Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Cover -- Shellfish safety and quality -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Preface -- References -- Part I Shellfish safety: an introduction -- 1 Microbial contamination and shellfish safety -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Major microbial contaminants of shellfish -- 1.3 Impacts of microbial contamination of shellfish on human health -- 1.4 Effects of microbial contamination on the international shellfish industry -- 1.5 Incidence of microbial contamination in shellfish waters -- 1.6 Contamination sources and their identification -- 1.7 Future trends -- 1.8 Sources of further information and advice -- 1.9 References and further reading -- 2 Biotoxin contamination and shellfish safety -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Origins of phycotoxins -- 2.3 Trophic dynamics of phycotoxins in molluscan shellfish -- 2.4 Human health impacts -- 2.5 Management responses -- 2.6 Economic impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) -- 2.7 Conclusions -- 2.8 Future trends -- 2.9 References and further reading -- Part II Improving molluscan shellfish safety and quality -- 3 Viral contaminants of molluscan shellfish: detection and characterisation -- 3.1 Introduction: human enteric viruses and their fate in the environment -- 3.2 Shellfish-borne transmission of virus infections -- 3.3 Effects of viral contamination of molluscs on the international shellfish industry -- 3.4 Methods for detecting viruses in molluscan shellfish and associated problems -- 3.5 Improving detection of molluscan shellfish virus contamination using new molecular-based methods -- 3.6 Depuration of viral contaminants in molluscan shellfish -- 3.7 Future trends in virus studies in shellfish -- 3.8 References -- 4 Monitoring viral contamination of molluscan shellfish -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Identifying sources of pollution. , 4.3 Identifying the conditions responsible for microbial contamination of shellfish -- 4.4 Potential strategies for reducing microbial contamination in shellfish harvesting areas -- 4.5 Improving risk management strategies for shellfish harvesting areas -- 4.6 Conclusions and future trends -- 4.7 References and further reading -- 5 Algal toxins and their detection -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Major algal toxins found in shellfish and their sources -- 5.3 Current methods for detection of algal toxins in shellfish -- 5.4 New techniques and future trends -- 5.5 References -- 6 Monitoring of harmful algal blooms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Action plan design -- 6.3 Regulation of mandatory harmful algal monitoring programmes -- 6.4 Methods and techniques used to forecast and monitor harmful algal blooms -- 6.5 Future trends -- 6.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 6.7 References and further reading -- 7 Mitigation of effects of harmful algal blooms -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Novel techniques to mitigate the effects of harmful algal blooms -- 7.3 Ethos of harmful algal bloom (HAB) control -- 7.4 Future trends -- 7.5 Sources of further information and advice -- 7.6 References -- 8 Modelling as a mitigation strategy for harmful algal blooms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Why model the accumulation of toxins in bivalves? -- 8.3 Historical use and development of toxin/toxicity accumulation models -- 8.4 Models of the kinetics of accumulation and transformation of toxins in shellfish -- 8.5 Applications of modelling for improved shellfish safety and quality -- 8.6 Future trends -- 8.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 8.8 References -- 9 Metals and organic contaminants in bivalve molluscs -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Metal concentrations in bivalve molluscs -- 9.3 Internal speciation of metals in bivalve molluscs. , 9.4 Exposure routes and application of the kinetic model -- 9.5 Uptake and transfer of metals -- 9.6 Safety standards -- 9.7 Detection, management and risk assessment -- 9.8 Future trends -- 9.9 Acknowledgments -- 9.10 References -- 10 Managing molluscan shellfish-borne microbial diseases -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microbial indicators and pollution-associated pathogens -- 10.3 Enteric viruses -- 10.4 Naturally occurring pathogens -- 10.5 Pathogens associated with handling, processing, and distribution -- 10.6 Management of pollution-associated pathogens -- 10.7 Management of naturally occurring pathogens -- 10.8 Management of pathogens associated with handling, processing and distribution -- 10.9 Future trends -- 10.10 Sources of further information and advice -- 10.11 Acknowledgments -- 10.12 References -- 11 Disease and mollusc quality -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Major pathogens and diseases of molluscs causing significant economic losses in molluscan aquaculture -- 11.3 Diagnostic methods -- 11.4 Effects of shellfish disease on the international shellfish industry -- 11.5 Reducing disease in molluscan aquaculture -- 11.6 Future trends -- 11.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 11.8 References -- 12 Hazard analysis and critical control point programs for raw oyster processing and handling -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 HACCP for oyster production and safety -- 12.3 HACCP plan for processing of frozen raw oysters -- 12.4 Hazard analysis -- 12.5 Identify the critical control points (CCP) -- 12.6 Definition of the critical limits (CL) -- 12.7 Designate monitoring procedures -- 12.8 Corrective action (CA) -- 12.9 Specify verification (and validation) procedures -- 12.10 Specified records -- 12.11 References -- Appendix: Examples of HACCP and sanitation records -- 13 Biofouling and the shellfish industry -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 Biofouling and shellfish -- 13.3 Problems and benefits of biofouling -- 13.4 Current removal/treatment methods -- 13.5 Future trends -- 13.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 13.7 Acknowledgements -- 13.8 References and further reading -- Part III Improving crustacean safety and quality -- 14 Optimization of crustacean quality through husbandry and adherence to post-harvest standards for processing -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Land (site) selection -- 14.3 Water: source, conservation, and preservation of quality -- 14.4 Fertilization and semi-intensive systems -- 14.5 Formulated feeds, bio-flocs, and intensive pond culture systems -- 14.6 Substrate -- 14.7 Water quality management -- 14.8 Collection during harvest -- 14.9 Harvest and post-harvest treatment -- 14.10 Safety and quality standards -- 14.11 Conclusions -- 14.12 References -- 15 Development of vaccines and management of viral diseases of crustaceans -- 15.1 Introduction: disease and the foundations for preventative healthcare in aquaculture -- 15.2 Using the RNA interface to target shrimp viruses -- 15.3 Developing vaccines to manage viral disease in shrimp -- 15.4 Using vaccines as part of health management strategies -- 15.5 Future trends -- 15.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 15.7 References -- 16 Specific pathogen-free shrimp stocks in shrimp farming facilities as a novel method for disease control in crustaceans -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The concept of domesticated SPF shrimp - a historical perspective -- 16.3 Events leading to development of Litopenaeus vannamei as the dominant species in the Americas -- 16.4 Adaptation of the SPF concept to domesticated shrimp stocks -- 16.5 International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming -- 16.6 Biosecurity and the culture of wild seed/broodstock. , 16.7 Biosecurity through environmental control and best management practices -- 16.8 Conclusions -- 16.9 Acknowledgments -- 16.10 References and further reading -- 17 Selective breeding of penaeid shrimp -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Selective breeding -- 17.3 Conclusions -- 17.4 References -- Part IV Regulation and management of shellfish safety -- 18 Legislation, regulation and public confidence in shellfish -- 18.1 Introduction: public confidence in shellfish -- 18.2 Hygiene legislation and public confidence -- 18.3 Environmental legislation for the quality of shellfish growing waters -- 18.4 Limitations of the regulatory approach -- 18.5 Self-regulation and good management practice (GMP) -- 18.6 Dietary and health advisories -- 18.7 Public perception of health benefits and risks associated with shellfish -- 18.8 Future trends -- 18.9 The risk-averse marketplace -- 18.10 References -- 19 Risk management of shellfisheries -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Interaction between public health controls and industry -- 19.3 Identification of need for improved bases for, and application of, risk management in practice -- 19.4 Optimising risk management -- 19.5 Improved application of risk management to microbiological and biotoxin problems -- 19.6 Official and industry roles in risk management -- 19.7 Future trends -- 19.8 Interaction of research, legislation and risk management -- 19.9 Shared resources and working together -- 19.10 Conclusions -- 19.11 Sources of further information and advice -- 19.12 References and further reading -- Part V Post-harvest issues -- 20 Molluscan shellfish depuration -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Types of depuration plant -- 20.3 Importance of seawater quality -- 20.4 Types of seawater treatment -- 20.5 Rules and guidelines for controlled purification -- 20.6 Depuration plant location, design and construction. , 20.7 Source of shellfish to be depurated.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 ``Getting There´´: The Classic Perspective on Introduced Species and Links to Cultural Eutrophication -- 1.2.1 Introduced Species -- 1.2.2 Anthropogenically Introduced Nutrients -- 1.3 ``Being There´´: Blooms and Why They Succeed -- 1.3.1 Nutrient-Related HAB -- 1.3.2 Resource Ratios, Nutrient Stoichiometry, and Optimal Nutrient Ratios -- 1.3.3 Diversity in Use of Forms of Nitrogen -- 1.3.4 Toxicity -- 1.3.5 Mixotrophy: Use of ``Packaged´´ and Dissolved Particulate Nutrients -- 1.3.6 Other Adaptations -- 1.4 ``Staying There´´: Links to Physical Structure and Climate -- 1.4.1 Physical Structure: Large-Scale and Small-Scale Natural Hydrological Features -- 1.4.2 Physical Dynamics: Anthropogenic Hydrological Changes -- 1.4.3 Reinforcing Feedbacks -- 1.4.3.1 Trophic Disruptions -- 1.4.3.2 Biogeochemical Alterations -- 1.4.4 Climate Change -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Detection and Surveillance of Harmful Algal Bloom Species and Toxins -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Organism Detection -- 2.2.1 Visual/Optical -- 2.2.1.1 Light Microscopy (LM)/Utermöhl's -- 2.2.1.2 Light Microscopy/Flow Cytometry -- 2.2.1.3 In Vivo Fluorometry -- 2.2.1.4 Spectral Absorbance/Spectroradiometry -- 2.2.2 Molecular -- 2.2.2.1 Whole Cell Format -- 2.2.2.1.1 Antibodies -- 2.2.2.1.2 FISH -- 2.2.2.1.3 Flow Cytometry with FISH, CARD FISH, and Solid-Phase Cytometry -- 2.2.2.1.4 CARD FISH on a Slide or in Suspension for Liquid Flow Cytometry -- 2.2.2.1.5 CARD FISH on a Filter or in Suspension for Solid-Phase Cytometry -- 2.2.2.2 Cell-Free Format -- 2.2.2.2.1 Sandwich Hybridization Assay (SHA). , 2.2.2.2.2 Microarrays (Slide-Based, Microelectrode-Based, Luminex, etc.) -- 2.2.2.2.3 Biosensors -- 2.2.2.2.4 qPCR -- 2.3 Toxin Detection -- 2.3.1 In Vivo Assays -- 2.3.1.1 Rat Bioassay -- 2.3.1.2 Mouse Bioassay -- 2.3.1.2.1 AOAC Mouse Bioassay for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins -- 2.3.1.2.2 APHA Mouse Bioassay for Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisons -- 2.3.1.2.3 Mouse Bioassay for Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins -- 2.3.1.2.4 Perspectives -- 2.3.2 In Vitro Assays -- 2.3.2.1 Functional Assays -- 2.3.2.1.1 Receptor Binding Assays -- 2.3.2.1.2 Enzyme Inhibition Assays -- 2.3.2.1.3 Cell-Based (Cytotoxicity) Assays (CBAs) -- 2.3.2.2 Structural Assays -- 2.3.2.2.1 Immunoassays -- 2.3.2.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) -- 2.3.2.2.3 Aptamers -- 2.3.2.3 Biosensors -- 2.3.3 Analytical Techniques -- 2.3.3.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Optical Detection (UV or FLD) -- 2.3.3.1.1 Domoic Acid -- 2.3.3.1.2 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins -- 2.3.3.1.3 Other Toxin Classes -- 2.3.3.2 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) -- 2.3.3.2.1 Lipophilic Toxins -- 2.3.3.2.2 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins -- 2.3.3.2.3 Other Toxin Classes -- 2.3.3.3 Other Analytical Methods: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF), and Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) -- 2.3.3.4 Perspectives -- 2.4 Autonomous, In Situ Technologies -- 2.4.1 Environmental Sample Processor (McLane Research Laboratories) -- 2.4.2 Imaging Flow Cytobot (McLane Research Laboratories) -- 2.4.3 Optical Phytoplankton Discriminator (aka BreveBuster -- Mote Marine Laboratory) -- 2.4.4 CytoBuoy (CytoBuoy b.v.) -- 2.4.5 SPATT Passive Samplers -- 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Disclaimer -- References and Further Reading. , Chapter 3: Modeling Marine Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Status and Future Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Building Models to Describe Ecological Events -- 3.3 Limitations to What Models Can Do, and Why -- 3.3.1 Building Models -- 3.3.2 Model Complexity -- 3.3.3 The Need for Data -- 3.3.4 Validating Models -- 3.4 Modeling T-HAB and ED-HAB Events -- 3.5 How Good Are Current HAB Models? -- 3.6 Future Modeling of T-HAB and ED-HAB: Managing Expectations -- 3.7 Improving Our Capabilities -- 3.7.1 Changes in the Biological-Modeling Interface -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Harmful Algal Blooms and Shellfish -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Major Shellfish Poisonings -- 4.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 4.2.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 4.2.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) -- 4.2.4 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 4.2.5 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) -- 4.3 Other Toxins: Pectenotoxins (PTX) and Yessotoxins (YTX) -- 4.4 Emerging Shellfish Poisonings -- 4.5 Toxin Uptake, Accumulation, and Depuration -- 4.6 Shellfish Contamination in North America -- 4.6.1 Bivalves -- 4.6.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Contamination -- 4.6.1.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Contamination -- 4.6.1.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Contamination -- 4.6.1.4 Amnesic Shellfish Contamination -- 4.6.2 Gastropods -- 4.6.3 Crustaceans -- 4.7 Impacts on Shellfish -- 4.8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References and Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Vulnerabilities of Marine Mammals to Harmful Algal Blooms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Algal Toxins -- 5.2.1 Brevetoxins -- 5.2.2 Ciguatoxins -- 5.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins -- 5.2.4 Domoic Acid -- 5.2.5 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins -- 5.2.6 Other Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins -- 5.3 Impacts of Algal Toxins Specific to Marine Mammals. , 5.3.1 The Effects of Toxin Exposure Depend on Animal Physiology and Behavior -- 5.3.2 Emerging Issues: Non-acute and Multiple Toxin Exposure -- 5.3.3 Prospects for Managing Impacts of HAB -- 5.4 Considerations for the Evaluation of HAB Toxins in Marine Mammals -- 5.4.1 Sampling Marine Mammals for HAB Toxin Analysis -- 5.4.2 Priority Needs for Investigating HAB Toxin Involvement in Marine Mammal Morbidity and Mortality -- Abbreviations -- References and Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Interactions between Seabirds and Harmful Algal Blooms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical Interactions between HAB and Seabirds -- 6.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 6.2.2 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) -- 6.2.3 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning -- 6.2.4 Akashiwo sanguinea -- 6.2.5 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 6.2.6 CyanoHAB -- 6.3 Improved Monitoring and Establishment of Causality -- 6.3.1 Coordinating Monitoring and Pathology to Confirm Relationships between HAB and Seabird Mortality -- 6.3.2 Seabirds as Biological Indicators -- 6.4 Implications for Conservation -- References -- Chapter 7: Food Web and Ecosystem Impacts of Harmful Algae -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Approaches, Pitfalls, Progress, and Goals -- 7.3 High-Biomass Algal Blooms -- 7.4 Emerging Recognition of the Roles of Allelochemicals -- 7.4.1 Microalgae -- 7.4.2 Thalloid Macroalgae -- 7.4.3 Filamentous Mat-Forming Macroalgae -- 7.5 Toxigenic Algae in Aquatic Food Webs -- 7.5.1 Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa Blooms across North America -- 7.5.2 Toxic Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Fish Communities in Two Texas Rivers -- 7.5.3 Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia Blooms in Coastal Upwelling Areas -- 7.5.4 Toxic Alexandrium Blooms in the Northeast -- 7.5.5 Toxic Karenia brevis Blooms along the Florida Coast -- 7.6 Ecosystem-Disruptive Algal Blooms -- 7.7 Future Directions. , Appendix A: Scientific Names for Organisms Listed by Common Name in This Chapter, Also Indicating Species Affected by Karenia brevis (Kb) -- References and Further Reading -- Chapter 8: Assessing the Economic Consequences of Harmful Algal Blooms: A Summary of Existing Literature, Research Methods, Data, and Information Gaps -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview -- 8.3 Research Methodologies -- 8.4 Sources and Types of Data -- 8.5 Spatial and Temporal Scopes -- 8.6 Nature of the Hazard -- 8.7 Current Research Gaps -- 8.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References and Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Public Health and Epidemiology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What Is Public Health and Epidemiology? -- 9.3 HAB and Human Illness -- 9.3.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 9.3.1.1 Exposure -- 9.3.1.2 Clinical Symptoms -- 9.3.1.3 Treatment -- 9.3.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 9.3.2.1 Exposure -- 9.3.2.2 Clinical Syndrome -- 9.3.2.3 Treatment -- 9.3.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) -- 9.3.3.1 Exposure -- 9.3.3.2 Clinical Illness -- 9.3.3.3 Treatment -- 9.3.4 Brevetoxin Inhalation Syndrome (BIS) -- 9.3.4.1 Exposure -- 9.3.4.2 Clinical Illness -- 9.3.4.3 Treatment -- 9.3.5 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 9.3.5.1 Exposure -- 9.3.5.2 Clinical Syndrome -- 9.3.5.3 Treatment -- 9.3.6 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) -- 9.3.6.1 Exposure -- 9.3.6.2 Clinical Illness -- 9.3.6.3 Treatment -- 9.3.7 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) -- 9.3.7.1 Exposure -- 9.3.7.2 Clinical Syndrome -- 9.3.7.3 Treatment -- 9.3.8 Toxic Cyanobacteria -- 9.3.8.1 Exposure -- 9.3.8.2 Clinical Syndromes -- 9.3.8.3 Treatment -- 9.4 The HAB Manager's Role in Preventing HAB-Related Illnesses -- 9.4.1 HAB Management Exemplars -- 9.4.2 The Native American Perspective from Washington State, USA: Domoic Acid and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins -- 9.4.2.1 Background. , 9.4.2.2 Tribal Capacity and Inclusion.