GLORIA — GEOMAR Library Ocean Research Information Access

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Inventory changes in anthropogenic carbon from 1997-2003 in the Atlantic Ocean between 20°S and 65°N (2009)

Steinfeldt, Reiner

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In: Global biogeochemical cycles, Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 1987, 23(2009), 1944-9224

In: volume:23

In: year:2009

In: extent:11

Description / Table of Contents: The oceans absorb and store a significant portion of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but large uncertainties remain in the quantification of this sink. An improved assessment of the present and future oceanic carbon sink is therefore necessary to provide recommendations for long-term global carbon cycle and climate policies. The formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a unique fast track for transporting anthropogenic CO2 into the ocean's interior, making the deep waters rich in anthropogenic carbon. Thus the Atlantic is presently estimated to hold 38% of the oceanic anthropogenic CO2 inventory, although its volume makes up only 25% of the world ocean. Here we analyze the inventory change of anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic between 1997 and 2003 and its relationship to NADW formation. For the whole region between 20°S and 65°N the inventory amounts to 32.5 ± 9.5 Petagram carbon (Pg C) in 1997 and increases up to 36.0 ± 10.5 Pg C in 2003. This result is quite similar to earlier studies. Moreover, the overall increase of anthropogenic carbon is in close agreement with the expected change due to rising atmospheric CO2 levels of 1.69% a-1. On the other hand, when considering the subpolar region only, the results demonstrate that the recent weakening in the formation of Labrador Sea Water, a component of NADW, has already led to a decrease of the anthropogenic carbon inventory in this water mass. As a consequence, the overall inventory for the total water column in the western subpolar North Atlantic increased only by 2% between 1997 and 2003, much less than the 11% that would be expected from the increase in atmospheric CO2 levels.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 11 , graph. Darst

ISSN: 1944-9224

DOI: 10.1029/2008GB003311

Language: English

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The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (2018)

Schlitzer, Reiner ; Anderson, Robert F. ; Dodas, Elena Masferrer ; [et al.]

Elsevier

In: Chemical Geology, 493 . pp. 210-223.

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Publication Date: 2021-02-08

Description: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) is the second publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2016. The IDP2017 includes data from the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Southern and Indian oceans, with about twice the data volume of the previous IDP2014. For the first time, the IDP2017 contains data for a large suite of biogeochemical parameters as well as aerosol and rain data characterising atmospheric trace element and isotope (TEI) sources. The TEI data in the IDP2017 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at crossover stations. The IDP2017 consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 450 TEIs as well as standard hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing an on-line atlas that includes more than 590 section plots and 130 animated 3D scenes. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. Users can download the full data packages or make their own custom selections with a new on-line data extraction service. In addition to the actual data values, the IDP2017 also contains data quality flags and 1-σ data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering and for statistical analysis. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2017 as section plots and rotating 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes combine data from many cruises and provide quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. These 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of tracer plumes near ocean margins or along ridges. The IDP2017 is the result of a truly international effort involving 326 researchers from 22 countries. This publication provides the critical reference for unpublished data, as well as for studies that make use of a large cross-section of data from the IDP2017.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

Format: text

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040

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Ventilation variability of Labrador Sea Water and its impact on oxygen and anthropogenic carbon: a review (2017)

Rhein, Monika ; Steinfeldt, Reiner ; Kieke, Dagmar ; [et al.]

Royal Society of London

In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375 (2102). p. 20160321.

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Publication Date: 2020-06-12

Description: Ventilation of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) receives ample attention because of its potential relation to the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, we provide an overview of the changes of LSW from observations in the Labrador Sea and from the southern boundary of the subpolar gyre at 47° N. A strong winter-time atmospheric cooling over the Labrador Sea led to intense and deep convection, producing a thick and dense LSW layer as, for instance, in the early to mid-1990s. The weaker convection in the following years mostly ventilated less dense LSW vintages and also reduced the supply of oxygen. As a further consequence, the rate of uptake of anthropogenic carbon by LSW decreased between the two time periods 1996–1999 and 2007–2010 in the western subpolar North Atlantic. In the eastern basins, the rate of increase in anthropogenic carbon became greater due to the delayed advection of LSW that was ventilated in previous years. Starting in winter 2013/2014 and prevailing at least into winter 2015/2016, production of denser and more voluminous LSW resumed. Increasing oxygen signals have already been found in the western boundary current at 47° N. On decadal and shorter time scales, anomalous cold atmospheric conditions over the Labrador Sea lead to an intensification of convection. On multi-decadal time scales, the ‘cold blob’ in the subpolar North Atlantic projected by climate models in the next 100 years is linked to a weaker AMOC and weaker convection (and thus deoxygenation) in the Labrador Sea.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

Format: text

DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0321

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Circulation and transports in the Newfoundland Basin, western subpolar North Atlantic (2014)

Mertens, Christian ; Rhein, Monika ; Walter, Maren ; [et al.]

AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley

In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (11). pp. 7772-7793.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-23

Description: The southwestern part of the subpolar North Atlantic east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Flemish Cap is a crucial area for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Here the exchange between subpolar and subtropical gyre takes place, southward flowing cold and fresh water is replaced by northward flowing warm and salty water within the North Atlantic Current (NAC). As part of a long-term experiment, the circulation east of Flemish Cap has been studied by seven repeat hydrographic sections along 47 degrees N (2003-2011), a 2 year time series of current velocities at the continental slope (2009-2011), 19 years of sea surface height, and 47 years of output from an eddy resolving ocean circulation model. The structure of the flow field in the measurements and the model shows a deep reaching NAC with adjacent recirculation and two distinct cores of southward flow in the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC): one core above the continental slope with maximum velocities at mid-depth and the second farther east with bottom-intensified velocities. The western core of the DWBC is rather stable, while the offshore core shows high temporal variability that in the model is correlated with the NAC strength. About 30 Sv of deep water flow southward below a density of sigma=27.68 kg m(-3) in the DWBC. The NAC transports about 110 Sv northward, approximately 15 Sv originating from the DWBC, and 75 Sv recirculating locally east of the NAC, leaving 20 Sv to be supplied by the NAC from the south.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

Format: text

DOI: 10.1002/2014JC010019

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Moving from GLODAP, CARINA and PACIFICA to the Global Ocean Data Analysis v2, GLODAPv2 (2012)

Olsen, Are ; Key, Robert M. ; Tanhua, Toste ; [et al.]

In: [Poster] In: Bjerknes Centre 10-Year Anniversary Conference - Climate Change in High Latitudes, 03.-06.09.2012, Bergen, Norway .

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Publication Date: 2012-11-30

Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed

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Coastal upwelling velocities inferred from helium isotope disequilibrium (2015)

Steinfeldt, Reiner ; Sültenfuß, Jörg ; Dengler, Marcus ; [et al.]

In: [Poster] In: SOPRAN Annual Meeting 2015, 17.-18.03.2015, Mainz, Germany .

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Publication Date: 2015-04-23

Description: In the framework of SOPRAN, two of the main gloabal Eastern Boundary Current Upwelling Systems (EBUS) have been investigated, off the coasts of Mauritania in the northern Atlantic and of Peru in the southern Pacific. The upwelling in the EBUS is driven by alongshore winds causing an offshore transport of surface waters. The upwelled water typically exhibits high concentrations of climate relevant gases such as CO2, N2O and halogenated compounds. The oceanic upwelling velocities, however, are too small (in the order of 10-5 m/s) to be measured directly. Here we use oceanic measurements of the helium-3/helium-4 isotopic ratio as an indirect means to infer these velocities. The water that upwells into the oceanic mixed layer from below is typically enriched in the lighter isotope helium-3. This excess of helium-3 originates from venting of primordial helium through hydrothermal activity. Helium data have been collected on four cruises within the coastal upwelling regions off Mauritania and Peru. Near the coast, the helium derived upwelling velocities are in good agreement with the wind driven flow calculated from Ekman theory. At some locations in the open ocean, however, the helium method results in much higher vertical velocities compared to the wind derived Ekman divergence. This enhanced upwelling might be attributed to eddy activity. Both advective and turbulent (derived from microstructure measurements) fluxes of nutrients into the mixed layer are determined. In coastal upwelling regions, these fluxes play a key role in fostering ocean primary productivity.

Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed

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A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2 (2016)

Lauvset, Siv K. ; Key, Robert M. ; Olsen, Are ; [et al.]

Copernicus Publications (EGU)

In: Earth System Science Data, 8 . pp. 325-340.

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Publication Date: 2021-04-21

Description: We present a mapped climatology (GLODAPv2.2016b) of ocean biogeochemical variables based on the new GLODAP version 2 data product (Olsen et al., 2016; Key et al., 2015), which covers all ocean basins over the years 1972 to 2013. The quality-controlled and internally consistent GLODAPv2 was used to create global 1°  ×  1° mapped climatologies of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity (TAlk), pH, and CaCO3 saturation states using the Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) mapping method. Improving on maps based on an earlier but similar dataset, GLODAPv1.1, this climatology also covers the Arctic Ocean. Climatologies were created for 33 standard depth surfaces. The conceivably confounding temporal trends in TCO2 and pH due to anthropogenic influence were removed prior to mapping by normalizing these data to the year 2002 using first-order calculations of anthropogenic carbon accumulation rates. We additionally provide maps of accumulated anthropogenic carbon in the year 2002 and of preindustrial TCO2. For all parameters, all data from the full 1972–2013 period were used, including data that did not receive full secondary quality control. The GLODAPv2.2016b global 1°  ×  1° mapped climatologies, including error fields and ancillary information, are available at the GLODAPv2 web page at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC; doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2).

Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Format: text

DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-325-2016

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The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean (2016)

Olsen, Are ; Key, Robert M. ; van Heuven, Steven ; [et al.]

Copernicus Publications (EGU)

In: Earth System Science Data, 8 (2). pp. 297-323.

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Publication Date: 2021-04-21

Description: Version 2 of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2) data product is composed of data from 724 scientific cruises covering the global ocean. It includes data assembled during the previous efforts GLODAPv1.1 (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 1.1) in 2004, CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) in 2009/2010, and PACIFICA (PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon) in 2013, as well as data from an additional 168 cruises. Data for 12 core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl 4) have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted but updated to WOCE exchange format and (ii) as a merged and internally consistent data product. In the latter, adjustments have been applied to remove significant biases, respecting occurrences of any known or likely time trends or variations. Adjustments applied by previous efforts were re-evaluated. Hence, GLODAPv2 is not a simple merging of previous products with some new data added but a unique, internally consistent data product. This compiled and adjusted data product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 µmol kg −1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 6 µmol kg −1 in total alkalinity, 0.005 in pH, and 5 % for the halogenated transient tracers.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

Format: text

DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-297-2016

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