photographic method to estimate wax ester and lipid content in single individuals of the calanoid copepod genus Calanus and test this method against gas-chromatographic lipid measurements.
    Keywords: Area in square milimeter; Dry mass per individual; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Length; Life stage; Lipids; Lipids per individual; MULT; Multiple investigations; ORDINAL NUMBER; Percentage; Prosome, length; Svalbard; Wax esters; Wax esters per individual; Width
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 542 data points
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  • 2
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    Lipids, fatty acids, and δ13C values in fatty acids measured in Arctic zooplankton and ice amphipod species during polar day (June and July) and polar night (January) in 2017/2018 (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: This dataset consists of lipid analysis, fatty acid analysis, and compound specific stable isotope analysis of δ13C values in fatty acids. These parameters were measured in three pelagic zooplankton (Calanus glacialis, Thysanoessa inermis, and Themisto libellula) and two sea-ice associated amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Gammarus wilkitzkii). Zooplankton and ice-associated amphipods were collected on the R/V Polarstern PS106/1 (23 May - 21 June 2017) and PS106/2 (23 June - 20 July 2017) campaigns and on two R/V Helmer Hanssen polar night campaigns (4 - 16 January 2017 and 5 - 18 January 2018). See document details for the different types of gear used, which included Multinets, pelagic trawls, Surface Underwater Ice Trawls, and ROV nets. Organisms were collected north of Svalbard, the Barents Sea, and within the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Lipid class analysis was conducted using high performance liquid chromatography. Extracted lipids were converted into fatty acid methyl esters, and quantified (via an internal standard) using an Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph. Compound specific stable isotope ratios of fatty acid methyl esters (δ13C fa) were analyzed using a Trace Ultra gas chromatograph (GC), a GC Isolink system, and a Delta V Plus isotope ratios mass spectrometer, connected to a Conflo IV interface. The purpose of these measurements was to compare feeding activity between polar day (June/July) and polar night (January) in these five invertebrate species. Also, in light of recent research that there are higher levels of biological species activity during polar night than previously assumed, determine if these invertebrates were maintaining higher levels of activity on stored lipids, opportunistic feeding, or a combination of both.
    Keywords: (E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol; 12-methyl-Tetradecanoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: 12-methyltetradecanoic acid); 6,9,12,15-Hexadecatetraenoic acid of total fatty acids; 6,9,12-Hexadecatrienoic acid, δ13C; 6,9,12-Hexadecatrienoic acid of total fatty acids; 9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid, δ13C; 9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid of total fatty acids; Absolute lipid content; all-cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-13,16-Docosadienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-6,9,12,15-Octadecatetraenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-Docosapentaenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-8,11,14,17-Eicosatetraenoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-8,11,14,17-Eicosatetraenoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-8,11-Eicosasadienoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid of total fatty acids; all-cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, δ13C; all-cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid of total fatty acids; Analytical balance, KERN, ABT 500-5M; apherusa glacialis; Arctic; Arctic Ocean; ARK-XXXI/1.1,PASCAL; ARK-XXXI/1.2; Barents Sea; BONGO; Bongo net; Calanus glacialis; Calculated; cis-11-Docosenoic acid, δ13C; cis-11-Docosenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-11-Hexadecenoic acid, δ13C; cis-11-Hexadecenoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: (11Z)-hexadec-11-enoic acid); cis-11-Icosenoic acid, δ13C; cis-11-Icosenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-11-Octadecenoic acid, δ13C; cis-11-Octadecenoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: Octadec-11-enoic acid); cis-13-Docosenoic acid, δ13C; cis-13-Docosenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-13-Icosenoic acid, δ13C; cis-13-Icosenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, δ13C; cis-13-Octadecenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-15-Docosenoic acid, δ13C; cis-15-Docosenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-9-Heptadecenoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid, δ13C; cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid); cis-9-Icosanoic acid, δ13C; cis-9-Icosanoic acid of total fatty acids; cis-9-Octadecenoic acid, δ13C; cis-9-Octadecenoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: Octadec-9-enoic acid); CSIA; DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Date/time start; Depth, bathymetric; DEPTH, water; Depth comment; Docosanoic acid, δ13C; Event label; fatty acids; Fatty acids, free; Fatty alcohols; Gammarus wilkitzkii; Gas chromatograph, Agilent, 6890N; Gas chromatograph, Thermo Fisher Scientific, TRACE GC Ultra; coupled with Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Plus; Gear; Helmer Hanssen; Heneicosanoic acid, δ13C; Heptadecanoic acid, δ13C; Heptadecanoic acid of total fatty acids; Hexadecanoic acid, δ13C; Hexadecanoic acid of total fatty acids; High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, VWR, LaChrome Elite; coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), Sedere, SEDEX 75; ICE; Ice station; Icosanoic acid, δ13C; Icosanoic acid of total fatty acids; iso-Pentadecanoic acid of total fatty acids (IUPAC: 13-methyltetradecanoic acid); isotope analysis; LATITUDE; lipid classes; Lipids, total, per dry mass; LONGITUDE; Lyso-Phosphatidylcholines; Midwater Ring Net; Midwater trawl; MIK-N; MSN; Multiple opening/closing net; MWT; Name; Octadecanoic acid, δ13C; Octadecanoic acid of total fatty acids; Pentadecanoic acid, δ13C; Pentadecanoic acid of total fatty acids; Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phosphatidylinositol; Phosphatidylserine; PNC17; PNC17_NS10-146; PNC17_NS1-105; PNC17_NS1-95; PNC17_NS4-112; PNC17_NS4-113; PNC17_NS6-120; PNC17_NS6-127; PNC17_NS6-128; PNC17_NS6-129; PNC17_NS9-136; PNC17_NS9-138; PNC18; PNC18_B34-46; PNC18_B34-61; polar night; Polarstern; PS106_27-1; PS106_28-2; PS106_32-2; PS106_45-1; PS106_49-5; PS106_50-5; PS106_63-1; PS106_64-2; PS106_65-4; PS106_66-3; PS106_70-1; PS106_72-5; PS106_73-7; PS106_74-4; PS106_74-5; PS106_76-3; PS106_76-4; PS106_79-1; PS106_80-3; PS106_83-6; PS106/1; PS106/2; Rectangular midwater trawl; RMT; Sample, dry mass; Sample amount; Sample ID; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Station label; Sterols; SUIT; Surface and under ice trawl; sympagic fauna; Tetradecanoic acid, δ13C; Tetradecanoic acid of total fatty acids; Themisto libellula; Thysanoessa inermis; Triacylglycerols; Wax esters; WP2; WP-2 towed closing plankton net; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3159 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
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    Understanding Evolutionary Impacts of Seasonality: An Introduction to the Symposium (2017)
    In:  EPIC3Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57(5), pp. 921-933, ISSN: 1540-7063
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Seasonality is a critically important aspect of environmental variability, and strongly shapes all aspects of life for organisms living in highly seasonal environments. Seasonality has played a key role in generating biodiversity, and has driven the evolution of extreme physiological adaptations and behaviors such as migration and hibernation. Fluctuating selection pressures on survival and fecundity between summer and winter provide a complex selective landscape, which can be met by a combination of three outcomes of adaptive evolution: genetic polymorphism, phenotypic plasticity, and bet-hedging. Here, we have identified four important research questions with the goal of advancing our understanding of evolutionary impacts of seasonality. First, we ask how characteristics of environments and species will determine which adaptive response occurs. Relevant characteristics include costs and limits of plasticity, predictability, and reliability of cues, and grain of environmental variation relative to generation time. A second important question is how phenological shifts will amplify or ameliorate selection on physiological hardiness. Shifts in phenology can preserve the thermal niche despite shifts in climate, but may fail to completely conserve the niche or may even expose life stages to conditions that cause mortality. Considering distinct environmental sensitivities of life history stages will be key to refining models that forecast susceptibility to climate change. Third, we must identify critical physiological phenotypes that underlie seasonal adaptation and work toward understanding the genetic architectures of these responses. These architectures are key for predicting evolutionary responses. Pleiotropic genes that regulate multiple responses to changing seasons may facilitate coordination among functionally related traits, or conversely may constrain the expression of optimal phenotypes. Finally, we must advance our understanding of how changes in seasonal fluctuations are impacting ecological interaction networks. We should move beyond simple dyadic interactions, such as predator prey dynamics, and understand how these interactions scale up to affect ecological interaction networks. As global climate change alters many aspects of seasonal variability, including extreme events and changes in mean conditions, organisms must respond appropriately or go extinct. The outcome of adaptation to seasonality will determine responses to climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Feeding in Arctic darkness: mid-winter diet of the pelagic amphipods Themisto abyssorum and T. libellula (2012)
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The pelagic amphipods Themisto abyssorum and Themisto libellula represent important links between the herbivore zooplankton community and higher trophic levels of the Arctic marine food webs. Large double structured eyes of both of these hyperiid species are assumed to be used for visual prey detection. However, no information is available on the feeding strategies of these visually searching predators for the period of the polar night, a time of year with no or very low levels of daylight. Here, we report on the stomach and gut content of both Themisto species collected during a January expedition around Svalbard (78�° to 81�°N). Results indicate that T. abyssorum and T. libellula feed actively during the Arctic winter. The major food source of both amphipods consisted of calanoid copepods, most frequently Calanus finmarchicus.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Unexpected Levels of Biological Activity during the Polar Night Offer New Perspectives on a Warming Arctic (2015)
    In:  EPIC3Current Biology, 25(19), pp. 2555-2561, ISSN: 09609822
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The current understanding of Arctic ecosystems is deeply rooted in the classical view of a bottom-up controlled system with strong physical forcing and seasonality in primary-production regimes. Consequently, the Arctic polar night is commonly disregarded as a time of year when biological activities are reduced to a minimum due to a reduced food supply. Here, based upon a multidisciplinary ecosystem-scale study from the polar night at 79°N, we present an entirely different view. Instead of an ecosystem that has entered a resting state, we document a system with high activity levels and biological interactions across most trophic levels. In some habitats, biological diversity and presence of juvenile stages were elevated in winter months compared to the more productive and sunlit periods. Ultimately, our results suggest a different perspective regarding ecosystem function that will be of importance for future environmental management and decision making, especially at a time when Arctic regions are experiencing accelerated environmental change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Timing of Calanus finmarchicus diapause in stochastic environments (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bandara, K., Varpe, O., Maps, F., Ji, R., Eiane, K., & Tverberg, V. Timing of Calanus finmarchicus diapause in stochastic environments. Ecological Modelling, 460, (2021): 109739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109739.
    Description: In environments with strong seasonality, many herbivorous zooplankton remain active only during the productive season and undergo a period of inactivity and suppressed development termed ‘diapause’ during the unproductive season. The ability to time the diapause entry and exit in response to the seasonality of the environment is thus essential for their survival. However, timing of diapause may become challenging when environmental conditions vary stochastically across shorter and longer timescales, and particularly when zooplankton lack external cues to predict these variations. In this study, we used a novel individual-based model to study the emerging patterns of diapause timing of the high-latitude marine herbivorous copepod Calanus finmarchicus under shorter- (6-h) and longer-term (interannual) environmental stochasticity. The model simulated growth, development, survival and reproduction (income breeding) of a C. finmarchicus population over multiple calendar years and traced the emergence of behavioral responses and life history strategies. The emergent timing of diapause entry and exit were robust to shorter-term environmental stochasticity, which was manifested through morphological (i.e., body and energy reserve sizes) and behavioral plasticity (i.e., diel vertical migration). Longer-term stochastic variations of temperature and food environments altered the timing of diapause entry, which occurred earlier in warmer years with higher growth potential and vice versa. Irrespective of the modelled environmental variability, diapause exit occurred asynchronously throughout the year. This appeared to be a consequence of a diversified bet hedging strategy, where parents spread the starvation mortality risk of ascending to the upper pelagial at food-deprived times of the year among their offspring. This was a potent strategy, particularly in simulations where the timing of the algal bloom varied stochastically between years, since a fraction of the population was present in the upper pelagial year-round and those that coincided with the emergence of the pelagic primary production survived and produced the next generation.
    Description: This work was funded by the project GLIDER, financed by The Research Council of Norway Demo2000 and ConocoPhillips Norge (Grant no. 269188/E30).
    Keywords: Environmental heterogeneity ; Bet hedging ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Overwintering ; Oversummering ; Copepods
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016); 934–948, doi:10.1002/2015JC011183.
    Description: Previous observational studies have found increasing primary production (PP) in response to declining sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. In this study, under-ice PP was assessed based on three coupled ice-ocean-ecosystem models participating in the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) project. All models showed good agreement with under-ice measurements of surface chlorophyll-a concentration and vertically integrated PP rates during the main under-ice production period, from mid-May to September. Further, modeled 30-year (1980–2009) mean values and spatial patterns of sea ice concentration compared well with remote sensing data. Under-ice PP was higher in the Arctic shelf seas than in the Arctic Basin, but ratios of under-ice PP over total PP were spatially correlated with annual mean sea ice concentration, with higher ratios in higher ice concentration regions. Decreases in sea ice from 1980 to 2009 were correlated significantly with increases in total PP and decreases in the under-ice PP/total PP ratio for most of the Arctic, but nonsignificantly related to under-ice PP, especially in marginal ice zones. Total PP within the Arctic Circle increased at an annual rate of between 3.2 and 8.0 Tg C/yr from 1980 to 2009. This increase in total PP was due mainly to a PP increase in open water, including increases in both open water area and PP rate per unit area, and therefore much stronger than the changes in under-ice PP. All models suggested that, on a pan-Arctic scale, the fraction of under-ice PP declined with declining sea ice cover over the last three decades.
    Description: NASA Grant Number: NNX13AE81G; the NSF Office of Polar Programs Grant Number: (ARC-0968676, PLR-1417925, PLR-1417677 and PLR-1416920); the NASA Cryosphere Grant Number: (NNX12AB31G); Climate and Biological Response Grant Number: (NNX11AO91G)
    Description: 2016-07-27
    Keywords: Ecosystem modeling ; Sea ice ; Under-ice production ; Phenology ; Primary production ; Arctic Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    A high-resolution modeling study on diel and seasonal vertical migrations of high-latitude copepods (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecological Modelling 368 (2018): 357-376, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.010.
    Description: Despite diel and seasonal vertical migrations (DVM and SVM) of high-latitude zooplankton have been studied since the late-19th century, questions still remain about the influence of environmental seasonality on vertical migration, and the combined influence of DVM and SVM on zooplankton fitness. Toward addressing these, we developed a model for simulating DVM and SVM of high-latitude herbivorous copepods in high spatio-temporal resolution. In the model, a unique timing and amplitude of DVM and SVM and its ontogenetic trajectory were defined as a vertical strategy. Growth, survival and reproductive performances of numerous vertical strategies hardwired to copepods spawned in different times of the year were assessed by a fitness estimate, which was heuristically maximized by a Genetic Algorithm to derive the optimal vertical strategy for a given model environment. The modelled food concentration, temperature and visual predation risk had a significant influence on the observed vertical strategies. Under low visual predation risk, DVM was less pronounced, and SVM and reproduction occurred earlier in the season, where capital breeding played a significant role. Reproduction was delayed by higher visual predation risk, and copepods that spawned later in the season used the higher food concentrations and temperatures to attain higher growth, which was efficiently traded off for survival through DVM. Consequently, the timing of SVM did not change much from that predicted under lower visual predation risk, but the body and reserve sizes of overwintering stages and the importance of capital breeding diminished. Altogether, these findings emphasize the significance of DVM in environments with elevated visual predation risk and shows its contrasting influence on the phenology of reproduction and SVM, and moreover highlights the importance of conducting field and modeling work to study these migratory strategies in concert.
    Description: This project was funded by VISTA (project no. 6165), a basic research program in collaboration between The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Statoil. ØV received funding from the Fulbright Arctic Initiative.
    Keywords: Vertical migration ; Seasonality ; Phenology ; Optimization model ; Genetic algorithm ; Habitat choice
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    What we do in the dark: Prevalence of omnivorous feeding activity in Arctic zooplankton during polar night (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(8), pp. 1835-1851, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: During the productive polar day, zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods fulfill a critical role in energy transfer from primary producers to higher trophic-level species in Arctic marine ecosystems. Recent polar night studies on zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods suggest higher levels of biological activity than previously assumed. However, it is unknown if these invertebrates maintain polar night activity on stored lipids, opportunistic feeding, or a combination of both. To assess how zooplankton (copepods, amphipods, and krill) and sea-ice amphipods support themselves on seasonally varying resources, we studied their lipid classes, fatty acid compositions, and compound-specific stable isotopes of trophic biomarker fatty acids during polar day (June/July) and polar night (January). Lipid storage and fatty acid results confirm previously described dietary sources in all species during polar day. We found evidence of polar night feeding in all species, including shifts from herbivory to omnivory. Sympagic-, pelagic-, and Calanus spp.-derived carbon sources supported zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods in both seasons. We provide a first indication of polar night feeding of sea-ice amphipods in the pelagic realm.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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