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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of signals conveyed by the ventral spino-cerebellar tract and spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 426-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Scratch reflex ; Ventral spino-cerebellar tract ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway ; Cerebellum ; Cooling the nervous tissue ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The “fictitious” scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spinoreticulo-cerebellar pathway (SRCP) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. (2) Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. (3) A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. (4) From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235467
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 106-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pteropodial mollusc ; Pedal ganglia ; Locomotion ; Interneurons and efferent neurons ; Endogenous activity ; Isolated cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pteropodial mollusc Clione limacina, the rhythmic locomotor wing movements are controlled by the pedal ganglia. The locomotor rhythm is generated by two groups of interneurons (groups 7 and 8) which drive efferent neurons. In the present paper, the activity of isolated neurons, which were extracted from the pedal ganglia by means of an intracellular electrode, is described. The following results have been obtained: 1. Isolated type 7 and 8 interneurons preserved the capability for generation of prolonged (100–200 ms) action potentials. The frequency of these spontaneous discharges was usually within the limit of locomotor frequencies (0.5–5 Hz). By de- or hyperpolarizing a cell, one could usually cover the whole range of locomotor frequencies. This finding demonstrates that the locomotor rhythm is indeed determined by the endogenous rhythmic activity of type 7 and 8 interneurons. 2. Type 1 and 2 efferent neurons, before isolation, could generate single spikes as well as high-frequency bursts of spikes. These two modes of activity were also observed after isolating the cells. Thus, the bursting activity of type 1 and 2 neurons, demonstrated during locomotion, is determined by their own properties. Type 3 and 4 efferent neurons generated only repeated single spikes both before and after isolation. 3. The activity of the isolated axons of type 1 and 2 neurons did not differ meaningfully from the activity of the whole cells. Furthermore, in the isolated pedal commissure, we found units whose activity (rhythmically repeating prolonged action potentials) resembled the activity of type 7 and 8 interneurons. These units seemed to be the axons of type 7 and 8 interneurons. Thus, different parts of the cell membrane (soma and axons) have similar electric properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235652
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of locomotion in the marine mollusc Clione limacina (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 109 (1996), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locomotion ; Central pattern generator ; Serotonin ; Modulation ; Pteropod mollusc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The locomotor activity in the marine mollusc Clione limacina has been found to be strongly excited by serotonergic mechanisms. In the present study putative serotonergic cerebropedal neurons were recorded simultaneously with pedal locomotor motoneurons and interneurons. Stimulation of serotonergic neurons produced acceleration of the locomotor rhythm and strengthening of motoneuron discharges. These effects were accompanied by depolarization of motoneurons, while depolarization of the generator interneurons was considerably lower (if it occurred at all). Effects of serotonin application on isolated locomotor and non-locomotor pedal neurons were studied. Serotonin (5×10-7 to 1×10-6 M) affected most pedal neurons. All locomotor neurons were excited by serotonin. This suggests that serotonergic command neurons exert direct influence on locomotor neurons. Effects of serotonin on nonlocomotor neurons were diverse, most neurons being inhibited by serotonin. Some effects of serotonin on locomotor neurons could not be reproduced by neuron depolarization. This suggests that, along with depolarization, serotonin modulates voltage-sensitive membrane properties of the neurons. As a result, serotonin promotes the endogenous rhythmical activity in neurons of the C. limacina locomotor central pattern generator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231794
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of long-latency components of field potentials evoked by stimulation of the cerebral cortex and nerves in the cerebellar paramedian lobule (1982)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 14 (1982), S. 284-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Field potentials evoked in the graunular layer of the cerebellar paramedian lobule of unanesthetized cats in response to stimulation of the sensomotor cortex and limb nerves contained slow negative waves, appearing after a long latent period, which were generated by granule cells. In the case of nerve stimulation this component was recorded both inside and outside the projection zone of the corresponding limb. Cortical stimulation by single stimuli or series of stimuli not more than 1.8–2.5 times above threshold strength led to the appearance of evoked potentials only inside the corresponding projection zone. The long-latency component of field potentials evoked by cerebral stimulation followed high frequencies of repetitive stimulation and was less sensitive to the action of barbital anesthesia than the analogous component of potentials evoked by nerve stimulation. In the case of combined cerebral and nerve stimulation the long-latency components underwent summation. It is concluded that mossy fibers of slowly-conducting spino- and cerebrocerebellar tracts innervate different granule cells in the cerebellar cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058737
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of propriospinal neurons in segments C3 and C4 during fictitious locomotion in cats (1985)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 17 (1985), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Activity of propriospinal neurons in segments C3 and C4 was recorded in immobilized decerebrate cats, whose spinal cord was divided at the lower thoracic level, during locomotor activity of neuronal mechanisms controlling the forelimbs (fictitious locomotion of the forelimbs). Neurons were identified according to antidromic responses to stimulation of the lateral column of the spinal cord at level C6. Antidromic responses also appeared in 70% of these neurons to stimulation of the medullary lateral reticular nucleus. During fictitious locomotion, i.e., in the absence of afferent signals from the limb receptors, rhythmic modulation of the discharge of most neurons was observed, correlating with activity of motoneurons. If the rostral region of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord was cooled, causing generation of the locomotor rhythm to cease, rhythmic activity of propriospinal neurons in segments C3 and C4 also ceased. The main source of modulation of activity of propriospinal neurons in segments C3 and C4 is thus the central spinal mechanisms controlling activity of the forelimbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052458
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurite growth and formation of connections in pteropodial mollusk neurons in culture (1987)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 19 (1987), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurons from the peripharyngeal nerve ring detached from the pteropodial molluskClione limacina were cultured in polylysine prepared in a 25% Leibovitz saltwater medium containing 2% embryonic calf serum. Neurite outgrowth was observed in a proportion of the neurons, reaching its peak rate during the first three days. Neurites grew up to 300 µm in length. Membrane potential of the neurons measured 40–60 mV. The latter generated either single action potentials or volleys of spikes. Neural connections between 70 pairs of cells with overlapping neurites were investigated on days 3–4. An electrical connection was discovered between cells in 20% of the pairs examined and, in 6%, stimulating one neuron of a pair produced an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055998
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural control of heartbeat in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina (1989)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 21 (1989), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The heart of the pteropod molluskClione limacina is innervated by the median nerve arising from the left abdominal ganglion. Five neurons sending axons to the heart have been identified in theClione central nervous system with retrograde cobalt or Lucifer yellow staining. Neuron H1 located in the left pedal ganglion produced an excitatory effect on heart beat. Stimulation of three neurons, H2–H4, situated in a compact group in the medial region of the left abdominal ganglion, led to inhibition of cardiac contraction, while H5, located in the caudal region of the left abdominal ganglion, did not affect heart beat. The activity of efferent cardiac neurons (ECN) was found to be related to the operation of the locomotor rhythm generator. Spontaneous or reflex depression of the latter was found to inhibit neuron H1 and activate units H2–H4. The behavior of these ECN accounts for the positive correlation between heart operation and locomotor activity inClione limacina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01056971
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Staining of central neurons of the pteropod molluskClione limacina with fluorescein-labeled α-bungarotoxin (1999)
    Springer
    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 29 (1999), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescein-labeled α-bungarotoxin (αBT/FITC) was used to identify neurons bearing acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of the pteropod molluskClione limacina. αBT/FITC stained two small symmetrical neurons on the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglia. The stain was highly specific and was completely blocked by preincubation with a very low concentration of unlabeled α-bungarotoxin (1 nM). Nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists effectively blocked staining with αBT/FITC, while muscarinic agonists and antagonists had no effect. This provides evidence that αBT/FITC genuinely binds to acetylcholine receptors. The possible role of the αBT/FITC-stained cells in the hunting behavioral complex ofClione is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465343
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible use of an analgesic (fentanyl) during electrophysiological investigations of the cerebellar cortex (1979)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 11 (1979), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the central analgesic fentanyl on evoked potentials and responses of single Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex to stimulation of the sensomotor cortex and of somatic nerves was investigated in unanesthetized cats. Injection of fentanyl in an analgesic dose (10–30 µg/kg, intravenously) had no appreciable effect on evoked potentials and led only to very slight changes in spontaneous activity and responses of Purkinje cells. As a rule fentanyl, in a dose of 30 µg/kg, depressed, but in a dose of 10 µg/kg, facilitated responses and spontaneous activity of Purkinje cells. This effect of fentanyl is negligible compared with the action of barbiturate anesthetics on responses of cerebellar cortical neurons. Consequently, fentanyl can be used for analgesia during electrophysiological investigations of the cerebellar cortex in unanesthetized cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01062840
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration of pedal ganglion neurons in the sea butterfly Clione limacina (1985)
    Springer
    Neurophysiology 17 (1985), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the pedal ganglia ofClione limacina the growth of neurites is traced in motoneurons after transection of the wing nerve and in interneurons after transection of the pedal commissure. Neurons were stained intracellularly with Lucifer yellow. In the motoneurons the neurites growing from the transected end of the axon and from the neuron soma spread to all nerve trunks departing from the ipsi- and contralateral ganglia. For nerve transection in the intact mollusk, wing movements were restored 10 days after the operation. In the interneurons the growing neurites branched within the pedal ganglion or spread to the cerebral ganglia, but they never reached the periphery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052341
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