Keywords:
Echolocation (Physiology).
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book offers a conceptual overview of what is known about biosonar in bats and odontocetes. Written by bat and odontocetes experts, it provides a unique insight that will help improve our understanding of biosonar in both animal groups.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (312 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781461491460
Series Statement:
Springer Handbook of Auditory Research Series ; v.51
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1781989
DDC:
599.4
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface 1992 -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Biosonar of Bats and Toothed Whales: An Overview -- 1.1 Why Bats and Toothed Whales Together? -- 1.2 An Overview of the Volume -- 1.3 Volume Dedication -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Sonar Signals of Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Signal Production -- 2.2.1 Bats -- 2.2.2 Toothed Whales -- 2.3 Echoreception -- 2.3.1 Bats -- 2.3.2 Toothed Whales -- 2.4 Acoustic Structure of Echolocation Signals from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.4.1 Design of Sonar Signals -- 2.4.2 Contributions from the Laboratory and the Field -- 2.4.3 Echolocation Signals of Bats -- 2.4.4 Echolocation Signals of Toothed Whales -- 2.5 Patterns of Call Production -- 2.5.1 Duty Cycle -- 2.5.2 Feeding Buzzes -- 2.5.3 Adaptive Changes in Signal Structure -- 2.5.4 Time-Varying Gain Control -- 2.6 Challenges Faced and Solved -- 2.6.1 Clutter -- 2.6.2 Jamming Avoidance -- 2.6.3 Communication -- 2.6.4 Predator-Prey Interactions -- 2.7 Phylogeny and Diversification of Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Production of Biosonar Signals: Structure and Form -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Signal Production in Dolphins -- 3.2.1 Site of the Sound Source -- 3.2.1.1 Propagation Through the Head of Dolphins -- 3.3 Signal Production in Bats -- 3.3.1 Respiratory Dynamics of Sonar Pulse Production -- 3.3.1.1 Timing of Sonar Pulses in Respiratory Cycle -- 3.3.1.2 Respiration and Sonar Pulse Intensity -- 3.3.2 Respiratory Muscle Specializations for Echolocation -- 3.3.3 Respiration, Wingbeat Cycle, and Sonar Pulse Emission -- 3.4 The Larynx -- 3.4.1 Anatomy -- 3.4.2 Innervation -- 3.4.3 Sensory Feedback -- 3.4.4 Vocal Membranes: The Laryngeal Sound Source -- 3.4.5 Laryngeal Control of Sonar Pulse Timing: The Laryngeal Gate.
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3.5 The Biosonar Signal in Dolphins -- 3.5.1 Wave Shapes and Frequency Spectra -- 3.5.2 Transmission Beam Pattern -- 3.5.3 Relationship Between Source Level and Center Frequency -- 3.5.4 Effects of Hearing Loss -- 3.6 Biosonar Signal of Bats -- 3.6.1 Achieving High Pulse Repetition Rates -- 3.6.2 Control of Fundamental Frequency -- 3.6.2.1 Long CF-FM Bats -- 3.6.2.2 FM Bats -- 3.6.3 Acoustic Filters of Laryngeal Sound -- 3.6.3.1 Vocal Tract Filters -- 3.6.3.2 Subglottal Filters -- 3.6.3.3 Beamforming of the Sonar Signal -- 3.7 Echolocation in Air with Clicks -- 3.7.1 Lingual Sonar Clicks -- 3.7.2 Syringeal Sonar Clicks -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Sound Intensities of Biosonar Signals from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology -- 4.2.1 Transmission Loss -- 4.2.2 Acoustic Localization -- 4.2.2.1 Different Types of Arrays -- 4.2.2.2 Theory of Acoustic Localization -- 4.2.2.3 Precision in Source Localization -- 4.3 Metrics -- 4.4 Source Levels and Directionality from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 4.5 Modulation of the Source Level -- 4.5.1 The Sonar Equations -- 4.5.2 Modeling the Received Level from Echoes in Clutter -- 4.5.3 Automatic Gain Control -- 4.5.4 Acoustic Predator-Prey Interactions -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Hearing During Echolocation in Whales and Bats -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hearing Sensation Level Changes -- 5.3 Auditory Evoked Potential Thresholds -- 5.4 Hearing Loud Signals and Quiet Returns -- 5.5 Neural Mechanisms for Hearing in Echolocating Bats -- 5.5.1 Self-Stimulation -- 5.5.2 Masking -- 5.6 Vocal Influence on Auditory Processing and Facilitation -- 5.7 Corollary Discharges and Efferent Influences on Auditory Processing -- 5.8 Echolocation and Passive Listening in Groups -- 5.9 Comparisons of Whale and Bat Hearing Measured During Echolocation -- 5.10 Summary -- References.
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Chapter 6: Localization and Classification of Targets by Echolocating Bats and Dolphins -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Limitations on Comparisons Between Dolphins and Bats -- 6.2 Target Detection and the Operating Range of Echolocation in Relation to the Emission Patterns of Broadcast Signals -- 6.3 Perception of Target Range from Echo Delay -- 6.4 Distortions of Perception for Target Range by Flying Bats -- 6.5 Perception of Target Shape: Echo Spectra and Glint Delays -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: On-Animal Methods for Studying Echolocation in Free-Ranging Animals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Animal-Borne Devices for Studying Echolocation -- 7.2.1 Tags for Bats -- 7.2.2 Tags for Toothed Whales -- 7.2.3 Sound Acquisition -- 7.2.4 Nonacoustic Sensors -- 7.2.5 Impact of Tags -- 7.3 Exploring and Visualizing On-Animal Echolocation Data -- 7.3.1 Sensor Fusion -- 7.3.2 Event Detection -- 7.3.3 Visualization -- 7.3.4 Quantifying Tag Data from Echolocating Animals -- 7.3.4.1 Sound Source Parameters -- 7.3.4.2 Echo Parameters -- 7.4 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Analysis of Natural Scenes by Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characterizing Auditory Scenes of Echolocating Animals -- 8.2.1 Bats -- 8.2.2 Dolphins -- 8.3 Studies of Auditory Scene Analysis in Echolocating Animals -- 8.3.1 Bats -- 8.3.2 Dolphins -- 8.3.2.1 The Littoral Ocean (Noisy, Reverberant, and Cluttered) -- 8.3.2.2 Tracking Prey in the Presence of Conspecifics -- 8.4 Challenges and Future Direction for the Study of Auditory Scene Analysis in Bats and Dolphins -- References -- Chapter 9: Echolocation in Air and Water -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Physical Framework of Operating Biosonars in Air and Water -- 9.2.1 Background -- 9.2.2 Source Levels and Acoustic Outputs -- 9.2.3 Directionality, Frequency, and Backscatter.
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9.2.4 Transmission Loss and Masking Noise -- 9.3 Methods for Studying Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.3.1 Historical Background -- 9.3.2 Bats -- 9.3.3 Toothed Whales -- 9.4 Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.1 Bat Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.2 Toothed Whale Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.3 A Case Study: Blainville's Beaked Whale -- 9.4.4 Other Species of Toothed Whales -- 9.5 Predator-Prey Interactions -- 9.5.1 Bats and Their Prey -- 9.5.2 Toothed Whales, Their Prey, and Predators -- 9.6 Summary: Comparison of Biosonars in Air and Water -- References.
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