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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hypothesis of genome structure in marine phytoplankton (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genome size of marine phytoplankton is in the order of 106–1011 base pairs. Within the phytoplankton it has often been assumed that dinoflagellates have extraordinarily large genomes that significantly contribute to their nutrient requirements. We test this hypothesis by compiling cell size and genome size data from across many phytoplankton lineages, and apply a simple regression model. Our results suggest that dinoflagellates do not have anomalously large genomes, but instead scale with cell size with the same slope and intercept as many other diverse phytoplankton taxa. Based on the known correlations of genome size and genome content in diverse taxa, we model the approximate expected genome structure in unsequenced lineages of marine phytoplankton. Based on this model, we hypothesize that retrotransposons play a significant role in genome size in marine phytoplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.05202003_1_64.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing Noxious Phytoplankton in Aquaculture Systems Using Bio-Optical Methodologies: A Review (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Management practices in aquaculture systems contribute to maximum growth of phytoplankton, often resulting in extensive blooms of noxious cyanobacteria. Because periods of oxygen depletion and “off flavor” events correspond to intense algal growth and metabolic activity, accurate identification of algal dynamics and physiological state is important. Current efforts to assess algal assemblages rely upon microscopic evaluation; however, the incorporation of such evaluation into monitoring programs is limited due to the level of skill and training required, the excessive costs and time required to assess algal heterogeneity within/among aquaculture systems, and the lack of information provided concerning physiological state. The distinct biwptical characteristics of the blooms lend themselves to pigment-based methodologies (pigment and in vivo absorption “signatures”, chlorophyll a fluorescence, multi-spectral remote sensing) which complement microscopic evaluation and can be implemented into large-scale monitoring programs. For example, because the key ingredient for success of such programs is the rapid, reliable, and accurate characterization of algal biomass along variable temporal/spatial scales, remotely-sensed data acquisition most likely will be required. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-derived pigment and in vivo absorption “signatures” can delineate problematic algal phylogenetic groups and physiological states. Further, measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence provide estimates of phytoplankton absorption, quantum efficiency, and potentially production potential and growth rate. As such, they can be used to confirm the systematic significance of remotely-sensed data. It would be highly desirable to integrate an evaluation program using bio-optical methodologies into a geographic information system to allow for integrating, modeling, and predicting parameters of management interest over the scales relevant to aquacultural and water resource management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00830.x
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  • 3
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    Building a window to the sea : Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION) (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 17, 2 (2004): 113-120.
    Description: For centuries, oceanographers have relied on data and observations about the ocean and the seafloor below gathered from ships during cruises of limited duration. This expeditionary research approach has resulted in major advances in understanding global ocean circulation, the energy associated with mesoscale circulation, plate tectonics, global ocean productivity, and climate-ocean coupling. These and many other successes have expanded our view of Earth and ocean processes, and have demonstrated a need for sampling strategies spanning temporal and spatial scales not effectively carried out using ships. To address this observational gap, community efforts in the United States consistently have recommended that funding agencies support development of the capability to maintain a continuous sampling and monitoring presence in the ocean.
    Description: MKT is grateful for support from a WHOI Deep Ocean Exploration Institute fellowship.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Multiscale control of bacterial production by phytoplankton dynamics and sea ice along the western Antarctic Peninsula : a regional and decadal investigation (2012)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2012. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Systems 98-99 (2012): 26-39, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.03.003.
    Description: We present results on phytoplankton and bacterial production and related hydrographic properties collected on nine annual summer cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula. This region is strongly influenced by interannual variations in the duration and extent of sea ice cover, necessitating a decade-scale study. Our study area transitions from a nearshore region influenced by summer runoff from glaciers to an offshore, slope region dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The summer bacterial assemblage is the product of seasonal warming and freshening following spring sea ice retreat and the plankton succession occurring in that evolving water mass. Bacterial production rates averaged 20 mgC m-2 d-1 and were a low (5%) fraction of the primary production (PP). There was significant variation in BP between regions and years, reflecting the variability in sea ice, Chlorophyll and PP. Leucine incorporation was significantly correlated (r2 ranging 0.2-0.7, p〈0.001) with both chlorophyll and PP across depths, regions and years indicating strong phytoplankton-bacteria coupling. Relationships with temperature were variable, including positive, negative and insignificant relationships (r2 〈0.2 for regressions with p〈0.05). Bacterial production is regulated indirectly by variations in sea ice cover within regions and over years, setting the levels of phytoplankton biomass accumulation and PP rates; these in turn fuel BP, to which PP is coupled via direct release from phytoplankton or other less direct pathways.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF Grants OPP-0217282 and 0823101 from the Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program to HWD.
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Antarctica ; Bacterial production ; Primary production ; Sea ice
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 5
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    ASPIRE : the Amundsen Sea Polynya International Research Expedition (2012)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 3 (2012): 40-53, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.73.
    Description: In search of an explanation for some of the greenest waters ever seen in coastal Antarctica and their possible link to some of the fastest melting glaciers and declining summer sea ice, the Amundsen Sea Polynya International Research Expedition (ASPIRE) challenged the capabilities of the US Antarctic Program and RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer during Austral summer 2010–2011. We were well rewarded by both an extraordinary research platform and a truly remarkable oceanic setting. Here we provide further insights into the key questions that motivated our sampling approach during ASPIRE and present some preliminary findings, while highlighting the value of the Palmer for accomplishing complex, multifaceted oceanographic research in such a challenging environment.
    Description: This project was funded by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems (ANT-0839069 to PY, ANT-0838995 to RS, ANT-0838975 to SS, ANT-0838995 to OS, ANT- 0944727 to KA, and ANT-0839012 to Hugh Ducklow), and the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2008-6430 to SB and LR), with logistic support from the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat and Raytheon Polar Services.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    West Antarctic Peninsula : an ice-dependent coastal marine ecosystem in transition (2013)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society] for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 26, no. 3 (2013): 190–203, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2013.62.
    Description: The extent, duration, and seasonality of sea ice and glacial discharge strongly influence Antarctic marine ecosystems. Most organisms' life cycles in this region are attuned to ice seasonality. The annual retreat and melting of sea ice in the austral spring stratifies the upper ocean, triggering large phytoplankton blooms. The magnitude of the blooms is proportional to the winter extent of ice cover, which can act as a barrier to wind mixing. Antarctic krill, one of the most abundant metazoan populations on Earth, consume phytoplankton blooms dominated by large diatoms. Krill, in turn, support a large biomass of predators, including penguins, seals, and whales. Human activity has altered even these remote ecosystems. The western Antarctic Peninsula region has warmed by 7°C over the past 50 years, and sea ice duration has declined by almost 100 days since 1978, causing a decrease in phytoplankton productivity in the northern peninsula region. Besides climate change, Antarctic marine systems have been greatly altered by harvesting of the great whales and now krill. It is unclear to what extent the ecosystems we observe today differ from the pristine state.
    Description: Palmer LTER is supported by National Science Foundation grant ANT-0823101. Amsler was supported by NSF ANT- 0838773 and ANT-1041022. RaTS is a component of the Polar Oceans research program, funded by the British Antarctic Survey.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Penguin biogeography along the West Antarctic Peninsula : testing the canyon hypothesis with Palmer LTER observations (2013)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 26, no. 3 (2013): 204–206, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2013.63.
    Description: The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is home to large breeding colonies of the ice-dependent Antarctic Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). Although the entire inner continental shelf is highly productive, with abundant phytoplankton and krill populations, penguin colonies are distributed heterogeneously along the WAP. This ecological conundrum targets a long-standing question of interest: what environmental factors structure the locations of Adélie penguin "hot spots" throughout the WAP?
    Description: Palmer LTER is supported by NSF grant OPP-0823101 and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (1859).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    High particle export over the continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010): L22606, doi:10.1029/2010GL045448.
    Description: Drifting cylindrical traps and the flux proxy 234Th indicate more than an order of magnitude higher sinking fluxes of particulate carbon and 234Th in January 2009 than measured by a time-series conical trap used regularly on the shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). The higher fluxes measured in this study have several implications for our understanding of the WAP ecosystem. Larger sinking fluxes result in a revised export efficiency of at least 10% (C flux/net primary production) and a requisite lower regeneration efficiency in surface waters. High fluxes also result in a large supply of sinking organic matter to support subsurface and benthic food webs on the continental shelf. These new findings call into question the magnitude of seasonal and interannual variability in particle flux and reaffirm the difficulty of using moored conical traps as a quantitative flux collector in shallow waters.
    Description: Funding was provided by the WHOI Rinehart Access to the Sea program, the WHOI Coastal Oceans Institute, WHOI Academic Programs Office, and most significantly, from the NSF Office of Polar Programs for the PAL‐LTER (OPP 0823101), FOODBANCS and WAP Flux projects (OPP 0838866).
    Keywords: Particle export ; Sediment trap ; Thorium-234
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Carbon fluxes and pelagic ecosystem dynamics near two western Antarctic Peninsula Adélie penguin colonies : an inverse model approach (2013)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 492 (2013): 253-272, doi:10.3354/meps10534.
    Description: An inverse food-web model for the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) pelagic food web was constrained with data from Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (PAL-LTER) project annual austral summer sampling cruises. Model solutions were generated for 2 regions with Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae colonies presenting different population trends (a northern and a southern colony) for a 12 yr period (1995-2006). Counter to the standard paradigm, comparisons of carbon flow through bacteria, microzooplankton, and krill showed that the diatom-krill-top predator food chain is not the dominant pathway for organic carbon exchanges. The food web is more complex, including significant contributions by microzooplankton and the microbial loop. Using both inverse model results and network indices, it appears that in the northern WAP the food web is dominated by the microbial food web, with a temporal trend toward its increasing importance. The dominant pathway for the southern WAP food web varies from year to year, with no detectable temporal trend toward dominance of microzooplankton versus krill. In addition, sensitivity analyses indicated that the northern colony of Adélie penguins, whose population size has been declining over the past 35 yr, appears to have sufficient krill during summer to sustain its basic metabolic needs and rear chicks, suggesting the importance of other processes in regulating the Adélie population decline.
    Description: We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs, Award 0823101 (Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program) to Palmer LTER.
    Keywords: Inverse model ; Food web ; Antarctica ; Microzooplankton ; Krill ; Ecosystem state change ; Climate change
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Effect of continental shelf canyons on phytoplankton biomass and community composition along the western Antarctic Peninsula (2015)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 524 (2015): 11-26, doi:10.3354/meps11189.
    Description: The western Antarctic Peninsula is experiencing dramatic climate change as warm, wet conditions expand poleward and interact with local physics and topography, causing differential regional effects on the marine ecosystem. At local scales, deep troughs (or canyons) bisect the continental shelf and act as conduits for warm Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, with reduced seasonal sea ice coverage, and provide a reservoir of macro- and micronutrients. Shoreward of many canyon heads are Adélie penguin breeding colonies; it is hypothesized that these locations reflect improved or more predictable access to higher biological productivity overlying the canyons. To synoptically assess the potential impacts of regional bathymetry on the marine ecosystem, 4 major canyons were identified along a latitudinal gradient west of the Antarctic Peninsula using a high-resolution bathymetric database. Biological-physical dynamics above and adjacent to canyons were compared using in situ pigments and satellite-derived sea surface temperature, sea ice and ocean color variables, including chlorophyll a (chl a) and fucoxanthin derived semi-empirically from remote sensing reflectance. Canyons exhibited higher sea surface temperature and reduced sea ice coverage relative to adjacent shelf areas. In situ and satellite-derived pigment patterns indicated increased total phytoplankton and diatom biomass over the canyons (by up to 22 and 35%, respectively), as well as increases in diatom relative abundance (fucoxanthin:chl a). While regional heterogeneity is apparent, canyons appear to support a phytoplankton community that is conducive to both grazing by krill and enhanced vertical export, although it cannot compensate for decreased biomass and diatom relative abundance during low sea ice conditions.
    Description: We acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ocean Bio - logy and Biogeochemistry Program (NNX14AL86G) and the National Science Foundation Polar Programs awards 0823101 (Antarctic Organisms and Ecosystems Program) and 1440435 (Antarctic Integrated System Science) to the Palmer LTER program.
    Keywords: Western Antarctic Peninsula ; Canyons ; Phytoplankton ; Diatoms ; Remote sensing ; Adélie penguin habitat ; Sea ice
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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