Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- References -- The Basic Ideas of the Ecosystem Service Concept -- 1 What Are Ecosystem Services? -- 2 Why Do We Need Ecosystem Services? -- 3 Which Ecosystem Services Are Relevant for River Basin Ecohydrology? -- 4 Which Ecosystem Services Can We Distinguish? -- 5 How Can We Quantify Ecosystem Services? -- 6 How Can Services Be Used in Human-Environmental Assessments? -- 7 Recent Problems of Ecosystem Service Assessments -- References -- Cultural Services in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Supply of Cultural Services by Aquatic Ecosystems -- 3 Links Between Human Needs and the Demand for Cultural Services -- 4 The Values of Cultural Ecosystem Services -- 4.1 Valuation Dimensions: Ecological, Socio-cultural, and Economic -- Box 1 Schleimünde case study -- 5 The DPSIR Framework as a Management Tool for Decision-makers -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- The Importance of Hyporheic Zone Processes on Ecological Functioning and Solute Transport of Streams and Rivers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Impact of Physical and Biological Clogging on the Functional Significance of the Hyporheic Zone -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sampling Sites and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.4 Discussion -- 3 Nitrogen Retention and Turnover at the Surface-­Subsurface Interface of Riffle-Pool Sequences -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Material and Methods -- 3.3 Model and Model Setup -- 3.4 Results -- 4 Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Removal in River Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Site -- 4.2.2 Model and Model Set Up -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Delivery of Goods and Services, Through Sustainable Use and Conservation -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Classification and Monetary Assessment of Goods and Services -- 3 Conservation of Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 3.1 Overview of the Protection Measures for Ecosystem Services -- 3.2 Restoration of Marine Ecosystems: Restoring and Creating Goods and Services -- 3.3 Prevention Measures, to Avoid Ecosystem Goods and Services Degradation -- 3.4 Conservation: Payments, Markets and Optimal Levels -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Terrestrial Ecosystem Services in River Basins: An Overview and an Assessment Framework -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 3 Ecosystem Services of Terrestrial Ecosystems - A Classification -- 3.1 Provisioning Services -- 3.2 Regulating Services -- 3.3 Socio-cultural Services -- 4 Assessment of Ecosystem Services: The EPPS Framework -- 5 The Example Semi-natural Grassland and Nature Conservation -- 6 The Example of Farmland and Energy Crops -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Quantifying, Modelling and Mapping Ecosystem Services in Watersheds -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Watershed Management -- 1.2 Quantifying Ecosystem Services in Watersheds -- 1.3 Modelling Water-Related Ecosystem Services -- 1.4 Mapping Ecosystem Services in Watersheds -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Case Study Areas -- 2.2 Watershed Model AGWA -- 2.3 Database -- 2.4 Hydrological Modelling in the Case Study Areas -- 2.5 Capacity Assessment and Mapping of Flood Regulating Ecosystem Service -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Supply of Flood Regulating Ecosystem Services -- 3.2 Demands for Flood Regulating Ecosystem Services -- 3.3 Budgets between Flood Regulation Supply and Demand -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Methodology for Quantifying and Mapping Ecosystem Services Provided by Watersheds -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Importance of a Watershed Perspective -- 1.2 Relationships between Water Flow and ES Delivery. , 2 Distinctions among Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural ES -- 2.1 Capacity - Demand - Flow of Services -- 2.2 Definitions of ES Components -- 2.2.1 Capacity -- 2.2.2 Demand -- 2.2.3 Flow -- 2.2.4 Ecological Pressures -- 2.3 Importance of Distinguishing ES Components When Assessing Sustainability -- 3 Conceptual and Quantitative Models -- 4 Spatial Independence of ES Capacity, Demand, and Flow -- 5 Quantifying ES Components -- 5.1 Capacity -- 5.2 Demand -- 5.3 Flow -- 6 Constraints on Data Availability -- 7 Case Studies of Methods to Evaluate Capacity for Freshwater ES -- 7.1 Riparian Filtration (Surface Water Quality Protection) -- 7.2 Sediment Retention (Surface Water Quality Protection) -- 7.3 Vertical Nitrogen Retention (Ground Water Quality Protection) -- 8 Case Studies of Methods to Evaluate Demand for ES -- 8.1 Freshwater Recreational Fishing -- 8.2 Bird Watching -- 9 Future Needs and Directions -- 9.1 Conclusion -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Land-Use Changes on Providing Hydrological Ecosystem Functions (ESF) and Services (ESS) - A Case-­Study Experience Based Conceptual Framework -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.3 Challenges for Assessing the Impact of Land-Use Changes on Hydrological ESF and ESS -- 2 Case Studies in ESF and ESS Assessment and Lessons Learnt -- 2.1 Case Study 1 - Land-Use Classification and Its Limits for ESF and ESS Assessment -- 2.1.1 Forest Land-Use Classification -- 2.1.2 Agricultural Land-Use Classification -- 2.1.3 Overall Classification Result -- 2.1.4 Applicability of the Approach for ESF and ESS Assessment -- 2.2 Case Study 2 - Landscape Metrics for Improving ESF and ESS Assessment -- 2.3 Scaling Approach - Using HRU in ESF and ESS Assessment -- 3 Conceptual Framework for ESF and ESS Provision in Catchment Scales -- 4 Discussion - Applicability of the Framework -- 5 Conclusions. , References -- Valuation of Ecosystem Services Regarding the Water Framework Directive on the Example of the Jahna River Catchment in Saxony (Germany) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structures, Processes and Selected Pollutions in the Catchment Area -- 3 Determining of Endangering and Reduction Potentials -- 4 Services and Welfare Effects (Cost-Benefit-Analysis) -- 5 Monetisation and Discussion -- References -- Water-Related Ecosystem Services - The Case Study of Regulating Ecosystem Services in the Kielstau Basin, Germany -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Kielstau Basin and Its Ecosystem Services -- 3 Regulating Ecosystem Services: The Example of Erosion Regulation -- 3.1 Methods -- 3.1.1 SWAT Model and Outputs -- 3.1.2 Valuation and Mapping of Erosion Regulation in the Kielstau Basin -- 3.2 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Aquatic Ecosystem Services and Management in East Africa: The Tanzania Case -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Status and Trends of Aquatic Ecosystem Services in Tanzania -- Box 1: Highlighting Figures of Wetlands Services to Tanzania Economy and Livelihoods (SWMP 2010) -- 3 Local Pressures and Drivers of Aquatic Ecosystem Change -- 3.1 Lake Victoria Basin -- 3.1.1 Demography -- 3.1.2 Excessive Water Withdrawal -- 3.1.3 Climate Change -- 3.1.4 Exotic Species -- 3.2 Great Ruaha River -- 3.2.1 Land Use Change -- 4 Management Options for Lake Victoria Ecosystem -- 4.1 Government Efforts to Restore the Lake Victoria Ecosystem -- 5 Management Options for the GRR -- 5.1 Government Efforts to Restore the GRR Ecosystem -- 5.2 Donors Efforts to Restore the GRR Ecosystem -- 6 Aquatic Ecosystem Protection as a Key Driver to Adoption of IWRM Approaches in Tanzania and Way Forward -- 7 Way Forward -- References -- Coastal Watershed Ecosystem Services Management in West Africa: Case of Ghana and Nigeria -- 1 Introduction. , 1.1 Description of the Coastline -- 2 Coastal Watershed Ecosystem Goods and Services in West Africa -- 2.1 Current Status of Key Coastal Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 3 Pressures on Key Coastal Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 3.1 Coastal Population and Livelihoods -- 3.2 Fisheries, Resource Management and Biodiversity -- 3.3 Coastal Tourism -- 3.4 Fresh Water, Food Security, Pollution and Sanitation -- 4 Impacts of Pressures on Coastal Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 4.1 Direct and Indirect Drivers of Change in Coastal Ecosystems and Services -- 4.1.1 Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Erosion -- Box 1: Coastal Erosion Along the Coasts of Ghana -- Box 2: Coastal Erosion Along the Lagos Coast, Nigeria- Amadu Bello Way Along Victoria Beach Prior to Eko Atlantic City Intervention -- 4.1.2 Precipitation and Floods -- 4.2 Analysis of Drivers -- 5 Measures to Reduce or Mitigate Threats/Risks to Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Management of Agriculture to Preserve Environmental Values of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Pollution and the GBR -- 3 Management of Agricultural Pollution for the GBR -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Reef Plan -- 3.3 Reef Rescue -- 3.4 Great Barrier Reef Protection Amendment Act 2009 -- 3.5 Management Effectiveness -- 3.6 Governance -- 3.7 Monitoring and Reporting -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Ecohydrology: A New Approach to Old Problems for Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystem of Bangladesh for Ecosystem Service Provision -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Aquatic Ecosystem Resources in Bangladesh -- 3 Values of Aquatic Ecosystem for Ecosystem Services -- 3.1 Flood Control -- 3.2 Groundwater Replenishment -- 3.3 Shoreline Stabilization and Storm Protection -- 3.4 Sediment and Nutrient Retention and Export -- 3.5 Water Purification -- 3.6 Reservoirs of Biodiversity. , 3.7 Wetland Product and Livelihood.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Prologue -- Part I. Herders and Reindeer: The Cultural and Socio-economic Dynamics of Human-Animal Relations -- Preface -- The Reindeer: A Brief Natural History -- References -- 1 The Challenges of Modernity for Reindeer Management in Northernmost Europe -- 1.1 Introduction: The Research Setting -- 1.2 Semantics and Book Structure -- 1.3 Research Problems, Questions, Regions and Sites -- 1.4 Issues and Concerns -- 1.5 Challenges in Modern Reindeer Management -- 1.6 Conclusions: Outlook to Resolutions to Conflicts in Reindeer Management -- References -- 2 Dynamics in Human-Reindeer Relations: Reflections on Prehistoric, Historic and Contemporary Practices in Northernmost Europe -- 2.1 Introduction: People and Reindeer in Northern Environments -- 2.2 Remarks on Prehistoric and Early Historic Dimensions of Human-Reindeer Relations -- 2.3 The Emergence of Sámi Practices in Reindeer Nomadism and Large-Scale Herding -- 2.4 Sámi Reindeer Herding in Crisis: Reflections on Practices in Sápmi, Finland -- 2.5 Human-Reindeer Relationships in the Post-Soviet Context: Kola Peninsula (Northwest Russia) -- 2.6 Conclusion: The Future of Human-Reindeer Relations and its Practices -- References -- 3 Development of Participatory Institutions for Reindeer Management in Finland: A Diagnosis of Deliberation, Knowledge Integration and Sustainability -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Knowledge Integration: The Path from an Idea to a Policy Recommendation -- 3.2.1 Modes of Networking -- 3.2.2 Pioneer Networking -- 3.2.3 Translational Networking -- 3.2.4 Modular Networking -- 3.2.5 The Challenges of Knowledge Networking -- 3.3 Building on Cognitive Potential: Knowledge Networking as an Emergent Institution for Sustainability -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Comparison of Indigennus and Scientific Perceptions of Reindeer Management. , 4.1 Introduction: Research Questions, Approach, and Material -- 4.2 Theoretical Background -- 4.3 The Environmental Management System and its Recognition of Tasks -- 4.4 Major Challenges in Management -- 4.5 Monitoring vs. Observing for Practical Purposes: Contrasting Discourses -- 4.6 The Integrative Challenges of Indigenous and Scientific Conceptions -- 4.7 Conclusions: Needed Dialogue Between Indigenous and Scientific Perceptions -- References -- 5 The Challenges and Dilemmas of Concession Reindeer Management in Sweden -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Unexpected Field -- 5.3 The Reindeer System in Sweden -- 5.4 Early Legislation and Regulation -- 5.5 Current Legislation and Regulation -- 5.5.1 The Unique Tornedalen Case -- 5.5.2 Concession Reindeer Herding in Tornedalen Today -- 5.5.3 Distribution of Power -- 5.5.4 Concession for What? -- 5.6 A Small Scale System of Coexistence? -- 5.6.1 Winter Pasture Activities -- 5.6.2 Spring Migration -- 5.6.3 Summer Pasture and Calf Marking -- 5.7 Old System, New Challenges: The Future of the Concession System -- 5.8 Conclusions: … but Some Conflicts Exist … -- References -- 6 Changes in Property Regimes and Reindeer Herding Management in Post-Soviet Herding Collectives: The Case of the Municipality of Lovozero (Murmansk Region, Northwest Russia) -- 6.1 Introduction: The Setting -- 6.2 Brief Historical Survey of Land Reforms -- 6.2.1 "State Peasants" -- 6.2.2 Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Building -- 6.2.3 Agrarian Reforms: Work History vs. Restitution -- 6.2.4 Herding Specifics -- 6.3 Coping Strategies -- 6.3.1 Agrarian Reforms as Power Tools -- 6.3.2 The "Tundra" Collective of Lovozero -- 6.3.3 Land Issues -- 6.3.4 SKhPK Structure -- 6.3.5 Administrative Management -- 6.3.6 Private Reindeer (lichnye olen'i) -- 6.4 Conclusions: An Apocalyptic Future for Reindeer Management? -- References. , Part II. Reindeer Herding - Effects on Soils, Soil Biota and Vegetation -- Preface -- References -- 7 Defining the Quality of Reindeer Pastures: The Perspectives of Sámi Reindeer Herders -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reindeer Herding -- 7.3 Theoretical background -- 7.4 Study Sites -- 7.4.1 Näkkälä Reindeer Herding District -- 7.4.2 Sirkas Sámi Village -- 7.5 Methods -- 7.6 Results -- 7.6.1 Factors Affecting the Quality of the Pastures -- 7.6.1.1 Biological -- 7.6.1.2 Geographical Factors -- 7.6.1.3 Climatic Factors -- 7.6.1.4 Socioeconomic Factors -- 7.6.2 Management and Economic Questions -- 7.6.3 Interactions Among the Different Factors -- 7.7 Scientific Knowledge and Practitioners' Knowledge -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory in Northern Fennoscandia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Aims of the Research -- 8.2 Research Area -- 8.3 Material -- 8.3.1 Field Data -- 8.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS Data -- 8.4 Methods -- 8.4.1 Lichens as Indicators of Grazing and Trampling Intensities -- 8.4.2 Digital Image Processing and Accuracy Assessment -- 8.5 Results -- 8.5.1 Classification of Reindeer Pasture Types -- 8.5.1.1 Winter Pastures -- 8.5.1.2 Summer Pastures -- 8.5.1.3 Other Classes -- 8.5.2 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.5.3 Reindeer Lichen Biomass on Winter Pasture Types -- 8.6 Discussion -- 8.6.1 IKONOS-2 Image Classification and Accuracy -- 8.6.2 Grazing and Trampling Intensities in the Jauristunturit -- 8.6.3 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Vegetation: Structure, Cover and Biomass of Subarctic Tundra Wetlands Used as Summer Pastures -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Site and Methods -- 9.2.1 Plant composition -- 9.2.2 Biomass -- 9.2.3 Data analysis -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Discussion -- References. , 10 The Chemical Response of Reindeer Summer Pasture Plants in a Subarctic Peatland to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Site -- 10.2.2 UV Filtration Experiment -- 10.2.3 Sampling and Analyses -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Weather and Irradiance Conditions -- 10.3.2 Content of Soluble Phenolics in Different Plant Species -- 10.3.3 Content of Nitrogen and Fibers in Different Plant Species -- 10.3.4 Digestibility of Different Plant Species -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Consequences of Grazing on Soil Physical and Mechanical Properties in Forest and Tundra Environments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Areas and Sampling Sites -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.3.1 Assessment of Soil Structure and Pore Functioning -- 11.3.2 Assessment of Soil Stability -- 11.3.3 Assessment of Heat and Water Flow -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Conductivity Functions -- 11.4.2 Stress-Strain Relationships of the Investigated Soils -- 11.4.2.1 Stability of Soil Structure -- 11.4.2.2 Soil Deformation Under Cyclic Loading -- 11.4.3 Changes in Macroclimate and Moisture Regime -- 11.4.3.1 Exchange of Heat Between Atmosphere and Pedosphere -- 11.4.3.2 Exchange of Water between Atmosphere and Pedosphere -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.5.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Functioning as a Result of Mechanical Loading -- 11.5.2 Changes in Soil Thermal Regime as a Result of Changing Lichen Cover -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Changes in Organic Horizon Soil Properties Due to Reindeer Herding and Changing Management -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Selection of Study Area -- 12.2.2 The concept of Degradation/Succession Stages -- 12.2.3 Soil Description, Sampling, and Analysis -- 12.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 12.3 Results -- 12.4 Discussion. , 12.4.1 Quantitative Changes -- 12.4.2 Erosion -- 12.4.3 Microbial Activity -- 12.4.4 Qualitative Changes -- 12.4.5 Pathways of Nutrient Loss -- 12.4.6 Soil Fertility and Pasture Productivity -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Changing Microbial Ecology with Changes in Grazing and its Management -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Effects of Changes in Land Use -- 13.1.2 Soil Habitats in Northern Fennoscandia -- 13.2 Locations, Sampling, and Analytical Methods -- 13.2.1 Areas of Investigation -- 13.2.2 Sampling -- 13.2.3 Analyses -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Forest Environments (Vuotso Area) -- 13.3.2 Dry Tundra (Jauristunturit Area) -- 13.3.3 Microbial Communities -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Effects of Climate and Soil Conditions on Soil Biota -- 13.4.2 Effects of Grazing on Soil Biota -- 13.4.3 Effects on Microbial Communities -- 13.4.4 Effects on Soil Respiration -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Hygienic Status of Soils and Surface Waters in Reindeer Herding Areas in Northernmost Europe -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Reindeer as an Animal Reservoir for Pathogens with Zoonotic Potential -- 14.3 Pathogens in Soils -- 14.4 Pathogens in Surface Waters -- 14.5 Materials and Methods -- 14.5.1 Fecal Samples -- 14.5.2 Soil Samples -- 14.5.3 Surface Water Samples -- 14.6 Results -- 14.7 Discussion -- References -- Part III. Integrative Models for Reindeer Management: The Interface Between Social and Natural Sciences -- Preface -- 15 Population Trends of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer in Fennoscandia - Evaluation of Explanations -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Material and Methods -- 15.3 Synchrony in Population Trends -- 15.4 Explanations of Population Trends -- 15.5 Evaluation of Explanations -- 15.6 Discussion -- References -- 16 Systems Analysis of Finnish Reindeer Management -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Data Basis -- 16.3 The Investigation Sites. , 16.4 Modeling and Indicator Derivation.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Southern Baltic Coastal Systems Analysis: Questions, Conceptions, and Red Threads -- 2: Coastal Ecosystems from a Social-Ecological Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Individual and Collective Demands for Marine Ecosystem Performance -- 2.3 Disciplinary Starting Points of the Analysis -- 2.3.1 Aspects of Marine Ecology -- 2.3.2 Aspects of Costal Ecology -- 2.3.3 Aspects of Ecosystem Analysis -- 2.3.4 Aspects of Environmental Economics -- 2.3.5 Aspects of Environmental Ethics: A Philosophical Rationale for Ecosystem Services -- 2.4 Interdisciplinary Structure of the Book and Detailed Research Questions -- References -- Part II: Ecological Structures and Functions of the German Baltic Sea Coast -- 3: The Abiotic Background: Climatic, Hydrological, and Geological Conditions of the Southern Baltic -- References -- 4: Geological and Sedimentary Conditions -- References -- 5: Environmental Conditions at the Coast: The Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 5.1 Delineating the Study Area: Basic Characteristics -- 5.2 Geology and Geomorphology -- 5.3 Environmental Conditions -- 5.4 Major Social and Economic Structures of the Research Area -- References -- Maps: Data Sources -- 6: Environmental Conditions at the Coast: Shoreline Ecosystems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Southern Baltic Sea Coastal Geology -- 6.3 Cliffs -- 6.4 Dunes -- 6.5 Shallow Low-Lying Coast -- 6.6 Coastal Reed Belts -- 6.7 Pastures and Meadows Behind Dykes -- References -- 7: Ecosystem and Landscape Functions of the Coast: Recent Research Results -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physical and Chemical Functions of Shallow Coast Ecosystems -- 7.2.1 Erosion Protection and Vertical Accretion -- 7.2.2 Carbon Storage and Sequestration -- 7.2.3 Coastal Wetlands as Buffers for Nutrients. , 7.2.4 Sedimentation and Peat Accretion -- 7.2.5 Phosphorus Sorption in Sediments -- 7.2.6 Phosphorus Uptake by Plants -- 7.3 Seasonal Aspects and Short-Term Variability in Shallow Coast Ecosystems -- 7.4 Long-Term Trends of Shallow Coast Ecosystems -- References -- 8: Benthic Habitats and Their Inhabitants -- 8.1 Genesis -- 8.2 Detection and Mapping -- 8.3 Classification -- 8.4 Anthropogenic Pressures and Conservational Aspects -- References -- Part III: Ecological Structures and Functions of Coastal Water and Offshore Ecosystems -- 9: Introducing the Ecological Aspects -- 10: Baltic Sea Aquatic Ecosystems in a Gradient from Land to Open Sea -- References -- 11: Comparison of Abiotic Parameters and Dominant Primary Producers Between the Two Main Investigation Areas -- 11.1 Darß-Zingst Bodden Chain (DZBC) -- 11.2 Westrügensche Bodden (WRB) -- References -- 12: Short-Term Variability, Long-Term Trends and Seasonal Aspects in the Darß-Zingst Bodden Chain -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data Overview -- 12.3 Long-Term Monitoring and Short-Term Variability in Zingst and the Zingster Strom -- 12.4 Salinity, Oxygen and Transparency -- 12.5 Eutrophication and Nutrients -- 12.6 Phytoplankton Biomass and Composition -- 12.7 Primary Production -- 12.8 Discussion -- References -- 13: Carbon Fluxes/Food-Webs: Effect of Macrophytes on Food Web Characteristics in Coastal Lagoons -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Primary Producers -- 13.3 Consumers and Carbon Fluxes -- 13.4 Differences of Food Web Characteristics Between Both Lagoons -- 13.5 The ``Paradox of Enrichment´´ -- 13.6 Alternative Stable States -- References -- 14: Ecological Structure in Benthic Habitats of Offshore Waters -- References -- 15: Patterns of Bioturbation and Associated Matter Fluxes -- References -- 16: Seasonal Aspects and Short-Term Variability of the Pelagic Offshore Ecosystems -- 16.1 Background. , 16.2 Belt Sea -- 16.3 Southern Baltic Proper -- References -- 17: Long-Term Trends of the Offshore Ecosystems -- 17.1 Phytoplankton -- 17.2 Macrozoobenthos -- References -- 18: Nutrient and Limitation Regimes in Coastal Water Ecosystems -- 18.1 Background -- 18.2 Data Basis -- 18.3 Coastal Bloom Types and Spatial Trends -- 18.4 Temporal Variability in Bloom Periodicity -- 18.5 Driving Factors of Coastal Blooms -- References -- Part IV: Combining the Aspects: Ecosystem Service Assessment -- 19: The Human Factor: Coastal Social-Ecological Systems -- 19.1 Introduction: Human Factors and Normative Analyses -- 19.2 Economic Aspects of Human-Environmental Relations -- 19.2.1 Starting Points in Environmental Economics -- 19.2.2 The Social-Economic and Behavioral Science Perspective -- 19.2.3 Integrating ES-Research and the Behavioral Science Perspective -- 19.3 Environmental Ethics: Patterns of Reasoning -- 19.3.1 Dependence and Reliance -- 19.3.2 Eudaimonic Values -- 19.3.3 Intergenerational Responsibility -- 19.3.4 Environmental Virtue Ethics and Biophilia -- 19.3.5 Religion and Spiritual Services -- 19.3.6 Inherent Moral Value -- 19.3.7 Conclusion -- 19.4 Systems-Based Aspects of Human-Environmental Relations -- References -- 20: Introduction: The Concept of Ecosystem Service Assessment Applied to Coastal Systems -- 20.1 Comprehending Ecosystem Services -- 20.2 Conceptualizing Ecosystem Service Production -- 20.3 Introducing the Contents of Chap. 21 to 26 -- References -- 21: The Missing Links in Ecosystem Service Research -- 21.1 Marine Policies and the Ecosystem Approach -- 21.2 Participatory Systematic Mapping of the Evidence Base -- 21.3 Ecosystem Service Research -- 21.4 Ecosystem Service Valuation -- 21.5 Human Health and Well-being -- 21.6 Implications for Research to Support Environmental Management and Policy -- References. , 22: Eudaimonic Valuation of Cultural Ecosystem Services -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Findings -- 22.2.1 Example 1: Tourism -- 22.2.2 Example 2: Landscape Aesthetics and Inspiration -- 22.2.3 Other Cultural Services in Brief -- 22.3 Historical Framings -- 22.4 Conclusion -- References -- 23: Economic Valuation of Cultural Ecosystem Services -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Theoretical Background -- 23.3 Implementation of the Study -- 23.4 Results -- 23.4.1 Results from the Survey of Tourists -- 23.4.2 Results from the Survey of Residents -- 23.5 Discussion -- 23.6 Conclusion -- References -- 24: Spatial Ecosystem Service Assessment Across the Land-Sea Interface -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Towards a Joint Spatial Typology for Land and Sea -- 24.3 Towards a Joint Ecosystem Service Assessment Method -- 24.4 Mapping Ecosystem Services Across Land and Sea -- 24.5 Assessing Ecosystem Services in the Coastal Zone -- 24.6 Lessons Learnt: The Spatial View Across the Land-Sea Interface -- 24.7 Conclusions -- References -- 25: Temporal Changes in Aquatic Ecosystem Services Provision: Approach and Examples -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 EU Water Policy as a Framework -- 25.3 The Assessment Approach -- 25.4 Application Examples: Southern Baltic Coastal Waters -- 25.4.1 Provisioning Ecosystem Services -- 25.4.2 Regulating and Maintenance Ecosystem Services -- 25.4.3 Cultural Ecosystem Services -- 25.5 Lessons Learnt: The Role of Time in Ecosystem Services Assessments -- References -- 26: Assessing Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Service Provisions: Conceiving Future Pathways -- 26.1 Our Coastal Zone: Influenced by Climate Change and Agricultural Production -- 26.1.1 Climate Change -- 26.1.2 Agricultural Production -- 26.2 Ecosystem Service Scenario Assessment -- 26.3 The Scenarios -- 26.4 A Glimpse into the Future -- Box 26.1 Caution-Hot!. , Box 26.2: Blue carbon potential in the German Baltic Sea zone: a case study -- 26.5 Our Future Is Not Fixed -- References -- Part V: Synthesis: Assessment as a Tool for Managing Coastal Ecosystems? -- 27: Applying the Integrated Approach -- References -- 28: Mechanisms of Ecosystem Service Production: An Outcome of Ecosystem Functions and Ecological Integrity in Coastal Lagoons -- 28.1 Introduction -- 28.2 The Theoretical Framework -- 28.3 Methodological Starting Point -- 28.4 The Case Studies -- 28.4.1 Case Study I: Bioturbation -- 28.4.2 Case Study II: Macrophytes -- 28.4.3 Case Study III: Phytoplankton -- 28.5 Merging the Case Studies and the Theoretical Framework -- 28.6 Discussion -- 28.6.1 Linking Empirical Ecologists to Ecosystem Service Specialists -- 28.6.2 Linking Ecological Investigations to Ecosystem Service Production -- 28.6.3 The Role of Biodiversity -- 28.6.4 The Role of Dynamic Changes -- 28.6.5 The Role of Distinct Viewpoints -- 28.6.6 The Role of Scales -- 28.6.7 The Role of Uncertainties -- 28.6.8 Connecting Ecosystem Services and Empirical, Ecosystem-Based Results -- 28.7 Conclusions -- References -- 29: Ecosystem Service Assessment in European Coastal and Marine Policies -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 Biodiversity Strategy and Habitats Directive -- 29.3 European Water Framework Directive -- 29.4 European Marine Directive -- 29.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) -- 29.6 Maritime Spatial Planning Directive -- 29.7 Other Coastal and Marine Policies -- 29.8 Synthesis -- References -- 30: Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Development: The Case for Strong Sustainability -- References -- 31: Concluding Remarks -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Long-Term Ecosystem Research Between Theory and Application 0 An Introduction -- References -- Part II The Significance of Ecological Long-Term Processes -- 2 Theoretical Demands for Long-Term Ecological Research and the Management of Long-Term Data Sets -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ecosystems Have Become Focal Units of Environmental Research -- 2.3 Ecosystem Comprehension Needs Long-Term Aspects -- 2.3.1 Understanding Large-Scale Temporal Variabilities of Ecological Variables -- 2.3.2 Understanding the Interactions of Short-Term Fluctuations Versus Long-Term Trends -- 2.3.3 Understanding Self-Organizing Ecological Mechanisms -- 2.3.4 Understanding Rare Events and Disturbances -- 2.3.5 Understanding Anthropogenic Land Use Impacts on Ecosystem Functions -- 2.3.6 Development and Evaluation of New Ecosystem Models for Resource Management -- 2.4 Data Management as a Pre-requisite of Long-Term Research -- 2.5 The Outcome: Theory, Ecosystem Modelling, and Ecosystem Management Need Information About Long-Term Ecological Processes -- References -- 3 Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics: Theoretical Concepts of Environmental Change -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Components of Ecological Succession -- 3.3 Ecosystem Growth and Development -- 3.4 Adaptive Cycle -- 3.5 Complex Adaptive System Orientors -- 3.6 Long-Term Dynamics of Socio-ecological Systems -- 3.7 Ecosystem Dynamics and Environmental Management -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4 The Scientific Potential of Environmental Monitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Scientific Potentials of Monitoring Data in Ecosystem Research -- 4.3 Case Studies on Monitoring Activities in Two Environmental Protection Initiatives -- 4.3.1 Water Framework Directive. , 4.3.2 Long-Term Forest Monitoring -- Current Examples of the ICP Forests Level I and II Programs -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Exploring Long-Term Processes: International Experience -- 5 Twenty-Eight Years of the US-LTER Program: Experience, Results, and Research Questions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the US-LTER Program -- 5.2.1 Ecological Correlates to the Spread of Hantavirus -- 5.2.2 The Importance of Landscape Position -- 5.2.3 Managing Water in Tropical Catchments -- 5.2.4 Network Level Studies -- 5.3 Origin and History of the US-LTER Program -- 5.4 Challenges for LTER Type Research -- 5.5 New Challenges for the US-LTER Program -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Introducing the Next Generation of Ecosystem Research in Europe: LTER-Europe0s Multi-Functional and Multi-Scale Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definition, Terminology and History of LTER -- 6.3 Multi-Functionality and Key Characteristics of LTER-Europe -- 6.4 The Integrated Network of LTER Sites and LTSER Platforms -- 6.4.1 Introducing the LTSER Component -- 6.4.2 The Design of LTSER Platforms -- 6.4.3 Representativeness and Coverage -- 6.4.4 Implementing LTSER Platforms -- 6.5 Network of National LTER Networks -- 6.6 Governance of LTER-Europe -- 6.7 Network of Scientists and Disciplines -- 6.8 A Network of Data and Metadata -- 6.9 Part of a Network of Networks -- 6.10 Key Potential and Strengths of LTER -- 6.11 Outlook -- References -- 7 The Role of Ecosystem Modelling for Long-Term Ecological Research -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ecosystems as Stochastic Transfer Systems -- 7.3 Approaches to Ecosystem Modelling -- 7.3.1 State Space Approach -- 7.3.2 Relational Ecology Approach -- 7.3.3 Network Approach -- 7.4 Ecosystem Models and Long-Term Research -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Role of Statistics for Long-Term Ecological Research. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Statistical Approaches for Analysing Ecological Data -- 8.2.1 Static Statistics -- 8.2.1.1 Descriptive Statistics -- 8.2.1.2 Regression and Correlation -- 8.2.1.3 Variance and Covariance Analyses -- 8.2.1.4 Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis -- 8.2.1.5 Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis -- 8.2.1.6 Estimation Techniques -- 8.2.2 Dynamic Statistics -- 8.2.2.1 Statistics of Time Domain -- 8.2.3 Statistics of Frequency Domain -- 8.2.3.1 Fourier Analysis -- 8.2.3.2 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation -- 8.2.3.3 Spectral Analysis -- 8.3 Wavelet Analysis -- 8.3.1 The Continuous Wavelet Transform -- 8.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 8.4 Statistics and Long-Term Ecological Research -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Role of Remote Sensing in LTER Projects -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sensors, Resolution, Scale -- 9.3 Data Analysis Strategies for LTER -- 9.3.1 Maps from Classified Image Data -- 9.3.2 Analyzing Landscape Structure with Remote Sensing -- 9.3.3 Quantitative Parameters and Remote Sensing-Based Models -- 9.3.4 Remote Sensing and GIS Integration -- Knowledge-Based Image Analysis -- 9.3.5 Multitemporal Data Analysis -- 9.4 Examples from US-LTER Sites -- 9.4.1 Remote Sensing for the Andrews Forest LTER -- 9.4.2 Remote Sensing for the North Temperate Lakes LTER -- 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Part IV Concepts and Results: Presenting and Interpreting Long-Term Ecological Processes: AquaticEcosystem Research -- 10 Long-Term Ecological Change in the Northern Wadden Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Area Description -- 10.3 Historical Changes Since the Mid-19th Century -- 10.4 Recent Changes -- 10.4.1 Temperature Changes -- 10.4.2 Salinity and Nutrients -- 10.4.3 Plankton -- 10.4.4 Benthos -- 10.5 Outlook -- References. , 11 Long-Term Model Simulation of Environmental Conditions to Identify Externally Forced Signals in Biological Time Series -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The coastDat Data Set -- 11.3 The Helgoland Roads Time Series -- 11.4 Methods -- 11.5 Results -- 11.6 Discussion -- References -- 12 Long-Term Investigations in Brackish Ecosystems -- 12.1 Characteristics of Brackish Environments -- 12.2 System Analysis Gradients -- 12.2.1 The Estuarine Gradient -- 12.2.2 The Marine Gradient -- 12.2.3 The Upwelling Gradient -- 12.3 System Analysis Long-Term Trends -- 12.3.1 Drowned River Valleys -- Cheapeake Bay -- 12.3.2 Large Brackish Systems -- Baltic Sea -- 12.3.3 Coastal Lagoons -- Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Long-Term Ecological Research in Freshwater Ecosystems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Effects of Perturbations -- 13.3 Eutrophication -- 13.4 Acidification -- 13.5 Invasion by Non-native Species -- 13.6 Climate Change -- 13.7 Disadvantages and Limitations of Long-Term Investigations -- 13.8 Long-Term Investigations of German Lakes and Reservoirs -- 13.9 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Long-Term Monitoring in Rivers of South Germany Since the 1970s 0 Macrophytes as Indicators for the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Implications for the Conservation of Rivers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Monitoring Scheme and Methods -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Discussion -- References -- Part V Concepts and Results:Presenting and Interpreting Long-TermEcological Processes:Terrestrial EcosystemResearch -- 15 Long-Term Observations of Soil Mesofauna -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodological Approach -- 15.2.1 Basic Requirements -- 15.2.2 Site Selection and Arrangement of Sampling Plots -- 15.2.3 Sampling -- 15.2.4 Extracting Microarthropods from Soil Samples -- 15.2.5 Counting, Sorting, and Identification of Soil Animals. , 15.2.6 Data Processing -- 15.3 Case Studies -- 15.3.1 Community Succession of Predatory Gamasine Mites on a Ruderal Site (Siedenburg, Germany) -- 15.3.1.1 Experimental Design and Sampling -- 15.3.1.2 Results -- 15.3.2 Long-Term Effects of Global Warming on Soil Collembola (Mazsalaca, Latvia) -- 15.3.2.1 Experimental Design and Sampling -- 15.3.2.2 Results -- 15.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 16 Tracing Biogeochemical Processes in Small Catchments Using Non-linear Methods -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Data -- 16.3 Methods -- 16.3.1 Principal Component Analysis -- 16.3.1.1 Linear Principal Component Analysis -- 16.3.1.2 Isometric Feature Mapping (Isomap) -- 16.3.1.3 Measure of Performance -- 16.3.2 Low-Pass Filtering of Time Series -- 16.4 Results -- 16.4.1 Explained Variance -- 16.4.2 Identification of Processes -- 16.4.2.1 Component: Redox Status -- 16.4.2.2 Component: Topsoil -- 16.4.2.3 Component: Road Salt -- 16.4.2.4 Component: Sulfate Contamination -- 16.4.3 Time Series -- 16.4.3.1 Meteorological Data -- 16.4.3.2 Redox Component -- 16.4.3.3 Topsoil Component -- 16.4.3.4 Sulfate Contamination Component -- 16.4.4 Interplay of Different Processes -- 16.4.4.1 Lysina Upslope Spring Lenka -- 16.4.4.2 Lehstenbach Groundwater Well GW01 -- 16.4.4.3 Antagonism Between NO 3- and SO 4 2- -- 16.5 Discussion -- 16.5.1 Ad Methods -- 16.5.2 Ad Results -- 16.5.2.1 Redox and Sulfate Contamination Components -- 16.5.2.2 Topsoil Component -- 16.5.2.3 Long-Term Patterns -- 16.5.2.4 Solute Concentration Versus Component Scores at the Lenka Site -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Long-Term Measurements to Quantify the Impact of Arable Management Practices on Deep Seepage and Nitrate Leaching -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Site and Soil Characteristics -- 17.2.2 Arable Management Systems. , 17.2.3 Soil Hydrological Measurements.

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