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  • 1
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (155 Seiten = 2,3 MB) , Illustrationen, Graphen, Karten
    Language: English
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 136 (1995), S. 471-472 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pinguine haben eine Vielzahl von Feinden, sowohl im Wasser als auch an Land. Dies ist der erste Hinweis darauf, daß Vampirfledermäuse (Desmodus rotundus) sich vom Blut von Humboldtpinguinküken (Spheniscus humboldti) ernähren. Wegen der nächtlichen Blutverluste durch Vampirfledermäuse, und weil diese Blutsauger Krankheitserreger zwischen ihren Wirten übertragen können, könnte diese Form des Parasitismus einen wichtigen Mortalitätsfaktor darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract Penguins have a variety of ennemies both on on land and at sea. This is the first account of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) preying on juvenile Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Because of the nightly drain of blood by vampires, and because vampires transmit diseases from one prey species to another, this form of predation may be an important mortality factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 138 (1997), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während noch vor wenigen Jahrzehnten Millionen Humboldtpinguine die Küsten Perus und Chiles bevölkerten, wird die Art heute als gefährdet eingestuft. Die Fischerei stellt die größte Bedrohung für diese Tierart dar, deren Gesamtbestand sich nach letzten Schätzungen nur noch auf 10 000 Individuen beläuft. Wir setzten im Südherbst 1996 fünf Argos-Satellitensender ein, um festzustellen, ob Humboldtpinguine des Naturschutzgebietes „Pan de Azúcar“ (26°09′S) im Winter ortstreu bleiben oder saisonale Wanderungen durchführen. Während sich vier der Vögel im Untersuchungszeitraum (18–74 Tage) nicht weiter als 87 km von ihrer Brutinsel entfernten, wanderte ein Vogel im Juni 1996 nach Norden bis vor die Stadt Iquique (20° 12′S, 640 km vom Ausgangspunkt entfernt). Obwohl die in einer früheren Studie ermittelte Größe eines marinen Schutzgebietes von 35 km Durchmesser rund um die Brutinsel in den Sommermonaten ausreichend sein mag, belegen die neuen Ergebnisse, daß weitere Untersuchungen über das Wanderverhalten der Humboldtpinguine als Grundlage für einen effektiven Artenschutz unerläßlich sind.
    Notes: Abstract Until recently, the endangered Humboldt penguin was considered a sedentary bird, which remained near its breeding colonies throughout the year. In this pilot study we used five satellite transmitters on Humboldt penguins during the austral winter and were able to track one bird from Pan de Azúcar Island (26°09′S, 70°40′W), Northern Chile to Iquique (20°12′S, 70°07′W), a distance of 640 km, between May 24 and June 26, 1996. While a 35 km protection zone around breeding islands might be helpful to prevent competition of penguins with fisheries during the summer months, this might not improve the survival of migrating birds in the winter. Further studies are required to determine the extent of migration and to confirm the recorded travelling route and landing locations in order to detect possible threats to Humboldt penguins from fishing and other industries throughout the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 497, pp. 61-70, ISSN: 0022-0981
    Publication Date: 2017-10-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Chile holds globally important colonies of endangered and endemic seabird species, and globally vulnerable nonbreeding species visit its waters. One of the major threats for seabirds in Chilean waters is the impact of fishing activities, both industrial and artisanal, which overlap with seabird breeding and foraging areas. Bycatch in fisheries threatens 27 identified species and two groups of unidentified albatrosses and penguins, with the Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys as the species most related to bycatch events. Responding to the international call for the voluntary adoption of a plan to reduce the impacts of fisheries on seabirds, Chile generated a National Plan of Action (PAN-AM/Chile) to monitor seabird bycatch, and to mitigate threats to seabirds with emphasis on industrial longline fisheries. Following the successful reduction of seabird bycatch in the demersal longline fishery for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides , with zero individuals caught during 2006, Chile is extending the PAN-AM/Chile to include other fisheries that use gear known to cause incidental mortality, such as trawl, purse seine, and gillnets. This initiative is supported by actions associated with the creation of a national scientific committee for biodiversity, and new collaborative research platforms under the auspices of the Chilean Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture
    Description: Chile cuenta con importantes colonias a nivel global de especies de aves marinas endémicas y en peligro, así como especies no reproductivas globalmente vulnerables que visitan sus aguas. Una de las mayores amenazas para las aves marinas en aguas chilenas es el impacto de las actividades pesqueras, tanto industriales y artesanales, las cuales se sobreponen con áreas de reproducción y alimentación de aves marinas. Estas amenazan 27 especies identificadas y dos grupos de albatross y pingüinos no identificados, con el Albatros de ceja negra Thalassarche melanophrys como la especie más relacionada a eventos de captura incidental. Respondiendo al llamado internacional para la adopción voluntaria de un plan para reducir los impactos de las pesquerías en aves marinas, Chile generó un Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN-AM/Chile) para monitorear la captura incidental de aves marinas y mitigar amenazas con énfasis en pesquerías industriales de palangre. Seguido a la exitosa reducción de la captura incidental en la pesquería demersal de palangre para Bacalao de profundidad Dissostichus eleginoides, con cero individuos capturados durante 2006, Chile está ampliando el PAN-AM/Chile para incluir otras pesquerías que usan artes de pesca con conocida mortalidad incidental, tales como arrastre, cerco y redes agalleras.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Seabirds ; By catch
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Not Known
    Format: pp.1-12
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Anthropogenic Marine Debris (AMD) in the SE Pacific has primarily local origins from land-based sources, including cities (coastal and inland), beach-goers, aquaculture, and fisheries. The low frequency of AMD colonized by oceanic biota (bryozoans, lepadid barnacles) suggests that most litter items from coastal waters of the Humboldt Current System (HCS) are pulled offshore into the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG). The highest densities of floating micro- and macroplastics are reported from the SPSG. An extensive survey of photographic records, unpublished data, conference proceedings, and published studies revealed interactions with plastics for 97 species in the SE Pacific, including 20 species of fish, 5 sea turtles, 53 seabirds, and 19 marine mammals. Sea turtles are most affected by interactions with plastics, underlined by the fact that 4 of the 5 species suffer both from entanglement and ingestion. Reports gathered in this review suggest that interactions along the continental coast are mostly via entanglement. High frequencies of microplastic ingestion have been reported from planktivorous fish and seabirds inhabiting the oceanic waters and islands exposed to high densities of microplastics concentrated by oceanic currents in the SPSG. Our review also suggests that some species from the highly productive HCS face the risk of negative interactions with AMD, because food and plastic litter are concentrated in coastal front systems. In order to improve the conservation of marine vertebrates, especially of sea turtles, urgent measures of plastic reduction are needed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Unknown
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 162 . pp. 279-286.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-08
    Description: VHF telemetry was used in November and December 1995 on 8 Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti breeding at Pan de Azúcar Island (26°S, 70°W), Northern Chile, to determine at-sea behaviour of the birds. We obtained 2710 locations, 90% of which were within a radius of 20 km around the island. Mean travelling speed of the birds was 0.92 m s-1 and speed distribution showed peaks at 1.6 and 3 m s-1. Penguins travelling between foraging areas remained submerged for an average of 8.4 s between surfacings, whereas foraging dives lasted on average 61 s. The analysis of 79 complete foraging trips showed that tracks deviated from a straight course, and range (maximum distance from island) was only 0.37 times total horizontal distance swum. Birds did not forage synchronously or in the same foraging areas. However, foraging ranges were correlated between birds, indicating similar search strategies during periods of low food availability. The results obtained here via VHF telemetry agreed well with those of previous studies employing satellite transmitters and data loggers.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-03-18
    Description: The Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) has been reported as declining along its distributional range and has recently been classified as vulnerable. The actual size of the Humboldt Penguin population is still unknown, and a complete population assessment is required. Here we present a study combining both counts of molting birds on land and counts of birds at sea during the molting period. We conducted our study in the Coquimbo Region, Northern Chile, and found 7,619 birds on land and 2,700 at sea, adding up to a total of about 10,300 Humboldt Penguins during the molting season (February 1999). Since these numbers are much higher than all other recent estimates, we emphasize that assessment on land and at sea need to be combined to provide more reliable estimates.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 143 pp
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 203 . pp. 301-309.
    Publication Date: 2020-03-24
    Description: As one of the elements for a model on the food requirements of Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti we determined, via gas respirometry, metabolic rates while swimming and resting in water. During rest in water at 19°C Humboldt penguins (mean body mass 3.6 kg) required 5.95 W kg-1. This corresponds to a thermal conductance in water of 0.2975 W (kg °C)-1 (at Ta 19°C and assuming a Tb of 39°C). When swimming in a 20 m long channel, metabolism rose from 8 W kg-1 at a speed of 0.6 ms-1 to 23.1 W kg-1 at 2.2 m s-1. Transport costs (the cost to move 1 kg of body mass over a distance of 1 m) reached a minimum at 1.4 ms-1 with 8.1 J (kg m)-1, which corresponds to 0.89 J (Nm)-1. We corrected for acceleration and deceleration in the channel to determine transport costs of free-ranging Humboldt penguins travelling at sea, which were calculated as 7 J (kg m)-1 (0.71 J [Nm]-1), at 1.7 m s-1. Birds feeding chicks need to balance the costs of either (1) returning to the breeding island for the night and travelling back to the feeding grounds in the morning or (2) incurring increased thermoregulatory costs associated with resting at sea overnight. Simple calculations show that at water temperatures of 19°C we expect Humboldt penguins to show a tendency to remain at sea overnight if foraging areas are 〉4 km from their island. In colder waters (12°C), this distance increases to 〉9 km. Using previously published data on at-sea activity of Humboldt penguins, we found that foraging costs during chick rearing amount to 340 g anchovies d-1. Finally, we present a general model to convert Humboldt penguin activity data at sea to food requirements.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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