Description: Author Posting. © Crown Copyright, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 204 (2016): 1-20, doi:10.1093/gji/ggv416.

Description: The Canada Basin and the southern Alpha-Mendeleev ridge complex underlie a significant proportion of the Arctic Ocean, but the geology of this undrilled and mostly ice-covered frontier is poorly known. New information is encoded in seismic wide-angle reflections and refractions recorded with expendable sonobuoys between 2007 and 2011. Velocity–depth samples within the sedimentary succession are extracted from published analyses for 142 of these records obtained at irregularly spaced stations across an area of 1.9E + 06 km2. The samples are modelled at regional, subregional and station-specific scales using an exponential function of inverse velocity versus depth with regionally representative parameters determined through numerical regression. With this approach, smooth, non-oscillatory velocity–depth profiles can be generated for any desired location in the study area, even where the measurement density is low. Practical application is demonstrated with a map of sedimentary thickness, derived from seismic reflection horizons interpreted in the time domain and depth converted using the velocity–depth profiles for each seismic trace. A thickness of 12–13 km is present beneath both the upper Mackenzie fan and the middle slope off of Alaska, but the sedimentary prism thins more gradually outboard of the latter region. Mapping of the observed-to-predicted velocities reveals coherent geospatial trends associated with five subregions: the Mackenzie fan; the continental slopes beyond the Mackenzie fan; the abyssal plain; the southwestern Canada Basin; and, the Alpha-Mendeleev magnetic domain. Comparison of the subregional velocity–depth models with published borehole data, and interpretation of the station-specific best-fitting model parameters, suggests that sandstone is not a predominant lithology in any of the five subregions. However, the bulk sand-to-shale ratio likely increases towards the Mackenzie fan, and the model for this subregion compares favourably with borehole data for Miocene turbidites in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The station-specific results also indicate that Quaternary sediments coarsen towards the Beaufort-Mackenzie and Banks Island margins in a manner that is consistent with the variable history of Laurentide Ice Sheet advance documented for these margins. Lithological factors do not fully account for the elevated velocity–depth trends that are associated with the southwestern Canada Basin and the Alpha-Mendeleev magnetic domain. Accelerated porosity reduction due to elevated palaeo-heat flow is inferred for these regions, which may be related to the underlying crustal types or possibly volcanic intrusion of the sedimentary succession. Beyond exploring the variation of an important physical property in the Arctic Ocean basin, this study provides comparative reference for global studies of seismic velocity, burial history, sedimentary compaction, seismic inversion and overpressure prediction, particularly in mudrock-dominated successions.

Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tectonophysics 691, Part A (2016): 8-30, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.038.

Description: Seismic velocities determined from 70 sonobuoys widely distributed in Canada Basin were used to discriminate crustal types. Velocities of oceanic layer 3 (6.7 -7.1 km/s), transitional (7.2-7.6 km/s) and continental crust (5.5-6.6 km/s) were used to distinguish crustal types. Potential field data supports the distribution of oceanic crust as a polygon with maximum dimensions of ~340 km (east-west) by ~590 km (north-south) and identification of the ocean-continent boundary (OCB). Paired magnetic anomalies are associated only with crust that has oceanic velocities. Furthermore, the interpreted top of oceanic crust on seismic reflection profiles is more irregular and sometimes shallower than adjacent transitional crust. The northern segment of the narrow Canada Basin Gravity Low (CBGL), often interpreted as a spreading centre, bisects this zone of oceanic crust and coincides with the location of a prominent valley in seismic reflection profiles. Data coverage near the southern segment of CBGL is sparse. Velocities typical of transitional crust are determined east of it. Extension in this region, close to the inferred pole of rotation, may have been amagmatic. Offshore Alaska is a wide zone of thinned continental crust up to 300 km across. Published longer offset refraction experiments in the Basin confirm the depth to Moho and the lack of oceanic layer 3 velocities. Further north, towards Alpha Ridge and along Northwind Ridge, transitional crust is interpreted to be underplated or intruded by magmatism related to the emplacement of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP). Although a rotational plate tectonic model is consistent with the extent of the conjugate magnetic anomalies that occupy only a portion of Canada Basin, it does not explain the asymmetrical configuration of the oceanic crust in the deep water portion of Canada Basin, and the unequal distribution of transitional and continental crust around the basin.

Description: Funding for this work was provided through the Geological Survey of Canada as part of the Canada’s Extended Continental Slope (ECS) Program. Funding for this work was also provided in part through the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the U.S. ECS Project.

Description: 2018-02-06

Description: High-resolution 3D (HR3D) seismic data are important for hydrocarbon exploration of shallow reservoirs, site characterization, and geohazard assessments. The goal of this contribution is to identify and quantify the parameters to increase the resolution of HR3D seismic data to meter scale. The main acquisition parameters controlling the resolution of the collected data are the spectrum of the seismic source, source-receiver offset range, and trace density. An evolution to one-meter-scale resolution of 3D seismic will rely on combining a reproducible seismic source with high frequencies up to at least 600 Hz, a high uniform trace density of more than 4 million traces per square kilometer, and an offset range shorter than approximately 200 m. The resulting 3D seismic data volume will reach meter-scale resolution for water and target depths of less than 600 m. The proposed HR3D system will be suitable for 3D and 4D characterization of seabed properties and shallow stratigraphy, the identification of geohazards and hydrocarbon leakage, and monitoring the environmental impact of offshore activities. The P-Cable 3D system is an excellent starting point for achieving one-meter-scale resolution due to its flexible and tight meter-scale shot and receiver spacing.

Description: The ArcCRUST model consists of crustal thickness and estimated crustal thinning factors grids for the High Arctic and Circum-Arctic regions (north of 67°N). This model is derived by using 3D forward and inverse gravity modelling. Updated sedimentary thickness grid, an oceanic lithosphere age model together with inferred microcontinent rifting ages, variable crystalline crust and sediment densities, and dynamic topography models constrain this inversion. We use published high-quality 2D seismic crustal-scale models to create a database of Depths to Seismic Moho (DSM) profiles. To check the quality of the ArcCRUST model, we have performed a statistical analysis of misfits between the ArcCRUST Moho depths and DSM values. Systematic analysis of the misfits within the Arctic sedimentary basins provides information about tectonic processes unaccounted by the assumed model of pure-shear lithospheric extension. In particular, our model implies a less-dense and/or thin mantle lithosphere underneath microcontinents in the deep Arctic Ocean where the ArcCRUST depth to Moho values exceed the depth to seismic Moho. A systematically larger gravity-derived crustal thickness (ca. 3 km) under the western and northern Greenland Sea points to a hotter upper mantle implied by the seismic tomography models in the North Atlantic.