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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VI, 194 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    Series Statement: Marine chemistry 120.2010,1/4
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 468-469 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In these pages last week, there was an account of a new explanation for the lower levels of CO2 in the atmosphere during the last glaciation (about 130,000 to 20,000 years ago) compared with the ensuing interglacial. Given that CO2 remains one of the main determinants of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The geological calcium cycle is linked to the geological carbon cycle through the weathering and burial of carbonate rocks. As a result, calcium (Ca) isotope ratios (44Ca/40Ca, expressed as δ44/40Ca) can help to constrain ancient carbon cycle dynamics if Ca cycle behavior can be reconstructed. However, the δ44/40Ca of carbonate rocks is influenced not only by the δ44/40Ca of seawater but also by diagenetic processes and fractionation associated with carbonate precipitation. In this study, we investigate the dominant controls on carbonate δ44/40Ca in Upper Permian to Middle Triassic limestones (ca. 253 to 244 Ma) from south China and Turkey. This time interval is ideal for assessing controls on Ca isotope ratios in carbonate rocks because fluctuations in seawater δ44/40Ca may be expected based on several large carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions ranging from − 2 to + 8‰. Parallel negative δ13C and δ44/40Ca excursions were previously identified across the end-Permian extinction horizon. Here, we find a second negative excursion in δ44/40Ca of ~ 0.2‰ within Lower Triassic strata in both south China and Turkey; however, this excursion is not synchronous between regions and thus cannot be interpreted to reflect secular change in the δ44/40Ca of global seawater. Additionally, δ44/40Ca values from Turkey are consistently 0.3‰ lower than contemporaneous samples from south China, providing further support for local or regional influences. By measuring δ44/40Ca and Sr concentrations ([Sr]) in two stratigraphic sections located at opposite margins of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, we can determine whether the data represent global conditions (e.g., secular variations in the δ44/40Ca of seawater) versus local controls (e.g., original mineralogy or diagenetic alteration). The [Sr] and δ44/40Ca data from this study are best described statistically by a log-linear correlation that also exists in many previously published datasets of various geological ages. Using a model of early marine diagenetic water-rock interaction, we illustrate that this general correlation can be explained by the chemical evolution of bulk carbonate sediment samples with different initial mineralogical compositions that subsequently underwent recrystallization. Although early diagenetic resetting and carbonate mineralogy strongly influence the carbonate δ44/40Ca values, the relationship between [Sr] and δ44/40Ca holds potential for reconstructing first-order secular changes in seawater δ44/40Ca composition.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Coccoliths comprise a major fraction of the global carbonate sink. Therefore, changes in coccolithophores' Ca isotopic fractionation could affect seawater Ca isotopic composition, affecting interpretations of the global Ca cycle and related changes in seawater chemistry and climate. Despite this, a quantitative interpretation of coccolith Ca isotopic fractionation and a clear understanding of the mechanisms driving it are not yet available. Here, we address this gap in knowledge by developing a simple model (CaSri–Co) to track coccolith Ca isotopic fractionation during cellular Ca uptake and allocation to calcification. We then apply it to published and new δ44/40Ca and Sr/Ca data of cultured coccolithophores of the species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. We identify changes in calcification rates, Ca retention efficiency and solvation–desolvation rates as major drivers of the Ca isotopic fractionation and Sr/Ca variations observed in cultures. Higher calcification rates, higher Ca retention efficiencies and lower solvation–desolvation rates increase both coccolith Ca isotopic fractionation and Sr/Ca. Coccolith Ca isotopic fractionation is most sensitive to changes in solvation–desolvation rates. Changes in Ca retention efficiency may be a major driver of coccolith Sr/Ca variations in cultures. We suggest that substantial changes in the water structure strength caused by past changes in temperature could have induced significant changes in coccolithophores' Ca isotopic fractionation, potentially having some influence on seawater Ca isotopic composition. We also suggest a potential effect on Ca isotopic fractionation via modification of the solvation environment through cellular exudates, a hypothesis that remains to be tested.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: A negative shift in the calcium isotopic composition of marine carbonate rocks spanning the end-Permian extinction horizon in South China has been used to argue for an ocean acidification event coincident with mass extinction. This interpretation has proven controversial, both because the excursion has not been demonstrated across multiple, widely separated localities, and because modeling results of coupled carbon and calcium isotope records illustrate that calcium cycle imbalances alone cannot account for the full magnitude of the isotope excursion. Here, we further test potential controls on the Permian-Triassic calcium isotope record by measuring calcium isotope ratios from shallow-marine carbonate successions spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary in Turkey, Italy, and Oman. All measured sections display negative shifts in δ44/40Ca of up to 0.6‰. Consistency in the direction, magnitude, and timing of the calcium isotope excursion across these widely separated localities implies a primary and global δ44/40Ca signature. Based on the results of a coupled box model of the geological carbon and calcium cycles, we interpret the excursion to reflect a series of consequences arising from volcanic CO2 release, including a temporary decrease in seawater δ44/40Ca due to short-lived ocean acidification and a more protracted increase in calcium isotope fractionation associated with a shift toward more primary aragonite in the sediment and, potentially, subsequently elevated carbonate saturation states caused by the persistence of elevated CO2 delivery from volcanism. Locally, changing balances between aragonite and calcite production are sufficient to account for the calcium isotope excursions, but this effect alone does not explain the globally observed negative excursion in the δ13C values of carbonate sediments and organic matter as well. Only a carbon release event and related geochemical consequences are consistent both with calcium and carbon isotope data. The carbon release scenario can also account for oxygen isotope evidence for dramatic and protracted global warming as well as paleontological evidence for the preferential extinction of marine animals most susceptible to acidification, warming, and anoxia.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Porewater profiles in sediment cores from mangrove-dominated coastal lagoons (Celestún and Chelem) on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, reveal the widespread coexistence of dissolved methane and sulfate. This observation is interesting since dissolved methane in porewaters is typically oxidized anaerobically by sulfate. To explain the observations we used a numerical transport-reaction model that was constrained by the field observations. The model suggests that methane in the upper sediments is produced in the sulfate reduction zone at rates ranging between 0.012 and 31 mmolm-2 d-1, concurrent with sulfate reduction rates between 1.1 and 24 mmol SO2- 4 m-2 d-1. These processes are supported by high organic matter content in the sediment and the use of non-competitive substrates by methanogenic microorganisms. Indeed sediment slurry incubation experiments show that non-competitive substrates such as trimethylamine (TMA) and methanol can be utilized for microbial methanogenesis at the study sites. The model also indicates that a significant fraction of methane is transported to the sulfate reduction zone from deeper zones within the sedimentary column by rising bubbles and gas dissolution. The shallow depths of methane production and the fast rising methane gas bubbles reduce the likelihood for oxidation, thereby allowing a large fraction of the methane formed in the sediments to escape to the overlying water column.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Highlights • δ44Ca was measured in bulk carbonate and barite at two sites over the PETM. • Diagenetic effects on δ44Ca are observed associated with ocean acidification. • Multiple sites and proxy archives necessary to reconstruct the past accurately. Abstract Carbonates are used extensively to reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoceanographic conditions over geologic time scales. However, these archives are susceptible to diagenetic alteration via dissolution, recrystallization and secondary precipitation, particularly during ocean acidification events when intense dissolution can occur. Despite the possible effects of diagenesis on proxy fidelity, the impacts of diagenesis on the calcium isotopic composition (δ44Ca) of carbonates are unclear. To shed light on this issue, bulk carbonate δ44Ca was measured at high resolution in two Pacific deep sea sediment cores (ODP Sites 1212 and 1221) with considerably different dissolution histories over the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ∼55 Ma∼55 Ma). The δ44Ca of marine barite was also measured at the deeper Site 1221, which experienced severe carbonate dissolution during the PETM. Large variations (∼0.8‰∼0.8‰) in bulk carbonate δ44Ca occur in the deeper of the two sites at depths corresponding to the peak carbon isotope excursion, which correlate with a large drop in carbonate weight percent. Such an effect is not observed in either the 1221 barite record or the bulk carbonate record at the shallower Site 1212, which is also less affected by dissolution. We contend that ocean chemical changes associated with abrupt and massive carbon release into the ocean–atmosphere system and subsequent ocean acidification at the PETM affected the bulk carbonate δ44Ca record via diagenesis in the sedimentary column. Such effects are considerable, and need to be taken into account when interpreting Ca isotope data and, potentially, other geochemical proxies over extreme climatic events that drive sediment dissolution.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA) research seeks to understand how marine ecosystems and global elemental cycles will respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry in combination with other environmental perturbations such as warming, eutrophication, and deoxygenation. Here, we discuss the effectiveness and limitations of current research approaches used to address this goal. A diverse combination of approaches is essential to decipher the consequences of OA to marine organisms, communities, and ecosystems. Consequently, the benefits and limitations of each approach must be considered carefully. Major research challenges involve experimentally addressing the effects of OA in the context of large natural variability in seawater carbonate system parameters and other interactive variables, integrating the results from different research approaches, and scaling results across different temporal and spatial scales.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Boron isotope (δ11B) analysis using bulk foraminifera samples is a widely used method to reconstruct paleo sea water pH conditions. Although, these analyses exhibit high analytical precision, short term information is lost due to the pooling of tests with distinct and diverse boron isotope signatures resulting in average values for the time interval encompassed in the sample. Here we present and assess the analysis of δ11B of individual foraminifera by means of Laser Ablation Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) to obtain seasonal variability patterns and to test the limits of precision of LA-MC-ICP-MS on the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa. The results show that relative seasonal differences (of ∼11 ‰) can be captured from either uncleaned or cleaned individual O. universa tests with an average precision of ±2.9 ‰ (2 SE). The δ11B variability among foraminifera representing the same season is on average 7.4 ‰ (2 SD) irrespective of cleaning state. With our approach, analyses on oxidatively cleaned O. universa do not require the use of a matrix matched standard to obtain B isotope values in the range of those expected for solution multi-specimen analyses from determining local pH. Our results are useful for considering the potential spread caused by foraminifera vital effects and for obtaining information of seasonal ranges of pH and possible bias related to seasonality hidden within conventional solution based δ11B analyses.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Atmospheric deposition can be an important source of nutrients and trace metals to oligotrophic alpine lakes, affecting their biogeochemistry. We measured trace metal concentrations and lead (Pb) isotope ratios in lake water, river water, ground water, and aerosol total suspended particles (TSP), as well as nutrient (NO 3 − , NH 4 + , PO 4 3− ) concentrations in TSP in the Tahoe Basin. The contribution of TSP deposition to the lake trace metal budget was assessed. Our results show seasonality in TSP and associated trace metal concentrations with higher concentrations during Oct – April. However, trace metal solubilities are higher during May – Sept, resulting in a higher contribution of soluble trace metals to the lake water. The source of most of the trace metals in TSP in the Lake Tahoe Basin is mineral dust; however, Zn, Cu, and Cd also have an anthropogenic origin. Among major nutrients, NO 3 − concentrations are slightly higher during Oct – April, while NH 4 + and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) are higher during May – Sept. The distributions of trace metal concentrations and Pb isotopic ratios are homogenous throughout the lake water column, suggesting that the residence time of the trace metals in the lake is longer than the lake water mixing time. The contribution of atmospheric TSP deposition to the upper 20 m of lake water trace metal inventory is low, ranging from 0.03% for V to 5.7% for Mn. A triple-isotopes plot of Pb indicates that riverine and groundwater inputs are the major Pb sources, but aerosols still contribute some Pb to the lake. This article is part of a special issue entitled: Conway GEOTRACES - edited by Tim M. Conway, Tristan Horner, Yves Plancherel, and Aridane G. González.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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