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  • 1
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    Transformation of dissolved organic matter by two Indo‐Pacific sponges (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest organic carbon reservoir in the ocean and an integral component of biogeochemical cycles. The role of free‐living microbes in DOM transformation has been studied thoroughly, whereas little attention has been directed towards the influence of benthic organisms. Sponges are efficient filter feeders and common inhabitants of many benthic communities circumglobally. Here, we investigated how two tropical coral reef sponges shape marine DOM. We compared bacterial abundance, inorganic and organic nutrients in off reef, sponge inhalant, and sponge exhalant water of Melophlus sarasinorum and Rhabdastrella globostellata. DOM and bacterial cells were taken up, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen was released by the two Indo‐Pacific sponges. Both sponge species utilized a common set of 142 of a total of 3040 compounds detected in DOM on a molecular formula level via ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, species‐specific uptake was observed, likely due to differences in their associated microbial communities. Overall, the sponges removed presumably semi‐labile and semi‐refractory compounds from the water column, thereby competing with pelagic bacteria. Within minutes, sponge holobionts altered the molecular composition of surface water DOM (inhalant) into a composition similar to deep‐sea DOM (exhalent). The apparent radiocarbon age of DOM increased consistently from off reef and inhalant to exhalant by about 900 14C years for M. sarasinorum. In the pelagic, similar transformations require decades to centuries. Our results stress the dependence of DOM lability definition on the respective environment and illustrate that sponges are hotspots of DOM transformation in the ocean.
    Description: Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg
    Description: Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010570
    Description: Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg
    Description: Alfred‐Wegener‐Institute, Helmholtz‐Center for Polar and Marine Research
    Description: Volkswagen Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001663
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m0cfxpp6v
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Indo-Pacific sponges ; dissolved organic matter ; biogeochemical cycles
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    The sponge microbiome project (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  GigaScience, 6 (8).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are a diverse, phylogenetically deep-branching clade known for forming intimate partnerships with complex communities of microorganisms. To date, 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies have largely utilised different extraction and amplification methodologies to target the microbial communities of a limited number of sponge species, severely limiting comparative analyses of sponge microbial diversity and structure. Here, we provide an extensive and standardised dataset that will facilitate sponge microbiome comparisons across large spatial, temporal and environmental scales. Samples from marine sponges (n = 3569 specimens), seawater (n = 370), marine sediments (n = 65) and other environments (n = 29) were collected from different locations across the globe. This dataset incorporates at least 269 different sponge species, including several yet unidentified taxa. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced from extracted DNA using standardised procedures. Raw sequences (total of 1.1 billion sequences) were processed and clustered with a) a standard protocol using QIIME closed-reference picking resulting in 39,543 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) at 97% sequence identity, b) a de novo protocol using Mothur resulting in 518,246 OTUs, and c) a new high-resolution Deblur protocol resulting in 83,908 unique bacterial sequences. Abundance tables, representative sequences, taxonomic classifications and metadata are provided. This dataset represents a comprehensive resource of sponge-associated microbial communities based on 16S rRNA gene sequences that can be used to address overarching hypotheses regarding host-associated prokaryotes, including host-specificity, convergent evolution, environmental drivers of microbiome structure and the sponge-associated rare biosphere.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix077
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Diversity, structure and convergent evolution of the global sponge microbiome (2016)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 7 (Art. Nr. 11870). pp. 1-12.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Sponges (phylum Porifera) are early-diverging metazoa renowned for establishing complex microbial symbioses. Here we present a global Porifera microbiome survey, set out to establish the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these host–microbe interactions. We show that sponges are a reservoir of exceptional microbial diversity and major contributors to the total microbial diversity of the world’s oceans. Little commonality in species composition or structure is evident across the phylum, although symbiont communities are characterized by specialists and generalists rather than opportunists. Core sponge microbiomes are stable and characterized by generalist symbionts exhibiting amensal and/or commensal interactions. Symbionts that are phylogenetically unique to sponges do not disproportionally contribute to the core microbiome, and host phylogeny impacts complexity rather than composition of the symbiont community. Our findings support a model of independent assembly and evolution in symbiont communities across the entire host phylum, with convergent forces resulting in analogous community organization and interactions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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    Format: other
    Format: other
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11870
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Spatial and temporal variability in sponge chemical defense (2018)
    CRC Press
    In:  In: Chemical Ecology : the Ecological Impacts of Marine Natural Products. , ed. by Puglisi, M. P. and Becerro, M. A. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 373-395. ISBN 9780429453465
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-30
    Description: Sponges represent an important component of benthic communities worldwide, but especially on tropical coral reefs. Their ecology has received an even higher awareness in the last decade since global change seems to favor and, consequently, increase sponge abundance. One important factor that allows the thriving of sponges is their potent chemistry. Sponge chemical defenses have been intensively studied over the last decades. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that sponges are often effectively defended against various biotic pressures and many defensive metabolites have been identified. However, it became more and more apparent that sponge defenses are not produced at constant rates but are often controlled in a highly regulated system affected by physiological or morphological characteristics, as well as environmental biotic and abiotic conditions. This chapter summarizes how sponge chemistry varies spatially over regional, local, and individual scales. It also discusses temporal variations in sponge bioactivities that are related to seasonality or defensive strategies like induced or activated defense. Based on these studies a conceptual model was developed that summarizes the conditions affecting the production of sponge secondary metabolites both in space and time. Natural and anthropogenic factors are discussed as promoters of increased variability of sponge defenses. We suggest that these interacting effects provide the basis for multifactorial studies that are needed to gain a better understanding of sponge chemical ecology and the chemical defense mechanisms that structure sponge populations and benthic sessile invertebrate communities.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 5
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    Assessing the complex sponge microbiota: core, variable and species-specific bacterial communities in marine sponges (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  The ISME Journal, 6 (3). pp. 564-576.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-25
    Description: Marine sponges are well known for their associations with highly diverse, yet very specific and often highly similar microbiota. The aim of this study was to identify potential bacterial sub-populations in relation to sponge phylogeny and sampling sites and to define the core bacterial community. 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was applied to 32 sponge species from eight locations around the world's oceans, thereby generating 2567 operational taxonomic units (OTUs at the 97% sequence similarity level) in total and up to 364 different OTUs per sponge species. The taxonomic richness detected in this study comprised 25 bacterial phyla with Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Poribacteria being most diverse in sponges. Among these phyla were nine candidate phyla, six of them found for the first time in sponges. Similarity comparison of bacterial communities revealed no correlation with host phylogeny but a tropical sub-population in that tropical sponges have more similar bacterial communities to each other than to subtropical sponges. A minimal core bacterial community consisting of very few OTUs (97%, 95% and 90%) was found. These microbes have a global distribution and are probably acquired via environmental transmission. In contrast, a large species-specific bacterial community was detected, which is represented by OTUs present in only a single sponge species. The species-specific bacterial community is probably mainly vertically transmitted. It is proposed that different sponges contain different bacterial species, however, these bacteria are still closely related to each other explaining the observed similarity of bacterial communities in sponges in this and previous studies. This global analysis represents the most comprehensive study of bacterial symbionts in sponges to date and provides novel insights into the complex structure of these unique associations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.116
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Rapid tissue reduction and recovery in the sponge Aplysinella sp. (2008)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 156 (2). pp. 141-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: We observed a pronounced, yet reversible tissue reduction in the tropical sponge Aplysinella sp. under non-experimental conditions in its natural habitat, after transfer into seawater tanks, as well as after transplantation from deep to shallow water in the field. Tissue reduction resulted in the formation of small “reduction bodies” tightly attached to the sponge skeleton. Although volume loss and gain were substantial, both tissue reduction and regeneration were often remarkably rapid, occurring within few hours. Microscopic analysis of the reduction bodies revealed morphological similarities to previously described sponge primmorphs, with densely packed archaeocytes and spherulous cells enclosed by a thin layer of epithelial-like cells. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed pronounced changes in the sponge-associated microbial community upon tissue reduction during laboratory and field experiments and following changes in ambient conditions after transplantation in the field. Generally, the microbial community associated with this sponge proved less stable, less abundant, and less diverse than those of other, previously investigated Verongid sponges. However, one single phylotype was consistently present in DGGE profiles of Aplysinella sp. This phylotype clustered with γ-proteobacterial sequences found previously in other sponge species of different taxonomic affiliations and geographic provenances, as well as in sponge larvae. No apparent changes in the total secondary metabolite content (per dry weight) occurred in Aplysinella sp. upon tissue reduction; however, comparative analysis of intact and reduced tissue suggested changes in the concentrations of two minor compounds. Besides being ecologically interesting, the tissue reduction phenomenon in Aplysinella sp. provides an experimentally manipulable system for studies on sponge/microbe symbioses. Moreover, it may prove useful as a model system to investigate molecular mechanisms of basic Metazoan traits in vivo, complementing the in vitro sponge primmorph system currently used in this context.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s00227-008-1071-3
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Compositional and quantitative insights into bacterial and archaeal communities of South Pacific deep-sea sponges (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida (2020)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: In the present study, we profiled bacterial and archaeal communities from 13 phylogenetically diverse deep-sea sponge species (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida) from the South Pacific by 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing. Additionally, the associated bacteria and archaea were quantified by real-time qPCR. Our results show that bacterial communities from the deep-sea sponges are mostly host-species specific similar to what has been observed for shallow-water demosponges. The archaeal deep-sea sponge community structures are different from the bacterial community structures in that they are almost completely dominated by a single family, which are the ammonia-oxidizing genera within the Nitrosopumilaceae. Remarkably, the archaeal communities are mostly specific to individual sponges (rather than sponge-species), and this observation applies to both hexactinellids and demosponges. Finally, archaeal 16s gene numbers, as detected by quantitative real-time PCR, were up to three orders of magnitude higher than in shallow-water sponges, highlighting the importance of the archaea for deep-sea sponges in general.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: archive
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Sponges from Zanzibar host diverse prokaryotic communities with potential for natural product synthesis (2019)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 95 (4). fiz026.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Sponges are one of the most dominant organisms in marine ecosystems. One reason for their success is their association with microorganisms that are besides the host itself responsible for the chemical defence. Sponge abundances have been increasing on coral reefs in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and are predicted to increase further with rising anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs. However, there is a paucity of information on chemical ecology of sponges from the WIO and their prokaryotic community composition. We used a combination of Illumina sequencing and a predictive metagenomic analysis to (i) assess the prokaryotic community composition of sponges from Zanzibar, (ii) predict the presence of KEGG metabolic pathways responsible for bioactive compound production and (iii) relate their presence to the degree of observed chemical defence in their respective sponge host. We found that sponges from Zanzibar host diverse prokaryotic communities that are host species-specific. Sponge-species and respective specimens that showed strong chemical defences in previous studies were also predicted to be highly enriched in various pathways responsible for secondary metabolite production. Hence, the combined sequencing and predictive metagenomic approach proved to be a useful indicator for the metabolic potential of sponge holobionts
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: archive
    DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz026
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Prokaryotic Diversity and Community Patterns in Antarctic Continental Shelf Sponges (2019)
    Frontiers
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science, 6 . Art.Nr. 297.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Marine sponges (Phylum Porifera) are globally distributed within marine and freshwater ecosystems. In addition, sponges host dense and diverse prokaryotic communities, which are potential sources of novel bioactive metabolites and other complex compounds. Those sponge-derived natural products can span a broad spectrum of bioactivities, from antibacterial and antifungal to antitumor and antiviral compounds. However, most analyses concerning sponge-associated prokaryotes have mainly focused on conveniently accessible relatively shallow sampling locations for sponges. Hence, knowledge of community composition, host-relatedness and biotechnological potential of prokaryotic associations in temperate and cold-water sponges from greater depths (mesophotic to mesopelagic zones) is still scarce. Therefore, we analyzed the prokaryotic community diversity of four phylogenetically divergent sponge taxa from mesophotic to mesopelagic depths of Antarctic shelf at different depths and locations in the region of the South Shetland Islands using 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based sequencing. In addition, we predicted functional profiles applying Tax4Fun from metagenomic 16S rRNA gene data to estimate their biotechnological capability and possible roles as sources of novel bioactive compounds. We found indications that cold and deep-water sponges exhibit host-specific prokaryotic communities, despite different sampling sites and depths. Functional prediction analysis suggests that the associated prokaryotes may enhance the roles of sponges in biodegradation processes of xenobiotics and their involvement in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: other
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00297
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Biodiversity, environmental drivers, and sustainability of the global deep-sea sponge microbiome (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In the deep ocean symbioses between microbes and invertebrates are emerging as key drivers of ecosystem health and services. We present a large-scale analysis of microbial diversity in deep-sea sponges (Porifera) from scales of sponge individuals to ocean basins, covering 52 locations, 1077 host individuals translating into 169 sponge species (including understudied glass sponges), and 469 reference samples, collected anew during 21 ship-based expeditions. We demonstrate the impacts of the sponge microbial abundance status, geographic distance, sponge phylogeny, and the physical-biogeochemical environment as drivers of microbiome composition, in descending order of relevance. Our study further discloses that fundamental concepts of sponge microbiology apply robustly to sponges from the deep-sea across distances of 〉10,000 km. Deep-sea sponge microbiomes are less complex, yet more heterogeneous, than their shallow-water counterparts. Our analysis underscores the uniqueness of each deep-sea sponge ground based on which we provide critical knowledge for conservation of these vulnerable ecosystems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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